Study on Body Form and Garment Size Series of the Middle Age and Aged People

This paper was designed to analyze on the data, which was obtained from 'National Physique Fitness Investigation Report (2000)'. In order to get the typical body form and figure type of the middle age and aged people, it was focused on the body form data of this group (age 40 - 60). After calculation and analyzing, the distinguishing feature of body form and the distribution of figure type were deduced. Finally, the re-classification of body form for Chinese middle age and aged people was suggested. It as also suggested that a new garment size series especially for the middle age and aged should be built to fit for these people. This conclusion would be useful and significant to design and production for clothing company, especially that who take the aged people as their target consumer.

Willingness of People of Different Ages to Learn Online——Taking Guizhou Cadre Online Learning School as an Example

The method of statistical analysis is employed in this paper to research the interests of online cadre learners, including learners from administrative organizations directly governed by the provincial government, Zunyi city and the state-owned enterprises directly governed by the provincial government in 2011 through the courseware of Guizhou Cadre Online Learning School. The difference in willingness to study in this manner between people of differing ages is examined through data analysis.

Historical Course Follows Climate Change: Patterns of the Northern Hemisphere — From Peoples’ Migration until the Industrial Revolution (3^rd-18^thCentury)

This paper relates to the statement that the so-called “Little Ice Age” (RCC 6: 1.350-1.800 A.D.) represents—besides the 8k-Event (8.200-8.000 yr cal. B.P.)—the fastest and strongest onset in Holocene History [1]. Its intention focuses on the correlation of interplaying natural processes (i.e. solar energy variation, aerosols, oceanic currents, volcanism as part of plate tectonics, heat flow) with social/political evidence through the time-span of Peoples’ Migration until Industrial Revolution (3rd-18th Century). The time-span comprises the cool/wet/respectively dry climate phase of the P.M. (260-550), a Climate Optimum (600-1.100 A.D.) owning a final Thermal Maximum (1.100-1.260 A.D.) and the “little Ice Age” (1.350-1.800 A.D.), the latter intercalated by the Spörer Minimum (1.460-1.550 A.D.) and the Maunder Minimum (1.650-1.720 A.D.). Thereby, an average temperature difference of 1.0°C - 2.0°C seems sufficient for incising climatic/cultural consequences [2]. It has become obvious that a Climate Optimum primarily provides constructive life conditions;however with a problematic final as the following “Effect-Chain” tells: balanced agricultural/cultural population growth → rich harvests → satisfying nourishment → health, encouragement → overpopulation under favorable materialistic conditions → increasing stress → lack of food, high prices → revolts → migration. In contrast, cool/wet/resp. dry conditions originate destructive/depressive conditions (see Peoples’ Migration) which initiate the following “Effect Chain”: bad agricultural conditions → poor/no harvesting → famine → disease, growing death rate → social, political revolts, wars → human cruelties with psychic/religious background (inquisition, witch-combustion → general chaos (30 yr-war) → death, migration (maritime endeavors, colonization). Furthermore, it should be stressed that volcanic aerosols play besides the solar influx variation—an important role on climate/cultural change [3]. However, the effects of oceanic currents’ heat flow of Mid-Oceanic Ridges and Hot Spots, as well as Earth-Magnetism and Sun/Earth Geometry are poorly understood in this context (Example: Iceland as hot spot situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge having been working since 40 Ma). The Chapter-introducing citations play a challenging role in regard to Science Criticism and touch the so-called 95% Confidence line (accepted realm of causal interrelation and according recommendation to Society [4]).

