Spinal epidural hematoma after spinal manipulation therapy:Report of three cases and a literature review

BACKGROUND Spinal manipulation therapy(SMT)has been widely used worldwide to treat musculoskeletal diseases,but it can cause serious adverse events.Spinal epidural hematoma(SEH)caused by SMT is a rare emergency that can cause neurological dysfunction.We herein report three cases of SEH after SMT.CASE SUMMARY The first case was a 30-year-old woman who experienced neck pain and numbness in both upper limbs immediately after SMT.Her symptoms persisted after 3 d of conservative treatment,and she was admitted to our hospital.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)demonstrated an SEH,extending from C6 to C7.The second case was a 55-year-old man with sudden back pain 1 d after SMT,numbness in both lower limbs,an inability to stand or walk,and difficulty urinating.MRI revealed an SEH,extending from T1 to T3.The third case was a 28-year-old man who suddenly developed symptoms of numbness in both lower limbs 4 h after SMT.He was unable to stand or walk and experienced mild back pain.MRI revealed an SEH,extending from T1 to T2.All three patients underwent surgery after failed conservative treatment.The three cases recovered to ASIA grade E on day 5,1 wk,and day 10 after surgery,respectively.All patients returned to normal after 3 mo of follow-up.CONCLUSION SEH caused by SMT is very rare,and the condition of each patient should be evaluated in full detail before operation.SEH should be diagnosed immediately and actively treated by surgery.

Spontaneous Spinal Subdural Hematoma Developed After Weightlifting: A case Report and Review of Literature

Spontaneous spinal subdural hematoma is a rare disease. Several predisposing factors are reported including impaired clotting due to therapeutic anti-coagulation or hematologic disorder, vascular anom-aly, intraspinal tumor, and iatrogenic causes such as lumbar puncture or spinal anesthesia.We report a rare case of spontaneous spinal subdural hematoma developed after weightlifting in a healthy young man treated with conservative treatment.

Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Hematoma Causing Paraplegia: A Case Report

A spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma without any identified etiology is a very rare entity. We report here a 44 years old woman admitted within our department for 04 days of severe back pain complicated rapidly of bilateral lower-limbs weakness and urinary retention. Neurological examination found a complete paraplegia (0/5 stergh), with incomplete sensory deficit below the T-10 level, bowel and bladder dysfunction, decreased deep and superficial reflex. MRI with different sequences showed a large epidural mass lesion with slightly high signal intensity on T1-weighted images and heterogeneous low signal intensity on T2-weighted images from T11 to L1 suggesting an epidural hematoma. She underwent an urgent total laminectomy from T11 to L1 following by a complete removal of a large dark and compact epidural hematoma compressing the spinal cord. Operatively, there’s no sign suggesting an AVM. Postoperative course was uneventful and she was discharged ten days after surgery with complete recovery.

Early Diagnosis of Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Hematoma with Echo-Planar Gradient-Echo T2*-Weighted MR Imaging

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is a rare idiopathic condition that leads to the acute onset of neurological deficits, which can have catastrophic consequences if not recognized early. It is important to make an early precise diagnosis. Spinal epidural hematoma has been increasingly recognized since the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, T1- and T2-weighted gradient-echo sequences are relatively less sensitive to the magnetic susceptibility effects of hemorrhage. Echo-planar gradient-echo T2*-weighted MR imaging (T2* MRI) is sensitive to these magnetic susceptibility effects and is commonly used for the detection of hemorrhage. We reported that the case of a 76-year-old man who presented with tetra paresis had an early diagnosis of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma early diagnosed by T2* MRI.

