Dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson （Kolsky） bar system - A review

Dynamic properties of rocks are important in a variety of rock mechanics and rock engineering problems. Due to the transient nature of the loading, dynamic tests of rock materials are very different from and much more challenging than their static counterparts. Dynamic tests are usually conducted using the split Hopkinson bar or Kolsl^j bar systems, which include both split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） and split Hopkinson tension bar （SHTB） systems. Significant progress has been made on the quantification of various rock dynamic properties, owing to the advances in the experimental techniques of SHPB system. This review aims to fully describe and critically assess the detailed procedures and principles of tech- niques for dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson bars. The history and principles of SHPB are outlined, followed by the key loading techniques that are useful for dynamic rock tests with SHPB （i.e. pulse shaping, momentum-trap and multi-axial loading techniques）. Various measurement techniques for rock tests in SHPB （i.e. X-ray micro computed tomography （CT）, laser gap gauge （LGG）, digital image corre- lation （DIC）, Moir~ method, caustics method, photoelastic coating method, dynamic infrared thermog- raphy） are then discussed. As the main objective of the review, various dynamic measurement techniques for rocks using SHPB are described, including dynamic rock strength measurements （i.e. dynamic compression, tension, bending and shear tests）, dynamic fracture measurements （i.e. dynamic imitation and propagation fracture toughness, dynamic fracture energy and fracture velocity）, and dy- namic techniques for studying the influences of temperature and pore water.

High strain rate compressive strength behavior of cemented paste backfill using split Hopkinson pressure bar

The stability of cemented paste backfill(CPB)is threatened by dynamic disturbance,but the conventional low strain rate laboratory pressure test has difficulty achieving this research purpose.Therefore,a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)was utilized to investigate the high strain rate compressive behavior of CPB with dynamic loads of 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 MPa.And the failure modes were determined by macro and micro analysis.CPB with different cement-to-tailings ratios,solid mass concentrations,and curing ages was prepared to conduct the SHPB test.The results showed that increasing the cement content,tailings content,and curing age can improve the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus.Under an impact load,a higher strain rate can lead to larger increasing times of the dynamic compressive strength when compared with static loading.And the dynamic compressive strength of CPB has an exponential correlation with the strain rate.The macroscopic failure modes indicated that CPB is more seriously damaged under dynamic loading.The local damage was enhanced,and fine cracks were formed in the interior of the CPB.This is because the CPB cannot dissipate the energy of the high strain rate stress wave in a short loading period.

Calibration of split Hopkinson pressure bar system with special shape striker

In order to present basic guidance for system calibration of split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) with the special shape striker,wave characteristics and dynamic responses of SHPB under striker impact were analyzed.Stress generated by the special shape striker tends to have a half-sine waveform and has little wave dispersion during its propagation.Impact velocities of the special shape striker and peak values of generated stress still have linear relation but with a different coefficient from that of cylindrical strikers.From stress histories on the surfaces of the input bar impacted by the special shape striker off-axially and obliquely,it is found that the misalignment impacts usually trigger wave distortion and amplitude decrease,which can be used to identify the poor system adjustment.Finally,the system calibration of SHPB with the special shape striker can be classified into four steps:system adjustment,wave distortion identification,measurement calibration and transmission calibration,where the measurement calibration factor and transmission calibration factor are elaborated and redefined.

Application of split Hopkinson tension bar technique to the study of dynamic fracture properties of materials

A novel approach is proposed in determining dy- namic fracture toughness （DFT） of high strength steel, using the split Hopkinson tension bar （SHTB） apparatus, com- bined with a hybrid experimental-numerical method. The center-cracked tension specimen is connected between the bars with a specially designed fixture device. The fracture initiation time is measured by the strain gage method, and dynamic stress intensity factors （DSIF） are obtained with the aid of 3D finite element analysis （FEA）. In this approach, the dimensions of the specimen are not restricted by the connec- tion strength or the stress-state equilibrium conditions, and hence plane strain state can be attained conveniently at the crack tip. Through comparison between the obtained results and those in open publication, it is concluded that the ex- perimental data are valid, and the method proposed here is reliable. The validity of the obtained DFT is checked with the ASTM criteria, and fracture surfaces are examined at the end of paper.

