Conscious Use of the Virtual Sphere Modeling in the Simulation of Passive Night Cooling of Buildings

Night cooling of building is considered as a technology with a high potential of impact on air conditioning energy needs. Natural ventilation should be the first option for night cooling, for obvious reasons of energy savings. The evaluation of the capacity of the building to cool down its structures during night ventilation is of primary concern during preliminary design stage, even though night cooling with natural ventilation is among the most complex problem to be modelled in details. Some modelling options are available, assuming different simplifications in space and time. Among them, virtual sphere modelling has been proposed in the past as a quick way to perform dynamic simulation of the night cooling of buildings. In this paper, the theoretical origin of the virtual sphere model is recalled, underlining its limits in case of application to buoyancy driven night cooling of buildings. The limits can explain the disagreements of virtual sphere prediction with other methods reported in literature and may stimulate a more conscious application of the model and further improvements of the method.

Direct numerical simulation of particle-fluid systems by combining time-driven hard-sphere model and lattice Boltzmann method

A coupled numerical method for the direct numerical simulation of particle-fluid systems is formulated and implemented, resolving an order of magnitude smaller than particle size. The particle motion is described by the time-driven hard-sphere model, while the hydrodynamic equations governing fluid flow are solved by the lattice Boltzmann method （LBM）, Particle-fluid coupling is realized by an immersed boundary method （IBM）, which considers the effect of boundary on surrounding fluid as a restoring force added to the governing equations of the fluid. The proposed scheme is validated in the classical flow-around-cylinder simulations, and preliminary application of this scheme to fluidization is reported, demonstrating it to be a promising computational strategy for better understanding complex behavior in particle-fluid systems.

A theoretical model of collision between soft-spheres with Hertz elastic loading and nonlinear plastic unloading

This paper presents a theoretical model on the normal(head-on) collision between soft-spheres on the basis of elastic loading of the Hertz contact for compression process and a nonlinear plastic unloading for restitution one,in which the parameters all are determined in terms of the material and geometric ones of the spheres,and the behaviors of perfect elastic,inelastic,and perfect plastic collisions appeared in the classical mechanics are fully described once a value of coefficient of restitution is specified in the region of 0 ≤ ε ≤ 1.After an empirical formula of the coefficient of restitution dependent on the impact velocity is suggested to fit the existing experimental measurements by means of the least square method,the predictions of the dependency and the collision duration are in well quantitative agreement with their experimental measurements.It is found that the measurable quantities are dependent on both the impact velocity and the parameters of spheres.Following this model,finally,an approach to determine the spring coefficient in the linear viscoelastic model of the collision is also displayed.These results obtained here will be significantly beneficial for the applications where a collision model is requested in the simulations of relevant grain flows and impact dynamics etc..

A composite sphere assemblage model for porous oolitic rocks:Application to thermal conductivity

The present work is devoted to the determination of linear effective thermal conductivity of porous rocks characterized by an assemblage of grains(oolites) coated by a matrix. Two distinct classes of pores, i.e.micropores or intra oolitic pores(oolite porosity) and mesopores or inter oolitic pores(inter oolite porosity), are taken into account. The overall porosity is supposed to be connected and decomposed into oolite porosity and matrix porosity. Within the framework of Hashin composite sphere assemblage(CSA)models, a two-step homogenization method is developed. At the first homogenization step, pores are assembled into two layers by using self-consistent scheme(SCS). At the second step, the two porous layers constituting the oolites and the matrix are assembled by using generalized self-consistent scheme(GSCS) and referred to as three-phase model. Numerical results are presented for data representative of a porous oolitic limestone. It is shown that the influence of porosity on the overall thermal conductivity of such materials may be significant.

Single-sphere model for solvent reorganization energy and its application to electron transfer

In this work, the authors give detailed deductions and develop the single-sphere model of solvent reorganization energy in electron transfer with point dipole approximation. At the level of DFT/6- 31++G**, the electron transfer between 7,7,8,8-tet-racyanoquinodimethane and its anion has been investigated. Using the novel single-sphere model, the authors evaluate the solvent reorganization energy of this system, and the computational result proves rational in comparison with the experimental estimations.