A cognitive function predicted method by Useful Field of View tests among elder people in Beijing

Objective:To analyze the visual functions of the elder people in China by Useful Field of View (UFOV) to verify performances in Chinese elders.Methods:A total of 90 participants aged 60 years or above were recruited from residents in the Jiade Senior Apartment and the Fuchengmen Public Health Community in Beijing.Participants completed three tests,Mini Mental State Examination (NMSE),Digit Span test and UFOV.We also tested the digit span and UFOV the following year.Results:The correlation between age and MMSE score was significant (r =-0.422,P <.001).Digit Span scores showed significant negative relationships for all three subtests (P <.01) between ages.The scores of UFOV test 1 showed a non-significant correlation with age,r =0.147,P >.1,while UFOV test 2 and UFOV test 3 showed significant positive relationships with ages,(both P <.01).Thirty-nine participants (out of 90) finished the digit span and UFOV the following year.Only UFOV test 3 has a significant differential performance between two years (t =-2.95,P <.01).We found UFOV tests showed the visual response capacity and had a strong correlation with ages (statistically significant).Conclusion:UFOV could be an effective way to evaluate cognitive ability in Chinese elderly people and the selective-attention test of UFOV may be a more sensitive measurement.

Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Elderly Chinese Population in Shenyang of China

Objective The paper aims to evaluate the risk factors for age‐related macular degeneration （AMD） in elderly Chinese population in Shenyang,a northeast city of China.Methods A case‐control study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for the prevalence of AMD.Ninety three AMD patients diagnosed by a complete ophthalmic examination were recruited as cases from the outpatient departments of two eye hospitals in Shenyang,while 108 normal subjects of similar age and sex were recruited as controls.A questionnaire was administered among both cases and controls.Results AMD patients aged 60 years and older accounted for 75.3%.There were significantly higher educational levels,shorter smoking history,less sunlight exposure and cataract,and higher proportion of antioxidants intake in controls than in AMD patients.The frequency of intake of fruits,legumes,fish and shrimps was significantly higher in controls than in AMD patients.In a binary logistic regression analysis,smoking and cataract were the risk factors for AMD （OR：4.44,95% CI：2.27‐8.69;OR：4.47,95% CI：2.26‐8.85 respectively）.The high educational background was a protective factor for AMD （OR：0.761,95% CI：0.51‐0.98）.Conclusion A low educational background,smoking and cataract are associated with a higher prevalence of AMD.

Aged People in Chinese Society and Housing Planning for the Elderly People

China is galloping to a society of aged people,accord-ing to the Fourth National Population Survey,there hasbeen 97.38 million people over 60 years of age,accountingfor 8.59% of the total population.In other words,there hasbeen an increase of 0.95 Percentage than that of the ThirdNational Population Survey in 1982.The number of elderlypeople increased in the 8 years period at the annual rate of3.02%,which was one time higher than the average total in-crease(1.48). Five cities and provinces,namely,Shanghai,Beijing,Tianjin,Zhejiang Province and Jiangsu Provincehave already become aged society.By the end of 1991,elder-ly People has reached 100 million.It is estimated that by2000, China will enter aged People’society with the totalamount of 131 million elderly people,accounting for 10%of the total population.Problems of the elderly People are vitally important so-cial issues.We often say that the children are the future ofmankind and there is no hope for the human being Withoutthe healthy development of

The Experience and Enlightenment of the Development of Old-age Care Services in Russia

Through the analysis of the history and current situation of Russia＇s old-age care services system, this paper analyzes and studies the old-age care services system in Russia. By means of law and social policy, Russia can promote the active participation of the elderly in politics, economy, culture and other activities to promote the positive image of the elderly. The active aging policy in Russia and the development trend of the old-age care service to promote the social adaptation and re-employment of the elderly are of positive significance to the development of our country＇s old-age care service.

