A spherical cavity expansion model for penetration of ogival-nosed projectiles into concrete targets with shear-dilatancy

A dynamic spherical cavity-expansion penetration model is suggested herein to predict the penetration and perforation of concrete targets struck normally by ogivalnosed projectiles.Shear dilatancy as well as compressibility of the material in comminuted region are considered in the paper by introducing a dilatant-kinematic relation.A procedure is first presented to compute the radial stress at the cavity surface and then a numerical method is used to calculate the results of penetration and perforation with friction being taken into account.The influences of various target parameters such as shear strength,bulk modulus,density,Poisson＇s ratio and tensile strength on the depth of penetration are delineated.It is shown that the model predictions are in good agreement with available experimental data.It is also shown that the shear strength plays a dominant role in the target resistance to penetration.

Severe plastic deformation of commercially pure aluminum using novel equal channel angular expansion extrusion with spherical cavity

Equal channel angular expansion extrusion with spherical cavity(ECAEE-SC)was introduced as a novel severe plastic deformation(SPD)technique,which is capable of imposing large plastic strain and intrinsic back-pressure on the processed billet.The plastic deformation behaviors of commercially pure aluminum during ECAEE-SC process were investigated using finite element analysis DEFORM-3D simulation software.The material flow,the load history,the distribution of effective strain and mean stress in the billet were analyzed in comparison with conventional equal channel angular extrusion(ECAE)process.In addition,single-pass ECAEE-SC was experimentally conducted on commercially pure aluminum at room temperature for validation,and the evolution of microstructure and microhardness of as-processed material was discussed.It was shown that during the process,the material is in the ideal hydrostatic stress state and the load requirement for ECAEE-SC is much more than that for ECAE.After a single-pass ECAEE-SC,an average strain of 3.51 was accumulated in the billet with homogeneous distribution.Moreover,the microstructure was significantly refined and composed of equiaxed ultrafine grains with sub-micron size.Considerable improvement in the average microhardness of aluminum was also found,which was homogenized and increased from HV 36.61 to HV 70.20,denoting 91.75%improvement compared with that of the as-cast billet.

Expansion of spherical cavity of strain-softening materials with different elastic moduli of tension and compression

An expansion theory of spherical cavities in strain-softening materials with different moduli of tension and com-pression was presented. For geomaterials,two controlling parameters were introduced to take into account the different moduli and strain-softening properties. By means of elastic theory with different moduli and stress-softening models,general solutions cal-culating Tresca and Mohr-Coulomb materials' stress and displacement fields of expansion of spherical cavity were derived. The effects caused by different elastic moduli in tensile and compression and strain-softening rates on stress and displacement fields and development of plastic zone of expansion of cavity were analyzed. The results show that the ultimate expansion pressure,stress and displacement fields and development of plastic zone vary with the different elastic moduli and strain-softening prop-erties. If classical elastic theory is adopted and strain-softening properties are neglected,rather large errors may be the result.

Effects of three-phase-lag on two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity for infinite medium with spherical cavity

The thermoelastic interaction for the three-phase-lag （TPL） heat equation in an isotropic infinite elastic body with a spherical cavity is studied by two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity theory （2TT）. The heat conduction equation in the theory of TPL is a hyperbolic partial differential equation with a fourth-order derivative with respect to time. The medium is assumed to be initially quiescent. By the Laplace trans- formation, the fundamental equations are expressed in the form of a vector-matrix differ- ential equation, which is solved by a state-space approach. The general solution obtained is applied to a specific problem, when the boundary of the cavity is subjected to the ther- mal loading （the thermal shock and the ramp-type heating） and the mechanical loading. The inversion of the Laplace transform is carried out by the Fourier series expansion tech- niques. The numerical values of the physical quantity are computed for the copper like ma- terial. Significant dissimilarities between two models （the two-temperature Green-Naghdi theory with energy dissipation （2TGN-III） and two-temperature TPL model （2T3phase）） are shown graphically. The effects of two-temperature and ramping parameters are also studied.