Study on Interface Friction Model for Engineering Materials Testing on Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Tests

Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has become a frequently used technique to measure the uniaxial compressive stress-strain relation of various engineering materials at high strain-rates. The accuracy of an SHPB test is based on the assumption of uniaxial and uniform stress distribution within the specimen, which, however, is not always satisfied in an actual SHPB test due to the existence of some unavoidable negative factors, e.g., interface friction constrains. Kinetic interface friction tests based on a simple device for engineering materials testing on SHPB tests are performed. A kinetic interface friction model is proposed and validated by implementing it into a numerical model. It shows that the proposed simple device is sufficient to obtain kinetic interface friction results for common SHPB tests. The kinetic friction model should be used instead of the frequently used constant friction model for more accurate numerical simulation of SHPB tests.

Dynamic property evaluation of aluminum alloy 2519A by split Hopkinson pressure bar

Impact behavior of aluminum alloy 2519A was investigated at strain rates of 600-7 000 s-1 and temperatures of 20-450 ℃ by a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The results show that the flow stress is dominated by temperature, and it increases with strain rate and decreases with deformation temperature. The serrated flow curves show the dynamic recrystallization occurs. The strain rate sensitivity exponents m determined are 0.066, 0.059 4, 0.059 0 and 0.057 3 at 20, 150, 300 and 450 ℃, respectively. Cowper- Symonds constitutive equation expressing the plastic flow behavior was calculated by analysis and regression of the experimental results. The fracture characteristics under the experimental conditions were observed by optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). It is determined that the tested material fails as a result of adiabatic shearing.

Water‑immersion softening mechanism of coal rock mass based on split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment

The coal mining process is afected by various water sources such as groundwater and coal seam water injection.Understanding the dynamic mechanical parameters of water-immersed coal is helpful for coalmine safe production.The impact compression tests were performed on coal with diferent moisture contents by using theϕ50 mm Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)experimental system,and the dynamic characteristics and energy loss laws of water-immersed coal with diferent compositions and water contents were analyzed.Through analysis and discussion,it is found that:(1)When the moisture content of the coal sample is 0%,30%,60%,the stress,strain rate and energy frst increase and then decrease with time.(2)When the moisture content of the coal sample increases from 30%to 60%,the stress“plateau”of the coal sample becomes more obvious,resulting in an increase in the compressive stress stage and a decrease in the expansion stress stage.(3)The increase of moisture content of the coal sample will afect its impact deformation and failure mode.When the moisture content is 60%,the incident rod end and the transmission rod end of the coal sample will have obvious compression failure,and the middle part of the coal sample will also experience expansion and deformation.(4)The coal composition ratio suitable for the coal immersion softening impact experiment is optimized.

基于SHPB的切缝药包防护特性研究

为探究定向断裂控制爆破中切缝药包对围岩的防护特性,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验对用药包材料制成的垫片防护下的花岗岩试块进行冲击,分别研究垫片与岩石间距、垫片材料和厚度因素对围岩防护效果的影响,分析在高速冲击下岩石的破碎情况和应力峰值,并建立多个切缝药包单孔爆破数值模型,通过对比不同情况下围岩损伤而进一步揭示切缝药包对围岩的防护特性机理。研究结果表明:岩石在强冲击荷载作用下严重破碎,当采用外壳垫片防护后,岩石的破碎程度有所降低。相同垫片厚度和垫片与岩石间距离固定的情况下,PVC外壳垫片防护效果要优于ABS外壳垫片。随着垫片厚度的增加和岩石与垫片间距的增加,岩石受损程度逐渐减弱,且增加垫片厚度对岩石的防护效果要优于增加岩石与垫片外壳间距的防护效果,研究成果可为控制爆破提供技术参考。