Japan Soon to Have 20,000 People Over Age 100

日本,是一个世界长寿之国。本文提供的资料,让读者信服:Japan ishome to the world’s oldest woman and man.但是,文章的结尾透露了这种现象也是喜忧掺半。

克拉霉素联合抗痨药治疗老年人复治肺结核临床观察

目的观察克拉霉素联合氧氟沙星、力克肺疾和利福喷丁治疗老年人复治肺结核的临床疗效。方法选择住院60例老年人复治肺结核病人为研究对象,随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组采用克拉霉素和氧氟沙星联合力克肺疾、利福喷丁四联抗痨;对照组采用力克肺疾、利福喷丁、氧氟沙星三联抗痨。疗程均为6个月(强化期2个月,维持期4个月,维持期均以力克肺疾和利福喷丁治疗),6个月后随访所有患者的症状、复查肝肾功能及胸片。结果治疗组在胸片病灶吸收方面,较对照组有明显改善(P<0.05);但在药物不良反应方面两种方案无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论克拉霉素联合氧氟沙星、力克肺疾及利福喷丁比氧氟沙星联合力克肺疾、利福喷丁治疗老年人复治肺结核疗效好。

Delirium,insulin-like growth factor I,growth hormone in older inpatients

BACKGROUND Delirium is a common disorder in elderly medical inpatients with serious adverse outcomes and is characterized by sudden onset,disturbance in attention,awareness,consciousness and cognition,and often with behavioural disturbances.Central to understanding delirium,is understanding mechanisms by which body and brain wellbeing are linked and in particular how brain responses to bodily homeostatic stress is mediated.A number of studies have investigated the relationship between insulin-like growth factor I(IGF-I)and delirium in medically ill hospitalised patients with conflicting results.However,none have investigated growth hormone(GH)which is related to IGF-I via negative feedback.AIM To investigate the relationship between serum levels of IGF-I and GH,and the occurrence of delirium.METHODS Prospective,longitudinal,observational study.Consecutive elderly inpatients(aged 70+),were assessed twice weekly with Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA),Confusion assessment method(CAM),Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II.Delirium was defined using CAM.Previous history of dementia was evaluated with the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly.IGF-I and GH levels were estimated with the ELISA method.Generalized estimating equations(GEE)model was applied for the first five assessments to analyze those longitudinal data.RESULTS The sample consisted of 198 participants(mean age 80.63±6.81;range 70-97).Of these 92(46.5%)were females.Eighty six(43.4%)were identified with a history of dementia.Incident or prevalent delirium during hospitalisation was identified with CAM in 40 participants(20.2%).Evaluation of missing values with Little's MCAR test indicated that they were missing completely at random(MCARχ2=12.24,u:9,P=0.20).Using GEE for the analysis we found that low MoCA scores,low levels of IGF-I and high levels of GH were significantly associated with any delirium(prevalence,incident,or fluctuating,during the study period(Waldχ2=12.231;u:1,P<0.001,Waldχ2=7.196,u:1,P=0.007,Waldχ2=6.210;:u:1,P=0.013 respectively).CONCLUSION The results show that low levels of IGF-I,high levels of GH and low scores in cognition are independently associated with the occurrence of any delirium during the hospitalisation of medically ill older people.The results of the study supports the hypothesis that deficits in the immunoreactivity of the brain(low cerebral reserve)may be associated with delirium.

Research progress on the effects of phthalates on reproductive health of childbearing population and their offspring

The total fertility rate of women in childbearing age showed a downward trend in China.In addition to the age and genetic factors,environmental endocrine disruption can also impair fertility.The impact of increasing new environmental pollutants on the couples in childbearing age has become a research hotspot recently.Phthalate acid esters(PAEs)is a common plasticizer in plastic products,which is widely found in toys,food packaging,construction materials,electronic and medical components,personal care products,office and school supplies and other plastic packaging products,and is the main substance of environmental pollution.Multiple studies have shown that PAEs can not only cause environmental and water pollution,but also have a variety of toxic effects such as reproductive toxicity,genotoxicity,immunotoxicity,neurotoxicity,teratogenicity,and carcinogenesis.Therefore,its impact on human health,especially on reproductive health of people of reproductive age and their offspring,cannot be ignored.However,the current epidemiological study of PAEs and new alternatives in reproductive health population is still controversial,and the toxicity mechanism is still in the exploration stage.This article through to PAEs of parental generation,children(including embryo)of reproductive development and the influence of genetic toxicity research progress at home and abroad to do a review,aims to promote effective control measures for the establishment of PAEs pollutants rather than on reproductive health risk prediction,thus for PAEs of adverse reproductive outcomes of reproductive stage of people provide a scientific basis for precision control and guidance.