Finite Spherical Cavity Expansion Method for Layering Effect

A decay function for the layering effect during the projectile penetrating into layered targets is constructed, which is obtained via the theoretical solution of a dynamically expanding layered spherical cavity with finite radius in the layered targets that are assumed to be incom- pressible Mohr-Coulomb materials. By multiplying the decay function with the semi-empirical forcing functions that account for all the constitutive behavior of the targets, the forcing functions for the layered targets are obtained. Then, the forcing functions are used to represent the targets and are applied on the projectile surface as the pressure boundary condition where the projectile is modeled by an explicit transient dynamic finite element code. This methodology is implemented into ABAQUS explicit solver via the user subroutine VDLOAD, which eliminates the need for discretizing the targets and the need for the complex contact algorithm. In order to verify the proposed layering effect model, depth-of-penetration experiments of the 37 mm hard core pro-jectile penetrating into three sets of fiber concrete and soil layered targets are conducted. The predicted depths of penetration show good agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, the influence of layering effect on projectile trajectory during earth penetration is investigated. It is found that the layering effect should be taken into account if the final position and trajectory of the projectile are the main concern.

Response of a spherical cavity in a fully-coupled thermo-poro-elastodynamic medium by cell-adaptive second-order central high resolution schemes

In this study,fully coupled thermo-poroelastic saturated media are simulated by a grid/cell adaptive central high resolution scheme.The central method corresponds to the second order Kurganov-Tadmor(KT)scheme working on adapted cells with the total variation diminishing(TVD)stability condition.The coupled equations include motion,fluid flow,heat flow,continuity condition,and a constitutive equation.The grid/cell adaptation is performed by the interpolating wavelet transform in the multiresolution framework to capture fine scale responses and to obtain a computationally effective solver.With respect to the use of central schemes,the coupled equations should be re-expressed as a system of coupled first-order hyperbolic-parabolic partial differential equations(PDEs)with possible source(load)terms.The system is initially derived in the Cartesian coordinate system,and it is subsequently modified to consider a spherical cavity in isotropic,symmetric,and saturated media in the spherical coordinate system.It is assumed that the cavity boundary is subjected to sudden time-dependent thermal/mechanical sources.Discontinuous propagating fronts develop in the media due to the aforementioned loading.It is challenging to handle these solutions with numerical methods,and special attention is required to prevent/control numerical dispersion and dissipation.Hence,as previously mentioned,adaptive central high resolution schemes are employed in the present study.

Theoretical Study on Spherical Composite Accelerating Cavity

A composite accelerating cavity utilizing a resonant, periodic structure with a dielectric sphere located at a spherical conducting cavity center is presented. The resonator design is of the whispering gallery type to take advantage of the excellent electromagnetic field confinement offered by this geometry. The maximum electromagnetic fields of this structure exceed by several orders of magnitude the values reached in resonant cavities of typical linear accelerators. And the skin current losses are reduced without engaging superconductivity and cryogenic systems for this new construction. Especially because all field components at the metallic wall are either zero or very small in this proposed spherical cavity, one can expect the cavity to be less prone to electrical breakdowns than the traditional cavity. In this paper, the new type of accelerating structure was analyzed and calculated. The results are in very well agreement with the corresponding values simulated by CST. And for the existing ultra-low loss dielectrics, Q can be three orders of magnitude better than obtained in existing cylindrical cavities.

RF design of an S-band spherical cavity pulse compressor

The pulse compressor plays an important role in accelerators by enhancing the RF peak power.An S-band(2856 MHz)spherical cavity pulse compressor consisting of a special 3 dB coupler and a single spherical energy storage cavity has been developed in Institute of High Energy Physics.The special 3 dB coupler converts the TE10 mode in rectangular waveguide to two polarization degenerated TE11 modes in cylindrical waveguide.It is also a circular polarizer and its general scattering matrix is given for the first time.The magnitude and the phase difference of the two TE11 modes are−3.016,−3.005 dB and 90.02◦in HFSS,while it is−3.01,−3.01 dB and 89.79◦in CST.The simulated S parameters show agreement with the general scattering matrix.The TE114 mode with an unloaded Q factor of 190,000 has been chosen to resonate in the spherical cavity.An energy multiplication factor of 1.75 and a peak power gain of 5.75 were obtained for the whole pulse compressor,which agrees with the design requirements.A good pulse compression performance is also proved by the CST time-domain simulation.In addition,the scheme for tuning and detuning is designed and given in detail.Compared to the traditional SLED type,the spherical cavity pulse compressor uses only one spherical cavity to realize the pulse compression,which makes it compact as a whole.