Approach to minish scattering of results for split Hopkinson pressure bar test

Split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) apparatus, usually used for testing behavior of material in median and high strain-rate, is now widely used in the study of rock dynamic constitutive relation, damage evolvement mechanism and energy consumption. However, the possible reasons of sampling disturbance, machining error and so on often lead to the scattering of test results, and bring ultimate difficulty for forming general test conclusion. Based on the stochastic finite element method, the uncertain parameters of specimen density ρs, specimen radius Rs, specimen elastic modulus Es and specimen length Ls in the data processing of SHPB test were considered, and the correlation between the parameters and the test results was analyzed. The results show that the specimen radius Rs has direct correlation with the test result, improving the accuracy in preparing and measuring of specimen is an effective way to improve the accuracy of test and minish the scattering of results for SHPB test.

Testing of High-Strength Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass with the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar

The split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） was used to determine the dynamic compressive strength of the high-strength Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass at strain rate on the order of 102 s^-1. It is shown that at high strain rates beyond about 1 000 s^-1, uniform deformation within the metallic glass specimen could not be achieved and dispersion in the transmitted pulse can lead to discrepancies in measuring the dynamic failure strength of the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass. Based on these reasons, a copper insert was placed between the strike bar and the input bar to obtain reliable and consistent experimental data for testing of the Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass using the SHPB. Negative strain rate sensitivity was found in the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass.

不同负温和含水率模拟月壤SHPB试验与分析

为了解月球永久阴影区月壤的动态力学性能,以玄武质模拟月壤进行动态冲击试验,研究不同负温、不同含水率及不同应变率加载下模拟月壤的动态应力-应变曲线特性、动态抗压强度和破坏特征,分析动态抗压强度、动弹性模量与模拟月壤负温、含水率、应变率的关系。试验结果表明:动态抗压强度与应变率呈正相关关系;破坏形态类型主要为锥形剪切破坏和颗粒状粉碎破坏;破碎块度分布具有良好的分形特征。研究结果能为未来月球资源研究提供参考。

基于CSSA-BPNN模型的胶结充填体动态抗压强度预测

充填采矿法二步骤回采时胶结充填体稳定性受爆破扰动而降低。为快速准确地获得充填体动态抗压强度,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)进行了40组不同应变率的单轴冲击实验,以灰砂比、充填体密度、养护龄期和平均应变率作为输入参数,充填体动态抗压强度作为输出参数,建立了一种基于Logistic混沌麻雀搜索算法(CSSA)优化BP神经网络(BPNN)的预测模型,并与传统BPNN和麻雀搜索算法优化的BPNN进行了对比分析。结果表明:CSSA-BPNN模型的平均相对误差为4.11%,预测值与实测值之间拟合的相关系数均在0.96以上,模型预测精度高。CSSA-BPNN模型的均方根误差为0.395 0 MPa,平均绝对误差为0.359 2 MPa,决定系数为0.995 2,均优于另外两种预测模型。实现了对充填体动态抗压强度的准确预测,可大幅减小物理实验量,为矿山胶结充填体的强度设计提供了一种新方法。

高温下玄武岩纤维增强地质聚合物混凝土的动态压缩力学行为

为研究高温下玄武岩纤维增强地质聚合物混凝土(BFRGC)的动态压缩力学行为,本文制备了纤维体积掺量为0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的BFRGC试件,并对其进行了不同温度(20、200、400、600、800℃)下的动态冲击试验。结果表明:BFRGC试件静态抗压强度、动态抗压强度和比能量吸收具有明显的温度强化效应和高温损伤效应,峰值应变表现出显著的温度塑化效应。BFRGC试件的静态抗压强度、动态抗压强度的温度阀值为400℃。随着温度的升高,BFRGC试件的静态抗压强度、动态抗压强度和比能量吸收均先增大后减小,峰值应变不断增大。掺加适量的玄武岩纤维可以提高常温及高温下地质聚合物混凝土的静态抗压强度和动态力学性能,且其最佳掺量为0.1%。