Serum Vitamin E Reference Intervals in a Black Congolese Population of Kinshasa

Context: Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant and plays an important role in human reproduction. However, micronutrient deficiency is a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to establish reference intervals (RIs) for vitamin E in black Congolese people of childbearing age using an ELISA method to provide a reference for clinically assessing vitamin E status. Methods: A total of 127 healthy people between the ages of 20 and 42 who underwent check-ups were randomly selected for the study. ELISA method measured the level of vitamin E. The effect of gender on vitamin E level was assessed, and RI was established using a parametric approach. Results: Women showed significantly higher levels of vitamin E than men (p = 0.01). The RI of vitamin E in people of childbearing age was 3.71 to 13.72, 4.52 to 14.64, and 4.17 to 13.52 mg/L, respectively, for the whole population, women and men. Conclusion: Using an ELISA method, this study established RI for vitamin E in the black Congolese population of childbearing age. We also found that women had significantly higher vitamin E levels than men. The results could provide a scientific basis for interpreting vitamin status in people of childbearing age in our setting.

The Current Situation of the Reform on World Public Pension and Its Enlightenment to China

From a worldwide perspective, the proportion of the elderly in the total population is increasing. How to maintain the adequacy and financial sustainability of pension system will be a formidable challenge for all countries. Most OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries and many emerging market countries have reformed their pensions system. Structural reforms and parametric reforms are main reform measures. Meanwhile, employment promotion of the elderly and alleviating old age poverty are drawing much more attention. It can be concluded that , on the basis of empirical analysis of other countries' reforms and comparative analysis, China should combine measures of raising the retirement age with promoting the age management;and lower the poverty of older people to ensure that the elderly population can receive adequate retirement income;and extend the coverage of voluntary pension scheme to attract more labor force employed in informal sectors to participate in ,thus increasing retirement income eventually.

深圳市35～44岁人群口腔健康行为抽样调查分析

目的：评估深圳市35~44岁人群口腔健康行为,为深圳市口腔卫生保健工作提供信息支持。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法,抽取深圳市35~44岁常住居民共1230人,按照《第三次全国口腔健康流行病学问卷调查方案》设计口腔健康调查问卷,就行为生活方式、口腔卫生服务的使用及获取口腔保健知识的来源及途径等进行调查分析,回收有效问卷1224份。结果深圳市35~44岁人群中,91.7%每天刷牙,55.6%每天刷牙2次及2次以上；72.1%的人使用含氟牙膏刷牙,牙线使用率极低；近1年内口腔科就诊率15.9%,90%以上是因为急、慢性牙疼和其他口腔问题,进行定期口腔检查的人口比率极少。电视/广播仍为获取口腔卫生知识的最主要途径,而其它途径少。结论提高人群口腔预防保健意识、改变行为习惯,丰富口腔健康教育内容及形式仍然是深圳市今后口腔预防保健工作的重点。

The strategic framework of tuberculosis control and prevention in the elderly:a scoping review towards End TB targets

