Neuroprotective effect of Spilanthes acmella Murr. on pesticide-induced neuronal cells death

Objective: To investigate protective effects of Spilanthes acmella(S,acmella) Murr,extracts against pesticide-induced neuronal cells death and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism in dopaminergic(SH-SY5Y) cells lines,Methods: Cell viability of SH-SY5 Y cells was studied by treating the cells with various concentration of pirimicarb for 24 hr,Neuroprotective effect of S,acmella Murr,extracts was investigated by adding the plant extracts to the medium for 24 hr prior to the incubation with 100 μM H_2O_2 or with pirimicarb for 24 hr,Control-untreated cells were incubated with the culture medium,Cell viability was measured by MTT assay,calpain and calpastatin expressions were analyzed by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry,Results: Pretreatment of SH-SY5 Y cells with S,acmella Murr,extracts(1 μg/m L) for 24 hr significantly increased the dopaminergic neurons in pirimicarb-induced neurotoxicity,In addition,pretreatment with the S,acmella Murr,extracts led to decreased calpain but increased calpastatin protein levels,Conclusion: S,acmella Murr,extracts exerted neuroprotective effect,via an alteration of calcium homeostasis,against pirimicarb induced neurotoxicity,The S,acmella Murr,might be a potential natural candidate with neuroprotective activity.

Insecticidal Toxicity of Spilanthol from <i>Spilanthes acmella</i>Murr. against <i>Plutella xylostella</i>L.

The present study explored the Spilanthes acmella Murr. for insecticidal principle, a plant of high value. The seed extract showed insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella. Further, bioassay guided isolation of bioactive compounds resulted in insecticidal active molecule, which was identified with the help of ESI-MS and NMR. Highest activity of 95 - 100 percent was observed at low dose of 2 g/l with spilanthol, while 60 - 70 and 80 - 90 percent mortality at 5 g/l in crude seed extracts prepared in methanol and hexane after 48 hours exposure, respectively. LC50 of 1.49, 5.14, 5.04, 11.75 g/l was observed with spilanthol, crude seed extract of methanol, hexane, deltamethrin, respectively. The findings indicate the potential of S. acmella with potent insecticidal toxicity for the management of P. xylostella and other insects of agricultural importance.

Phytopesticidal effects of Spilanthes acmella(L.)Murr.leaves on three economically important lepidopteran insect pests

Objective:To evaluate the antifeedant and larvicidal activities of dichloromethane(DCM),acetone,dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)and aqueous extracts of Spilanthes acmella(S.acmella)leaves against Earias vitella,Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura.Methods:DCM,acetone,DMSO and aqueous extracts were studied using fruit and leaf discs no-choice method at 0.625%,1.25%,2.5%and 5%concentration.Results:All the extracts showed antifeedant and larvicidal activities against all the tested insects.However,maximum antifeedant activity was detected in DCM extract of S.acmella against all tested pest,followed by acetone,DMSO and aqueous extracts at 5%concentration.The leaves extract of S.acmella also showed larvicidal activity;maximum larval mortality was observed in DCM extract against Helicoverpa armigera(48.88%),Spodoptera litura(44.88%)and Earias vitella(75.11%)followed by acetone,DMSO and aqueous extracts at 5%concentration.Conclusions:DCM extract of S.acmella could be further purified to develop a formulation for eco-friendly pest control agent.

金纽扣的显微结构研究

对金纽扣的显微结构进行了研究。结果表明,金纽扣的显微结构鉴别特征为:根部次生构造不发达,皮层裂隙较多,维管束辐射型,根横切面观细胞壁普遍较厚;茎中内皮层凯氏点明显,髓部大,中央破裂呈空洞状,周围有若干裂隙;粉末中可见花粉粒,球型,有刺状雕纹。

Antibacterial and antifeedant activities of Spilanthes acmella leaf extract against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and brinjal fruit borer,Leucinodes orbonalis larvae

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial and antifeedant activities of dichloromethane,acetone and aqueous extracts of Spilanthes acmella(L.)(S.acmella)Murr against selected bacterial strains and larvae of Leucinodes orbonalis Guen.Methods:Solvent extracts were tested against pathogenic microbes using disc diffusion method and fruit disc no-choice method for antifeedant activity.Results:The study revealed that dichloromethane extract of S.acmella leaf showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity against all the tested bacteria.Maximum zone of inhibition was observed in dichloromethane leaf extract of S.acmella against Escherichia coli[(18.9±0.34)mm]followed by Staphylococcus aureus[(18.6±1.31)mm],Proteus vulgaris[(17.2±0.68)mm],Bacillus subtilis[(17.0±0.76)mm]and Klebsiella pneumonia[(16.4±1.55)mm]at 5 mg/disc concentration.The aqueous extract was moderately inhibited the tested bacteria at all the concentrations.Dichloromethane extract showed good antifeedant activity against Leucinodes orbonalis(68.88%)when compared to acetone(60.80%)and aqueous(45.48%)extracts at 5%concentration.The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids,terpenoids,phytosterols,saponins,steroid,tannins and phenolic compounds.Conclusions:The study suggests that the dichloromethane leaf extract of S.acmella could be used to develop a novel herbal formulation to control pathogenic bacteria and agricultural pests.