三维动静加载下煤的本构模型及卸荷破坏特征

为研究非静水压条件下煤体动力学性能及动力扰动后卸荷破坏特征,在三维动静加载实验的基础上,研究了卸荷方式对动力扰动后卸荷煤样宏观破坏特性的影响。首先,采用Ф50 mm的分离式霍普金森压杆系统,开展三维动静加载下煤样的动力学实验,研究轴压、应变率对煤样动力学响应规律的影响;其次,基于响应曲面理论,借助中心复合试验法,构建考虑因素交互作用的回归模型,并分析单因素及因素交互作用的显著性;然后,结合因素交互作用、Weibull分布、Drucker-Prager准则,修正煤的强度型统计损伤本构模型,对比理论与实验结果,验证模型可靠性;最后,借助加卸荷电液伺服装置,探究轴压、冲击气压、卸荷方式对煤样破坏特征的影响及作用机制。结果表明,构建的强度型统计损伤模型,相关系数R~2≥0.88,可表征煤样动力学响应行为。冲击后同步卸荷的煤样多呈层裂破坏,拉伸界面随轴压增大而后移直至消失,无法形成层裂破坏;非同步卸荷下煤样破坏形式主要包括整体完整、层裂、压剪破坏,而当冲击气压0.4~0.6 MPa,轴压14.5 MPa时,表现为“层裂+压剪”混合破坏。

TC11钛合金动态热塑互动行为研究

利用分离式霍普金森压杆对TC11钛合金平板帽形试样进行动态加载,基于高频红外点阵测温技术捕捉了剪切区温升随加载时间变化的历程,结合热传导理论分析和动态剪切数值模拟,分析了动态剪切过程中剪切区温升随时间和空间的分布规律。研究结果表明,在动态剪切加载下,TC11钛合金表现出脆性的变形行为,剪切区最高温升为430℃,且在实验所覆盖的加载速率范围内,加载速率对动态剪切温升影响不明显;显著的温升主要集中在剪切区中心附近100μm量级区域内,温升区具有高度局部化的特征,且剪切区维持较高温度所持续的时间在10μs量级。理论研究和数值模拟发现,动态加载下剪切区内最高温度可达751℃,剪切区温度时空分布规律与实验结果保持一致。实验和数值模拟结果均显示,剪切区最高温升发生在材料断裂时刻,表明剪切区显著温升应来源于剪切变形造成的应变高度集中发展。

流固耦合作用下深部岩石动态力学响应研究进展

深部岩石处于高地应力、高渗透压和强动态扰动的复杂地质环境之中,3者作用下岩石体更加容易发生损伤破裂,诱发突涌水、渗漏、井喷等工程地质灾害,因而探究流固耦合作用下岩石的动态力学响应是开展岩石工程建设的前提之一。近年来,国内外众多学者在考虑水和不同应力状态下的岩石动态力学实验研究方面取得了显著的成果。为给工程建设提供更加全面的指导并为后续研究奠定基础,从实验装置、测试结果以及围压与水的作用机理层面,对上述工作进行了回顾与总结。首先介绍了分离式霍普金森压杆测试装置的基本原理,以及用于模拟深部岩石赋存环境所进行的装置改进,包括围压分离式霍普金森压杆实验系统和孔压(渗透压)耦合的分离式霍普金森压杆实验系统,简要分析了各类装置在研究流固耦合作用下岩石动力学问题时的优势和不足。其次,总结了考虑不同应力状态(单向加载、三向围压加载)的流固耦合作用下岩石的动态力学响应特性。详细介绍了固定预设孔压、渗透压耦合作用下深部岩石的动态力学响应及其随孔隙水压、渗透压变化的规律。随后,概述了围压对岩石动力学性质的影响机理,分析了不同围压条件下的影响规律;总结了水对岩石动态力学性质的强化、弱化微观机制和定量表达。最后,对流固耦合作用下深部岩石的动态力学响应进行了概括总结,并对未来实验研究工作和深部赋存条件下岩石动态力学的研究方向进行了展望。