Modeling of softsphere normal collisions with characteristic of coefficient of restitution dependent on impact velocity

This letter presents a theoretical model of the normal （head-on） collisions between two soft spheres for predicting the experimental characteristic of the coefficient of restitution dependent on impact velocity. After the contact force law between the contacted spheres during a collision is phenomenologically formulated in terms of the compression or overlap displacement under considera- tion of an elastic-plastic loading and a plastic unloading subprocesses, the coefficient of restitution is gained by the dynamic equation of the contact process once an initial impact velocity is input. It is found that the theoretical predictions of the coefficient of restitution varying with the impact velocity are well in agreement with the existing experimental characteristics which are fitted by the explicit formula.

QUASI-CHEMICAL LOCAL COMPOSITION MODEL AND ITS EXAMINATION USING ADHESIVE HARD SPHERE MIXTURES

A local composition expression has been derived from the Guggenheim′s quasi-chemicalequation.On this basic a thermodynamic model,the quasi-chemical local composition model(QCLC)was established.To examine its capability for correlation and prediction,Baxter′s adhesivehard sphere mixtures were used,and an improved numerical method was proposed to estimate theirthermodynamic properties.By means of this method the excess properties of the mixtures composedof four kinds of adhesive hard spheres were calculated,The activity coefficients from QCLC modelwere compared with those from the Wilson,NRTL and UNIQUAC equations.Results show thatamong these models,the QCLC model is the best one for correlation and prediction.

Organization and storage model of marine information and its application in the "China Digital Ocean"

Based on the experience and achievement of the＂China Digital Ocean＂, the classification plan for Marine data elements is made, which can be classified into five, including marine point elements, marine line elements, marine polygon elements, marine grid elements and marine dynamic elements. In this paper, the technology of features and object-oriented method, a spatial-temporal data model is proposed, which can be applied in the large information system engineering like the ＂Digital Ocean＂, and this paper discusses the application of spatial data model, marine three-dimensional raster data model and relation data model in the building of Data Warehouse in ＂China Digital Ocean＂, and concludes the merits of these models.

Acoustic radiation force on a multilayered sphere in a Gaussian standing field

We develop a model for calculating the radiation force on spherically symmetric multilayered particles based on the acoustic scattering approach.An expression is derived for the radiation force on a multilayered sphere centered on the axis of a Gaussian standing wave propagating in an ideal fluid,The effects of the sound absorption of the materials and sound wave on acoustic radiation force of a multilayered sphere immersed in water are analyzed,with particular emphasis on the shell thickness of every layer,and the width of the Gaussian beam.The results reveal that the existence of particle trapping behavior depends on the choice of the non-dimensional frequency ka,as well as the shell thickness of each layer.This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of acoustical tweezers in a Gaussian standing wave,which may benefit the improvement and development of acoustic control technology,such as trapping,sorting,and assembling a cell,and drug delivery applications.

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SHOCK WAVES AND SOLID SPHERES ARRAYS IN A SHOCK TUBE

When a shock wave interacts with a group of solid spheres,non-linear aerodynamic behaviors come into effect.The complicated wave reflections such as the Mach reflection occur in the wave propagation process.The wave interactions with vortices behind each sphere's wake cause fluctuation in the pressure profiles of shock waves.This paper reports an experimental study for the aerodynamic processes involved in the interaction between shock waves and solid spheres.A schlieren photography was applied to visualize the various shock waves passing through solid spheres.Pressure measurements were performed along different downstream positions.The experiments were conducted in both rectangular and circular shock tubes.The data with respect to the effect of the sphere array, size,interval distance,incident Mach number,etc.,on the shock wave attenuation were obtained.