低颅压综合征合并颅内出血的诊断和治疗

目的探讨低颅压综合征合并颅内出血的病因、临床表现、影像学特点及救治方法。方法回顾性分析2015年1月—2022年12月苏州大学附属张家港医院神经外科收治的14例低颅压综合征合并颅内出血患者的临床资料,并进行定期随访,了解其预后及转归。结果14例低颅压综合征患者中,13例存在直立性头痛。4例自发性低颅压综合征合并双侧慢性硬脑膜下血肿患者,行头颅核磁共振成像(MRI)增强显示硬脑膜下出血或积液、硬脑膜强化、静脉结构充盈、垂体充血和脑组织下垂等影像学特征,钻颅引流手术治疗3例、保守治疗1例;10例创伤性低颅压综合征伴颅内出血患者保守治疗7例,钻颅引流手术治疗2例,开颅血肿清除手术治疗1例;治疗后相关症状明显好转或消失。结论对于低颅压综合征合并颅内出血的患者,临床上应根据患者的个体情况选择保守治疗或手术治疗;早期明确病因有助于临床治疗方案的优化,改善患者神经功能及预后。

自发性脊柱硬膜下血肿1例报告

脊柱硬膜下血肿(SSDH)是一种罕见且危险的椎管内血肿,可表现为神经根痛、截瘫、自主神经功能障碍等脊髓横贯性损伤,极少数表现为单侧病变。好发于胸椎,腰椎少见[1]。2021年4月5日,本院收治1例自发性SSDH患者,疗效满意,现报告如下。1病例资料患者,男,59岁,因下腰痛伴双下肢麻痛进行性加重1周于2021年4月5日于本院就诊并收住入院。入院前1周无明显诱因出现下腰部胀痛,伴双下肢麻痛,以臀部、大腿后侧、小腿后侧为主。

Subarachnoid hemorrhage misdiagnosed as acute coronary syndrome leading to catastrophic neurologic injury: A case report

BACKGROUND Elevated levels of cardiac troponin and abnormal electrocardiogram changes are the primary basis for clinical diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Troponin levels in ACS patients can often be more than 50 times the upper reference limit.Some patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)also show electrocardiogram abnormalities,myocardial damage,and elevated cardiac biomarkers.Unlike ACS patients,patients with SAH only have a slight increase in troponin,and the use of anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs is prohibited.Because of the opposite treatment modalities,it is essential for clinicians to distinguish between SAH and ACS.CASE SUMMARY A 56-year-old female patient was admitted to the emergency department at night with a sudden onset of severe back pain.The final diagnosis was intraspinal hematoma in the thoracic spine.We performed an emergency thoracic spinal canal hematoma evacuation procedure with the assistance of a microscope.Intraoperatively,diffuse hematoma formation was found in the T7-T10 spinal canal,and no obvious spinal vascular malformation changes were observed.Postoperative head and spinal magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)showed a small amount of SAH in the skull,no obvious abnormalities in the cervical and thoracic spinal canals,and no abnormal signals in the lumbar spinal canal.Thoracoab-dominal aorta computed tomography angiography showed no vascular malfor-mation.Postoperative motor system examination showed Medical Research Council Scale grade 1/5 strength in both lower extremities,and the patient experienced decreased sensation below the T12 rib margin and reported a Visual Analog Scale score of 3.CONCLUSION Extremely elevated troponin levels(more than 50 times the normal range)are not unique to coronary artery disease.SAH can also result in extremely high troponin levels,and antiplatelet drugs are contraindicated in such cases.Emergency MRI can help in the early differential diagnosis,as a misdiagnosis of ACS can lead to catastrophic neurological damage in patients with spontaneous spinal SAH.

Delayed neurological dysfunction following posterior laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND While most complications of cervical surgery are reversible,some,such as symptomatic postoperative spinal epidural hematoma(SEH),which generally occurs within 24 h,are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.Delayed neurological dysfunction is diagnosed in cases when symptoms present>3 d postoperatively.Owing to its rarity,the risk factors for delayed neurological dysfunction are unclear.Consequently,this condition can result in irreversible neurological deficits and serious consequences.In this paper,we present a case of postoperative SEH that developed three days after hematoma evacuation.CASE SUMMARY A 68-year-old man with an American Spinal Injury Association(ASIA)grade C injury was admitted to our hospital with neck pain and tetraplegia following a fall.The C3-C7 posterior laminectomy and the lateral mass screw fixation surgery were performed on the tenth day.Postoperatively,the patient showed no changes in muscle strength or ASIA grade.The patient experienced neck pain and subcutaneous swelling on the third day postoperatively,his muscle strength decreased,and his ASIA score was grade A.Magnetic resonance imaging showed hypointense signals on T1 weighted image(T1WI)and T2WI located behind the epidural space,with spinal cord compression.Emergency surgical intervention for the hematoma was performed 12 h after onset.Although hypoproteinemia and pleural effusion did not improve in the perioperative period,the patient recovered to ASIA grade C on day 30 after surgery,and was transferred to a functional rehabilitation exercise unit.CONCLUSION This case shows that amelioration of low blood albumin and pleural effusion is an important aspect of the perioperative management of cervical surgery.Surgery to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord should be performed as soon as possible to decrease neurological disabilities.

