Simulation of Droplet-gas Flow in the Effervescent Atomization Spray with an Impinging Plate

Abstract A comprehensive three-dimensional model of droplet-gas flow was presented to study the evolution of spray in the effervescent atomization spray with an impinging plate. For gas phase, the N-S equation with the κ-ε turbulence model was solved, considering two-way coupling interaction between droplets and gas phase. Dispersed droplet phase is modeled as Lagrangian entities, accounting for the physics of droplet generation from primary and secondary breakup, droplet collision and coalescence, droplet momentum and heat transfer. The mean size and sta- tistical distribution of atomized droplets at various nozzle-to-plate distances were calculated. Some simulation resuits were compared well with experimental data. The results show that the existence of the impinging plate has a pronounced influence on the droplet mean size, size distribution and the droplet spatial distribution. The air-to-liquid ratio has obvious effects on the droplet size and distribution.

Nonlinear dynamic characteristics and optimal control of a giant magnetostrictive film-shaped memory alloy composite plate subjected to in-plane stochastic excitation

The nonlinear dynamic characteristics and optimal control of a giant magnetostrictive film （GMF）-shaped memory alloy （SMA） composite plate subjected to in-plane stochastic excitation are studied. GMF is prepared based on an SMA plate, and combined into a GMF-SMA composite plate. The Van der Pol item is improved to explain the hysteretic phenomena of GMF and SMA, and the nonlinear dynamics model of a GMF-SMA composite cantilever plate subjected to in-plane stochastic excitation is developed. The stochastic stability of the system is analyzed, and the steady-state probability density function of the dynamic response of the system is obtained. The condition of stochastic Hopf bifurcation is discussed, the reliability function of the system is provided, and then the probability density of the first-passage time is given. Finally, the stochastic optimal control strategy is proposed by the stochastic dynamic programming method. Numerical simulation shows that the stability of the trivial solution varies with bifurcation parameters, and stochastic Hopf bifurcation appears in the process; the system＇s reliability is improved through stochastic optimal control, and the first- passage time is delayed. A GMF-SMA composite plate combines the advantages of GMF and SMA, and can reduce vibration through passive control and active control effectively. The results are helpful for the engineering applications of GMF-SMA composite plates.

Stochastic Optimal Control of First-Passage Failure for Rectangular Thin Plate Vibration Model under Gaussian White-Noise Excitations

A rectangular thin plate vibration model subjected to inplane stochastic excitation is simplified to a quasinonintegrable Hamiltonian system with two degrees of freedom. Subsequently a one-dimensional Ito stochastic differential equation for the system is obtained by applying the stochastic averaging method for quasi-nonintegrable Hamiltonian systems. The conditional reliability function and conditional probability density are both gained by solving the backward Kolmogorov equation numerically. Finally, a stochastic optimal control model is proposed and solved. The numerical results show the effectiveness of this method.

Research on development of surface-roughness variation and control technology of the automotive plates and rolls

Surface roughness considerably influences the stamping and coating performance of the automotive plates;however,the surface roughness of the automotive plates is transferred from the roll during the rolling process.Therefore,the variation and control technology regarding the roughness of the automotive plates and rolls has drawn increasing attention from researchers in China and around the globe.In this study,the research methods,analytical techniques,prediction models,transfer rules,and control technologies regarding the surface roughness of the automotive plates and rolls were reviewed.Among these,an online measurement system for automotive-plate and roll surface roughness has been applied to the production lines of Germany,China,Belgium,Holland,Austria,and other countries and has achieved remarkable results.Online measurement and timely feedback regarding the automotive-plate and roll surface roughness are needed to ensure favorable conditions for the establishment of automotive-plate roughness-control measurement.

Dynamic modelling and chaos control for a thin plate oscillator using Bubnov–Galerkin integral method

The utilization of thin plate systems based on acoustic vibration holds significant importance in micro-nano manipulation and the exploration of nonlinear science. This paper focuses on the analysis of an actual thin plate system driven by acoustic wave signals. By combining the mechanical analysis of thin plate microelements with the Bubnov–Galerkin integral method, the governing equation for the forced vibration of a square thin plate is derived. Notably,the reaction force of the thin plate vibration system is defined as f=α|w|, resembling Hooke’s law. The energy function and energy level curve of the system are also analyzed. Subsequently, the amplitude–frequency response function of the thin plate oscillator is solved using the harmonic balance method. Through numerical simulations, the amplitude–frequency curves are analyzed for different vibration modes under the influence of various parameters. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates the occurrence of conservative chaotic motions in the thin plate oscillator using theoretical and numerical methods. Dynamics maps illustrating the system’s states are presented to reveal the evolution laws of the system. By exploring the effects of force fields and system energy, the underlying mechanism of chaos is interpreted. Additionally, the phenomenon of chaos in the oscillator can be controlled through the method of velocity and displacement states feedback, which holds significance for engineering applications.

The Application of Synthetic Fuzzy Assessing Method in Measurement and Control System of Plating Solution Evaporator

The synthetic fuzzy assessing method is usually applied to sensory evaluation. The method has simple and reliable virtue, and it is consistent with objective evaluation results. Using this method, system status of plating solution evaporator is evaluated, and the result is applied to compensate a fuzzy controller. Experimental results have shown the correctness and the validity of the proposed approach.