Multi-scale Modeling of the Effective Chloride Ion Diffusion Coefficient in Cement-based Composite Materials

N-layered spherical inclusions model was used to calculate the effective diffusion coefficient of chloride ion in cement-based materials by using multi-scale method and then to investigate the relationship between the diffusivity and the microstructure of cement-basted materials where the microstructure included the interfacial transition zone （ITZ） between the aggregates and the bulk cement pastes as well as the microstructure of the bulk cement paste itself. For the convenience of applications, the mortar and concrete were considered as a four-phase spherical model, consisting of cement continuous phase, dispersed aggregates phase, interface transition zone and their homogenized effective medium phase. A general effective medium equation was established to calculate the diffusion coefficient of the hardened cement paste by considering the microstructure. During calculation, the tortuosity （n） and constrictivity factors （Ds/Do） of pore in the hardened pastes are n^3.2, Ds/Do=l.Ox 10-4 respectively from the test data. The calculated results using the n-layered spherical inclusions model are in good agreement with the experimental results; The effective diffusion coefficient of ITZ is 12 times that of the bulk cement for mortar and 17 times for concrete due to the difference between particle size distribution and the volume fraction of aggregates in mortar and concrete.

Radar cross section of arbitrary polished spheres at terahertz frequencies

We develop an efficient method for polished metallic sphere’s scattering prediction in terahertz band when its frequency dispersion property is considered. By deducing scattering solution of the lossy metallic sphere, the radar cross section(RCS)of different metallic spheres is given at terahertz frequencies. The investigation of the RCS of polished metallic spheres shows the normalized RCS is always same to the metals’ normal incidence reflectivity when the sphere becomes electrically large. The metals which have high reflectivity(such as Al, Cu, Ag and Au) show that the corresponding RCS of the spheres is almost πa2 in terahertz band. The sphere’s RCS of the transition metal such as Fe begins to decrease obviously since the far infrared.

全景影像快速加载与精确量测算法研究

针对全景影像加载速度慢及量测精度低的问题,提出一种全景球金字塔切片模型动态约束加载算法。首先,基于格网球体投影模型构建三维全景场景;其次,对全景影像进行压缩与切片,并设计全景切片金字塔模型;然后,采用逆向墨卡托投影将全景切片作为纹理映射到球体内表面进行渲染,形成全景球金字塔切片模型;最后,按照可视区域约束对金字塔模型切片进行快速加载实现动态可视化,并结合深度图像实现全景影像的精确量测。实验结果表明,选用顶点数量为11904的全景球金字塔切片模型,量测中误差小于3 cm,同时提高了加载速度。

DISSYMMETRY MODEL OF MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITY AND OPTICAL ACTIVITY

Dissymmetry model of molecular polarizability divided into some layers within a sphere,some rules and sequence according to the magnitude of polarizability replaced by bond refraction for many groups have been suggested.The relationship between the dissymmetry of molecular polarizability arrounding the dissymmetric carbon atom and the direction of optical activity has been discussed .The accuracy is above 95 persent to use our model and rules to determine over 6000 compounds of optical activity.

涡流空气分级流场中团聚体破碎规律研究

为探究颗粒团聚体在分级机流场内的破碎规律,基于软球模型研究了涡流空气分级流场中团聚体破碎行为及组成团聚体的单颗粒粒径、单颗粒数和团聚体形状对团聚体破碎的影响。结果表明:团聚体进入分级流场后在流体曳力的作用下先发生变形随后破碎;颗粒越小,其组成的团聚体团聚性越强;球形团聚体团聚性最强,圆柱体团聚体次之,立方体团聚体团聚性最弱;组成团聚体的单颗粒数越多,其在分级流场中完全解团所需时间越长,当团聚体大到一定程度时可能无法完全解团则被收集为粗粉,导致“鱼钩效应”。因此,通过优化流场延缓团聚体沉降或对粉体原料预分散处理有利于团聚体解团。