结合Meta分析总结6例脊柱术后症状性硬膜外血肿的观察要点

目的结合Meta分析探讨脊柱术后发生症状性硬膜外血肿(symptomaticspinalepidural hematoma,SSEH)的危险因素及观察要点,为脊柱术后发生SSEH的观察要点提供依据。方法计算机检索万方数据库和知网医学期刊,搜集关于脊柱术后患者SSEH的观察要点。数据库检索时限:建库至2023年3月。评价纳入研究的偏倚风险,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。将2021年1月—2023年3月本院收治的1864例脊柱手术患者中6例术后发生SSEH患者的护理进行回顾性分析,结合Meta分析总结发生SSEH早期征象的观察要点。结果6例术后发生SSEH的患者中2例患者合并脑梗疾病史,2例术后血压较高。Meta分析共纳入11项研究,9篇文献质量评分均≥6分,2篇文献质量评分为5分。结果显示,年龄>65岁、术前血小板计数、合并脑梗、合并高血压、凝血障碍、手术时间>2h及多节段手术是脊柱术后SSEH的观察要点。结论术前患者身体状况及疾病史等情况、术中患者手术情况、术后患者生命体征、双下肢神经功能、引流液变化、手术切口内疼痛等情况是脊柱术后症状性硬膜外血肿的观察要点。

Resolution of epidural hematoma related to osteoporotic fracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty

We are the first to report a case that showed spontaneous resolution of epidural hematoma which was related to a steroid-induced osteoporotic compression fracture.The patient had a painful fracture with an intravertebral cleft at L1 accompanying an epidural hematoma posteriorly.Immediate pain relief was achieved after percutaneous vertebroplasty.Complete resolution of hematoma was noted three months after procedure.We theorized that intravertebral stability after treatment might have played a role in this patient.

Spontaneous Cervical Epidural Hematomas in Mild Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Patients：An Analysis of 8 Cases

Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoms（SCEH） complicated with mild cervical spondylotic myelopathy（CSM） is a rare but emerging condition.Early diagnosis and treatment are important for good outcomes.This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of this condition and to discuss the optimal treatment.The clinical data from 8 patients with SCEH plus CSM who were divided into two groups by treatment methods were retrospectively analyzed.The neurological function of the patients was assessed by Japanese Orthopedic Association（JOA） score before and after the surgical operations.Other factors were reviewed with medical records.Among them,4 out of the 8 patients underwent emergency surgery,and the rest 3 patients experienced an initial conservative treatment and ultimately received a laminectomy.We found that the Frankel Scale scores in most of the surgical patients were increased after surgery（6/7,85.7%）.However,the JOA scores at the 6th month after onset were even lower than those before onset in 3 of the operative cases,and those in the patients who were given conservative treatment showed no significant change.It was concluded that some patients with SCEH and CSM treated with a timely operation may obtain relief from their previous CSM symptoms.However,the final neurological deficits of these patients were closely related to the progressive interval which refers to the hours between the initial onset and the occurrence of new neurological deficits or mild CSM deterioration,no matter whether they accept the operation.We found the crucial progressive interval may be in 9 h.Early MRI and prompt neurosurgical intervention are also important to improve the neurological deficits.