Pile end bearing capacity in rock mass using cavity expansion theory

Much empiricism is involved in design of rock-socketed piles in rock masses.In light of this,an analytical solution based on the cavity expansion theory is proposed for calculating the ultimate bearing capacity at the tip of a pile embedded in rock masses obeying the Hoek-Brown failure criterion.The ultimate end bearing capacity is evaluated by assuming that the pressure exerted at the boundaries of a pressure bulb immediately beneath the pile tip is equal to the limit pressure required to expand a spherical cavity.In addition,a relationship is derived to predict the pile load-settlement response.To demonstrate the applicability of the presented solution,the results of this study were compared to those of 91 field tests from technical literature.Despite the limitations,it is found that the end bearing resistance computed by the present work is in good agreement with the field test results.

SPHERICAL WAVE PROPAGATION IN SATURATED SOILS

Based on the generally adopted soil model for engineering, an analytic solution of spherical wave propagation problem in a special case for an equally pressurized spherical cavity in saturated space by Laplace transformation which is compared with that of the same problem in a one-phase elastic space. The influence of fluid on dynamic response of saturated soil is examined. The authors propose an effective way for dynamic analysis of underground structure.

Estimation of compaction grouting pressure in strain softening soils

A new method was proposed to predict the limited compaction grouting pressure for the soft soils. Theoretical basis of the method considered the conical shear failure above the grout bulb. Using the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion as the initial yield function, the limited compaction grouting pressure was determined, according to the softening elastic-plastic model based on the conventional triaxial compression tests to simulate the strain softening soils. The small strain in the elastic zone and large stain in the plastic zone and the rational yield function for the strain softening phase stage, the analytical solutions to the compaction grouting pressure were presented. The results indicate reasonable agreement and show a good potential of the proposed method for rationally optimizing the design of compaction grouting operations.

Resistance of grid steel-tube-confined concrete targets against projectile impact: Experimental investigation and analytical engineering model

Steel-tube-confined concrete(STCC) targets are provided with excellent anti-penetration performance over semi-infinite concrete(SIC) targets since the steel tube imposes passive restraint on the in-filled concrete during the penetration process. Grid STCC system with square steel tubes is a potential solution to protective structures. In this paper, experiments of 9-cell grid STCC targets penetrated by 12.7 mm Armor Piercing Projectile(APP) were performed. The influence of side length and thickness of steel tube,steel ratio and impact velocity on anti-penetration performance were taken into account. Additionally,single-cell square STCC targets were also designed and tested for comparison with the 9-cell grid STCC targets. Damage modes and parameters of the tested targets were measured and discussed. Moreover,the stiffness of radial confinement of grid STCC targets is achieved according to the elastic solution of infinite cylindrical shell in Winkler medium. Furthermore, the penetration resistance and depth of penetration(DOP) for grid STCC targets are obtained on the basis of the dynamic finite spherical cavityexpansion(FSCE) models including radial confinement effect. It is shown that the 9-cell grid STCC targets with optimal dimension match of thickness and side length of steel tube can reduce the DOP by about17 % and 23 % in comparison with the SIC targets and single-cell square STCC targets, respectively, due to both the confinement of square steel tube to concrete in the impacted cell and the additional confinement of the surrounding cells to the impacted cell;the penetration resistance and DOP of the grid and cellular STCC targets with similar steel ratio is close, and thus the grid STCC targets with simpler manufacturing process and excellent in-plane expandability are preferred in engineering practice;moreover, the predicted results of DOP model based on the FSCE models agree well with the tested results with the maximum disparity less than 12 % and the proposed model is more applicable to the grid and cellular STCC targets with high radial confinement.