溶蚀水泥浆弹性模量预测的分步解析法

在低碱度环境中混凝土内部钙离子的溶出是引起混凝土内部孔隙率显著增大,进而使力学性能减退的重要原因。为深入研究水泥浆溶蚀后弹性模量的退化规律,建立了一种预测溶蚀水泥浆弹性模量的分步解析法。首先将水化水泥颗粒视作由未水化水泥颗粒(UC)、高密度水化凝胶(H-HL)和低密度水化凝胶(L-HL)组成的三相复合球,通过引入由UC和H-HL组成的等效夹杂相(EQ),三相复合球模型就可以简化为由夹杂相和L-HL组成的等效水化水泥颗粒模型,最后利用弹性理论求解由等效水化水泥颗粒和溶蚀水泥浆孔隙率组成的两相复合球弹性模量。通过对比第三方数值结果,验证了分步解析法的有效性。基于本文建立的解析方法,分析了水化度、氢氧化钙(CH)与水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)的体积比、高密度水化硅酸钙(C-S-H_(a))与低密度水化硅酸钙(C-S-H_(b))体积比三个重要参数对溶蚀水泥浆弹性模量的影响。本研究给出了水泥浆溶蚀后弹性模量退化的解析方法,可为混凝土钙溶蚀后的耐久性设计提供一些参考。

区域地球系统模式研究进展

区域地球系统模式是区域气候模式下一阶段的主要发展目标。本文阐述了发展区域地球系统模式的重要意义,分析了近年来区域地球系统模式的研究进展和典型案例,指出其多圈层通量耦合、空间分辨率提高以及耦合数据同化的三个共性特征。建议以开源共创的方式整合各界研究力量,加快建设我国自主可控的区域地球系统模式;围绕新建立的模式开展跨学科研究,特别关注其中多圈层、多尺度过程的相互作用;围绕高分辨率区域地球系统模式建立区域数字孪生监测预警平台,用于关键区域的防灾减灾和关键决策支撑。

Research and realization of visual digital ocean system

Sphere model is the research hotspot in the GIS domain presently. It has become a strong integrated platform of spatial information with its strong abilities of spatial data management and visualization. Based on Skyline software, this paper introduces the framework, functions and technical method of realization of visual digital ocean system. The practice proves that the system has a good future in marine information visualization and sharing.

集成数据挖掘知识的可解释最优超球体支持向量机

最优超球体支持向量机(SSLM)是一种典型的黑箱模型,其运行模式不需要考察被研究对象的内部结构和机理,仅利用对象的输入输出数据即能达到认识其功能和作用机制,因此具有响应快、实时性强等优点,但也因此缺乏可解释性和透明性.鉴于此,本文研究从SSLM黑箱模型的输入端加入先验知识的方法,增强其可解释性.本文开发了基于数据的非线性圆形知识挖掘算法以及知识的离散化算法,离散后的数据点不仅包含产生知识的原始数据点,还增加了新的数据点.通过将所挖掘的圆形知识以不等式约束的形式集成至SSLM模型,构造了可解释的SSLM模型(i-SSLM).该模型在训练时要确保知识约束的数据点分类正确,因此对模型结果有一定程度的预知,表明模型具有可解释性;同时,又由于知识的离散化增加了新的数据信息,因此,模型能具有更高的精度.i-SSLM模型的有效性在10组公共样本集和2组实际高炉数据集上得到了验证.

The Hawking Hubble Temperature as the Minimum Temperature, the Planck Temperature as the Maximum Temperature, and the CMB Temperature as Their Geometric Mean Temperature

Using a rigorous mathematical approach, we demonstrate how the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature could simply be a form of geometric mean temperature between the minimum time-dependent Hawking Hubble temperature and the maximum Planck temperature of the expanding universe over the course of cosmic time. This mathematical discovery suggests a re-consideration of Rh=ctcosmological models, including black hole cosmological models, even if it possibly could also be consistent with the Λ-CDM model. Most importantly, this paper contributes to the growing literature in the past year asserting a tightly constrained mathematical relationship between the CMB temperature, the Hubble constant, and other global parameters of the Hubble sphere. Our approach suggests a solid theoretical framework for predicting and understanding the CMB temperature rather than solely observing it.1.