Spontaneous Cervical Epidural Hematoma Mimicking Stroke: A New Perspective on Diagnosis and Treatment

Objective: The authors report an extremely rare case of stroke-mimicking, spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma treated with tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). Case Report: We report the case of a 69-year-old female presenting with left-sided hemiparesis of the arm and leg. She was administered by TPA because she was thought to have an ischemic stroke and intracranial CT showed no hemorrhage. However, her neurological condition continued to decline, and MRI of her cervical spine revealed a large spontaneous epidural hematoma. Subsequently, the patient underwent emergency surgery. Conclusions: TPA administration to spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) patients is dangerous. Because cervical epidural hematomas can mimic stroke, the attending medical staff needs to exercise vigilance in diagnosis. In addition to the head, the spine should also be scanned prior to TPA administration.

罕见硬脑膜下血肿合并硬脊膜下血肿1例并文献复习

硬脑膜下血肿(SDH)合并硬脊膜下血肿十分罕见。该文报道1例不明原因的蛛网膜下腔出血患者同时并发SDH合并硬脊膜下血肿,并回顾以往报道的病例,综述其危险因素、发病机制、临床表现、治疗及预后。

Spontaneous Thoracic Spinal Epidural HematomaDuring Pregnancy

To editor:Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma(SSEH)is uncom-mon,especially during pregnancy.However,SSEH is a seriousemergency that must be managed immediately to prevent per-manent neurological deficit of the mother and stillbirth.Theetiology and pathogenesis of SEEH remain unknown,al-though multiple theories and precipitating factors are de-scribed in the literature.In this report,we describe the caseof a pregnant female who developed SSEH.

胸椎管狭窄症减压内固定术后继发症状性硬膜外血肿1例

患者,男,66岁,因双下肢肌肉萎缩乏力半年于2022年6月29日至我院就诊。既往史:10年前有脑梗死病史,3年前再次脑梗,长期口服拜阿司匹林。主诉:半年前无明显诱因下出现双下肢乏力、麻木,肌肉萎缩,在当地行针灸及中药治疗后未见明显好转,近期双下肢乏力、麻木症状进行性加重,肌肉萎缩渐加重,行走欠利。

自发性硬脊膜外血肿的临床特点及预后影响因素分析

目的探讨自发性硬脊膜外血肿（spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma,SSEH）的临床特点以及预后影响因素。方法1998年9月-2006年10月,收治SSEH患者23例。男10例,女13例;年龄10-69岁。神经功能障碍按ASIA分级：A级7例,B级2例,C级4例,D级9例,E级1例。发病至出现明显神经功能障碍时间：〈12h12例,12-24h2例,24-48h3例,〉48h6例。均经MRI检查或病理学检查确诊。17例采用手术治疗,6例采用以甲基强的松龙（80-100mg/d）为主的非手术治疗。回顾患者病史、实验室检查、放射学诊断、病理学检查结果及治疗方法,分析以上因素对患者预后的影响。结果23例随访3个月,恶化1例,无进展8例,改善9例,痊愈5例。性别对预后影响无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;病程进展越快,血肿所覆盖的脊髓节段越多,患者的预后越差（P〈0.05）;神经损害越轻,预后越好（P〈0.01）。手术治疗17例中,预后评分为1分1例,2分5例,3分6例,4分5例;手术前时间与预后的相关系数为0.056（P〉0.05）。非手术治疗6例中,预后评分2分及3分各3例。结论SSEH是一种罕见疾病,其预后受患者神经功能状态、病程进展时间、脊髓是否合并水肿及硬膜外血肿体积等因素影响。此病以手术治疗为主,且宜早期进行,防止脊髓功能进一步恶化。非手术治疗只适用于脊髓功能在早期恢复的患者。

颈椎前路术后硬膜外血肿的相关因素分析及防治

目的:探讨颈椎前路术后发生硬膜外血肿的相关因素及其防治措施。方法:1998年1月～2006年12月共行颈椎前路手术1821例,10例术后出现了颈椎硬膜外血肿,并通过再次行血肿清除减压术得到证实。回顾分析该10例患者出现硬膜外血肿的相关因素,统计分析确诊时段、清除血肿的时段与末次随访神经功能恢复情况之间的关系。结果:10例患者出现硬膜外血肿的相关因素分别是:凝血功能障碍5例,伤口引流障碍2例,血管瘤1例,不明原因2例。经Spearman等级相关分析,确诊时ASIA等级与确诊时段呈负相关(Spearman等级相关系数=-0.85),末次随访神经功能恢复情况与手术时段呈负相关(Spearman等级相关系数=-0.93)。结论:术前凝血功能障碍及伤口引流障碍是颈椎前路术后硬膜外血肿发生的高危因素,早期发现并尽快再次手术清除血肿利于患者神经功能的恢复。