With the rapid pace of population ageing,tuberculosis(TB)in the elderly increasingly becomes a public health challenge.Despite the increasing burden and high risks for TB in the elderly,targeted strategy has not been well understood and evaluated.We undertook a scoping review to identify current TB strategies,research and policy gaps in the elderly and summarized the results within a strategic framework towards End TB targets.Databases of Embase,MEDLINE,Global health and EBM reviews were searched for original studies,review articles,and policy papers published in English between January 1990 and December 2015.Articles examining TB strategy,program,guideline or intervention in the elderly from public health perspective were included.Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria.Most of them were qualitative studies,issued in high-and middle-income countries and after 2000.To break the chain of TB transmission and reactivation in the elderly,infection control,interventions of avoiding delay in diagnosis and containment are essential for preventing transmission,especially in elderly institutions and aged immigrants;screening of latent TB infection and preventive therapy had effective impacts on reducing the risk of reactivation and should be used less reluctantly in older people;optimizing early case-finding with a high index of suspicion,systematic screening for prioritized high-risk groups,initial empirical and adequate follow-up treatment with close monitoring and evaluation,as well as enhanced programmatic management are fundamental pillars for active TB elimination.Evaluation of TB epidemiology,risk factors,impacts and cost-effectiveness of interventions,adopting accurate and rapid diagnostic tools,shorter and less toxic preventive therapy,are critical issues for developing strategy in the elderly towards End TB targets.TB control strategies in the elderly were comprehensively mapped in a causal link pathway.The framework and principals identified in this study will help to evaluate and improve current program,develop targeted strategy,as well as raise more discussions on the research priority settings and policy transitions.Given the scarceness of policy and evaluated interventions,as well as the unawareness of shifting TB epidemiology and strategy especially in developing countries,the increasing need of a ready TB program for the elderly warrants further research.

Improving tuberculosis case detection in underdeveloped multi-ethnic regions with high disease burden:a case study of integrated control program in China

Background:In the underdeveloped multi-ethnic regions of China,high tuberculosis(TB)burden and regional inequity in access to healthcare service increase the challenge of achieving the End TB goals.Among all the provinces,the highest TB burden is reported in Xinjiang,where ethnic minorities and older people have suffered most.However,current case-finding strategy is inadequate given the complex social determinants and suboptimal case detection rates.Thus,we developed an integrated TB control program to improve case detection and conducted a pilot in Xinjiang from 2014 to 2015.In this case study,we summarized the activities and key findings.We also shared the experiences and challenges of implementing interventions and provided recommendations to inform the TB control program in the future.Case presentation:The pilot interventions were implemented in one selected town in Yining based on local TB control programs.By applying tailor-made educational materials,outreach TB educational activities were conducted in diverse ways.In 22 Masjids,the trained imams promoted TB education to the Muslims,covering 20,440 persontimes in 88 delivered preaching sessions.In seven schools,1944 students were educated by the teachers and contributed to educating 6929 family members.In the village communities,13,073 residents participated in household education and screening.Among them,12,292 people aged under 65 years were investigated for suspicious pulmonary TB symptoms,where six TB patients were diagnosed out of 89 TB suspects;781 older people were mobilized for screening directly by chest X-ray,where 10 patients were diagnosed out of 692 participants.Supportive healthcare system,multi-sectoral cooperation and multi-channel financing mechanism were the successful experiences of implementation.The interventions were proved to be more effective than the previous performance:the number of TB suspects consulting doctors and patients detected increased by 50%and 26%,respectively.The potential challenges,implications and recommendations should been taken into account for further program improvement.Conclusions:In underdeveloped multi-ethnic regions with high TB burden,improving case detection is necessary and the interventions can be feasible and effective within a supportive system.More intensive educational and training approaches,a high index of TB suspicion and prioritization of older people in screening are recommended.To sustain and scale up the program,the impacts,cost-effectiveness,feasibility and acceptability of interventions warrant further research and evaluation in each specific context.

Optimization of furniture configuration for residential living room spaces in quality elderly care communities in Macao

The living conditions in Macao are characterized by a dense population,a land shortage,and old residences,especially on the Macao Peninsula.This work investigates the demands and living conditions of different types of aged residents of the Youhan Community of Macao through a questionnaire survey and research analysis.The demands and living conditions are then classified and summarized through quantitative analysis,and their correlations are identified.Based on ergonomics and the physical,psychological,and behavioral patterns of aged people,issues that require attention when configuring furniture for different types of aged people in their residential living spaces are identified.Finally,several criteria for interior furniture configuration for different types of aged people are proposed by integrating the demands of different types of aged people with the concerns that need attention.A preliminarily quantifiable model is then proposed for living room furniture configuration from the perspective of aged people.