An engineering analysis of penetration of metal ball into fibre-reinforced composite targets

An engineering analysis of computing the penetration problem of a steel ball penetrating into fibre-reinforced composite targets is presented. Assume the metal ball is a rigid body, and the composite target is a transversely isotropic elasto-plastic material. In the analysis, a spherical cavity dilatation model is incorporated in the cylindrical cavity penetration method. Simulation results based on the modified model are in good agreement with the results for 3-D Kevlar woven （3DKW） composite anti-penetration experiments. Effects of the target material parameters and impact parameters on the penetration problem are also studied.

PREDICTION OF PROJECTILE PENETRATION AND PERFORATION BY FINITE CAVITY EXPANSION METHOD WITH THE FREE-SURFACE EFFECT

With a target treated as the incompressible Tresca and Mohr-Coulomb material, by assuming that cavity expansion produces plastic-elastic and plastic-cracked-elastic response region, the decay function for the free-surface effect is constructed for metal and geological tar- gets, respectively. The forcing function for oblique penetration and perforation is obtained by multiplying the forcing function derived on the basis of infinite target assumption with the de- cay function. Then the projectile is modeled with an explicit transient dynamic finite element code and the target is represented by the forcing function as the pressure boundary condition. This methodology eliminates discretizing the target as well as the need for a complex contact algorithm and is implemented in ABAQUS explicit solver via the user subroutine VDLOAD. It is found that the free-surface effect must be considered in terms of the projectile deformation, residual velocity, projectile trajectory, ricochet limits and critical reverse velocity. The numerical predictions are in good agreement with the available experimental data if the free-surface effect is taken into account.

Laser transverse modes of spherical resonators:a review [Invited]

The study of structured laser beams has been one of the most active fields of research for decades, particularly in exploring laser beams with orbital angular momentum. The direct generation of structured beams from laser resonators is deeply associated with the formation of transverse modes. The wave representations of transverse modes of spherical cavities are usually categorized into Hermite–Gaussian(HG) and Laguerre–Gaussian(LG)modes for a long time. Enormous experimental results have revealed that the generalized representation for the transverse modes is the Hermite–LG(HLG) modes. We make a detailed overview for the theoretical description of the HLG modes from the representation of the spectral unitary group of order 2 in the Jordan–Schwinger map.Furthermore, we overview how to derive the integral formula for the elliptical modes based on the Gaussian wave-packet state and the inverse Fourier transform. The relationship between the HLG modes and elliptical modes is linked by the quantum Fourier transform. The most striking result is that the HLG modes can be exactly derived as the superposition of the elliptical modes without involving Hermite and Laguerre polynomials.Finally, we discuss the application of the HLG modes in characterizing the propagation evolution of the vortex structures of HG beams transformed by an astigmatic mode converter. This overview certainly provides not only a novel formula for transverse modes, but also a pedagogical insight into quantum physics.

Surface-induced Morphologies of ABC Star Triblock Copolymer in Spherical Cavities

The morphologies and phase diagrams exhibited by symmetric ABC star triblock copolymer nanoparticles are investigated on the basis of real-space self-consistent field theory. The ABC star triblock copolymers were chosen to be tiling-forming with fixed polymer parameter and the spherical boundaries were modeled using the masking technique. We first study a number of examples where the ABC triblock copolymers confined in spherical cavities with neutral surface. Then, two types of spherical cavity distinct preferential surfaces are considered, including both A-block attractive and repulsive preferential surfaces. We aim at the effects due to various spherical cavity diameters and the degree of interactions between the polymer and the spherical surface. A variety of morphologies, such as ring-like structures, concentric sphere, and irregular cylinder, were identified in phase diagrams. The results show that both the degree of interactions and spherical diameters can influence the formation of morphologies so that ring-like structures and other novel structures could be obtained.