冲击载荷下煤样动力学响应特性与损伤本构模型

为研究深部煤体动载响应规律,采用分离式霍普金森压杆试验系统对信湖矿煤样开展了不同应变率的单轴冲击压缩试验。研究结果表明:冲击载荷下煤样动态抗压强度强度具有明显的应变率效应,且随着应变率增大,应变硬化现象愈发明显;煤样反射能、透射能、吸收能、耗能密度与应变率呈一次函数关系,耗能占比与应变率呈指数型函数关系,且均保持正相关。基于经典朱-王-唐模型、Weibull分布、Drucker-Prager准则,建立了考虑煤样损伤与黏滞性特征的动态统计损伤本构模型,并对本构模型的准确性与普适性进行了验证。该模型能够较好地描述煤样冲击动态力学行为,为动载影响下深地煤炭安全开采提供了基础研究。

预制孔洞煤样冲击力学特性及能量耗散试验研究

为研究冲击载荷下预制孔洞煤样力学特性及能量耗散规律,制备含轴向孔洞的直径50 mm,高50 mm圆柱体煤样,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置,开展8个孔洞尺寸和3个冲击气压水平的加载试验研究,借助平面场应变测量技术(VIC-2D)和高速摄像机,分析了冲击加载过程中试件动态应力、动态应变、裂纹演化、破坏失效及能量耗散特性。结果表明:①在试验涉及的孔洞直径范围内,冲击载荷下完整与孔洞煤样动态应力-应变过程均呈现微裂隙压密阶段、弹性阶段、塑性阶段和破坏阶段。同一冲击气压下,随孔径增大,煤样动态抗压强度、动态峰值应变均降低;孔径由0增大至8 mm时,煤样动态抗压强度和峰值应变下降出现快-慢分区特征。与完整煤样以拉伸裂纹破坏为主不同,孔洞煤样主要以拉伸裂纹-剪切裂纹复合破坏为主,且随着孔径增加,试件内部裂纹扩展能力变弱。②揭示了冲击载荷下孔洞煤样的能量耗散规律:孔洞煤样透射能、吸收能与孔径呈负相关,反射能与孔径呈正相关,这主要由孔洞改变试件过波面积造成。随孔径增大,煤样过波面积降低,其吸收能和透射能随之降低,与冲击载荷下孔洞煤样破碎度与孔径负相关结论相一致。研究成果有利于明晰冲击地压巷道钻孔卸压机理,为冲击地压防治提供理论支持。

强度比对类复合岩样冲击破碎特征的影响

为了保证复合地层中施工效率及工程安全,揭示动荷载作用下复合岩层的力学特征,通过分离式霍普金森压杆对三种不同强度比的类复合岩样进行动态巴西劈裂试验,基于破碎分形理论,探究强度比、应变率、入射角对类复合岩样的破碎程度及能耗特性的影响。试验结果表明:层理面倾角对类复合岩样破碎形态有较大影响,当应变率为146.36 s^(-1)时,沿层理面加载试样易发生劈裂拉伸破坏,且强度比越低试样破坏所需吸收的能量越少;当入射角为0°时,类复合岩样分形维数随着强度比的增大而增大,但当入射角为90°时强度比为1.5的复合岩样分形维数最大;类复合岩样吸收的能量主要用于裂纹扩展,单位体积内试样吸收的能量越大,试样越破碎,即类复合岩样分形维数与能耗密度呈正相关。

黔西南金矿砂岩动静组合加载岩石力学特性研究

为探究巷道开挖后围岩不同深度切向应力不同程度的增加对围岩动力学性能的影响,采用改进的分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)试验系统,对黔西南金矿砂岩试件在0,10,20,30,40MPa的轴压下进行动静组合加载试验,旨在分析砂岩在不同轴压下的力学行为、变形特征与能量演化规律。研究发现:动静组合加载试样应力-应变曲线分为压密阶段、弹性阶段、塑性破坏和峰后阶段;轴压使得峰值应变逐渐增加,极限应变逐渐降低;动态弹性模量、动态抗压强度、应变率及各能量的演化规律均呈现以10MPa为转折点的变化规律。