急性硬脊膜外血肿的诊治特点

目的：探讨急性硬脊膜外血肿的病因、临床诊治特点。方法：分析近15年来经手术治疗的38例急性硬脊膜外血肿的病因、临床表现、MRI／DSA影像学及显微手术特点。结果：38例病人均行MRI检查。28例直接手术清除血肿；10例行DSA检查，6例先行硬脊膜动静脉瘘（AVF）供血动脉栓塞．再手术清除血肿并切除瘘口。1例患者术前诊断急性硬脊膜外血肿，术后病理证实为脊髓结核急性期。随访2～9年。神经系统恢复到正常情况的13例；有轻度神经系统改变但生活可以自理的19例；需他人帮助者4例；2例因血肿压迫时间长。术后双下肢瘫痪及尿潴留未改善；本组无死亡病例。结论：急性硬脊膜外血肿的早期诊断和早期治疗是提高疗效的关键。脊髓MRI检查是诊断急性硬脊膜外血肿的首选方法，清除血肿减轻其对脊髓的压迫是治疗本病的唯一有效方法，大的、高血流量的AVF术前栓塞供血动脉可减少术中出血。

急性硬脊膜外血肿的诊治

目的 研究急性硬脊膜外血肿的原因、临床表现、影像学特点及治疗方法。方法 对 10a来经手术治疗的 32例急性硬脊膜外血肿的病因、临床表现、MRI、DSA检查情况、手术治疗和随访结果进行分析。结果 32例病人中有 2 6例直接手术清除血肿 ;6例先栓塞硬脊膜动静脉瘘 (AVF)的供血动脉后 ,再手术清除血肿并切除瘘口。随访 2～ 9a。神经系统恢复到正常情况 11例 ;有轻度神经系统改变但生活可以自理 15例 ;需他人帮助者 4例 ;2例因血肿压迫时间长 ,术后双下肢瘫痪及尿潴留未改善 ;本组无死亡。结论 急性硬脊膜外血肿的早期诊断和治疗是提高疗效的关键。脊髓MRI检查是诊断急性硬脊膜外血肿的首选方法 ,清除血肿减轻其对脊髓的压迫是治疗本病的唯一有效方法 ,大的。

颈椎前路术后早期硬膜外血肿形成的原因及防治

目的:探讨颈椎前路术后早期硬膜外血肿形成的原因及防治措施。方法:2005年6月至2011年12月,行颈椎前路手术的患者1452例,术后发生硬膜外血肿5例,男4例,女1例;年龄33～55岁,平均46.4岁;脊髓型颈椎病3例,脊髓型颈椎病伴C6椎体血管瘤1例,颈椎后纵韧带骨化症1例。回顾分析5例硬膜外血肿出现的时间、临床表现、症状持续时间及手术处理对神经功能恢复的影响。结果:5例患者均出现在术后24h内,平均症状持续时间4h(2～7h),表现为进行性加重的脊髓功能损害,均行急诊手术处理,术后患者脊髓功能均有不同程度地恢复,1例患者在第1次血肿清除术后5h再次出现血肿压迫而行第2次血肿清除术;术后平均随访13.8个月(6～18个月),至末次随访时神经功能均恢复良好,无硬膜外血肿复发。结论:颈椎前路术后24h内,特别是术后6～8h,是硬膜外血肿发生的高峰,应严密监测患者神经功能变化;早期出现的进行性加重的脊髓功能损害是硬膜外血肿的主要临床表现;MRI检查可以明确硬膜外血肿的诊断,并可以精确定位血肿位置和范围,有助于硬膜外血肿的有效清除。硬膜外血肿一旦确诊必须第一时间行手术治疗,如果处理及时患者脊髓功能恢复良好。