Vibration Control of a Plate Subjected to Impulsive Force by Plate-Type Dynamic Vibration Absorbers

This paper examines modelling of the dynamics of a plate by plate type dynamics vibration absorber subjected to a localized periodic impulsive excitation. An analytical solution of the modal equation is proposed and validated using direct numerical simulation of the basic equations. The basics equations are solve numerically using fourth order Runge Kutta algorithm. Various types of dynamic absorbing plate are tested to optimize the control efficiency. Particular attentions have been paid on the effects of localization of external forces on the dynamics response of the system under control. Ours findings demonstrate that a good achievement of control strategy should follow the above mentioned analysis.

Influence of active constrained layer damping on the coupled vibration response of functionally graded magneto-electro-elastic plates with skewed edges

This article makes the first attempt in assessing the influence of active constrained layer damping(ACLD)treatment towards precise control of frequency responses of functionally graded skew-magneto-electroelastic(FGSMEE)plates by employing finite element methods.The materials are functionally graded across the thickness of the plate in terms of modest power-law distributions.The principal equations of motion of FGSMEE are derived via Hamilton’s principle and solved using condensation technique.The effect of ACLD patches are modelled by following the complex modulus approach(CMA).Additionally,distinctive emphasis is laid to evaluate the influence of geometrical skewness on the attenuation capabilities of the plate.The accuracy of the current analysis is corroborated with comparison of previous researches of similar kind.Additionally,a complete parametric study is directed to understand the combined impacts of various factors like coupling fields,patch location,fiber orientation of piezoelectric patch in association with skew angle and power-law index.

Actively tunable sandwich acoustic metamaterials with magnetorheological elastomers

Sandwich structures are widespread in engineering applications because of their advantageous mechanical properties.Recently,their acoustic performance has also been improved to enable attenuation of low-frequency vibrations induced by noisy environments.Here,we propose a new design of sandwich plates(SPs)featuring a metamaterial core with an actively tunable low-frequency bandgap.The core contains magnetorheological elastomer(MRE)resonators which are arranged periodically and enable controlling wave attenuation by an external magnetic field.We analytically estimate the sound transmission loss(STL)of the plate using the space harmonic expansion method.The low frequency sound insulation performance is also analyzed by the equivalent dynamic density method,and the accuracy of the obtained results is verified by finite-element simulations.Our results demonstrate that the STL of the proposed plate is enhanced compared with a typical SP analog,and the induced bandgap can be effectively tuned to desired frequencies.This study further advances the field of actively controlled acoustic metamaterials,and paves the way to their practical applications.

Preparation, Characterization and Drug-Release Behaviors of Crosslinked Chitosan/Attapulgite Hybrid Microspheres by a Facile Spray-Drying Technique

A series of chitosan/attapulgite (CTS/APT) hybrid microspheres were prepared by a facile spray-drying technique. The developed hybrid microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the zeta potential. The encapsulation efficiency and in vitro controlled release properties of the microspheres for drug were evaluated using diclofenac sodium (DS) as a model drug. Results indicated that the introduction of APT into crosslinked CTS microspheres can achieve narrow size distribution and make them more uniform. The isoelectric point of the microspheres increased from 8.14 to 9.18 with increasing the content of APT to 10 wt.%. DS loaded in hybrid microspheres is hardly released in simulated gastric fluid, but quickly released in simulated intestinal fluid. The electrostatic interaction between hybrid microspheres and DS can improve the encapsulation efficiency and controlled release behavior of CTS/APT microspheres, and the release mechanism fits Fickian diffusion.

Neural Network-Powered License Plate Recognition System Design

The development of scientific inquiry and research has yielded numerous benefits in the realm of intelligent traffic control systems, particularly in the realm of automatic license plate recognition for vehicles. The design of license plate recognition algorithms has undergone digitalization through the utilization of neural networks. In contemporary times, there is a growing demand for vehicle surveillance due to the need for efficient vehicle processing and traffic management. The design, development, and implementation of a license plate recognition system hold significant social, economic, and academic importance. The study aims to present contemporary methodologies and empirical findings pertaining to automated license plate recognition. The primary focus of the automatic license plate recognition algorithm was on image extraction, character segmentation, and recognition. The task of character segmentation has been identified as the most challenging function based on my observations. The license plate recognition project that we designed demonstrated the effectiveness of this method across various observed conditions. Particularly in low-light environments, such as during periods of limited illumination or inclement weather characterized by precipitation. The method has been subjected to testing using a sample size of fifty images, resulting in a 100% accuracy rate. The findings of this study demonstrate the project’s ability to effectively determine the optimal outcomes of simulations.

Fuzzy control in Au automatic electroplating

Discusses the fuzzy control system designed using fuzzy control technology to overcome the difficulty of building an accurate mathematic model of the citric gold plating process for long time hysteresis about the concentration of gold potassium cyanide in the process and concludes from operational results that the fuzzy control has good control over the equipment with long time hysteresis under control.

Development of GPS-Based Multi-Channel Controllers for Research Plot Pesticide Applicators

Pesticide efficacy tests are typically conducted in experimental plots which involve applying multiple chemical treatments at different application rates and timings. Utilizing a single boom pesticide applicator requires navigating to individual plots, applying a pesticide assigned to those plots and when all replications are completed, cleaning the equipment and reloading the next pesticide treatment into the tank. It usually takes several hours to accomplish this task, especially when the left hand side of a plot requires a different pesticide treatment than the right hand side. In order to facilitate application of pesticide treatments in experimental plots, two map-based controller systems were developed to drive multi-channel pesticide applicators. The Clemson “Multi-Channel Chemical Controllers” consist of solid-state relays controlled by custom software, solenoid valves, and GPS receivers. The first system can control up to 24 individual booms which could independently apply up to 24 different chemical treatments in each field plot area. The second system is the Clemson “Intelligent Farm Controller” (iFc), which could be connected to a variety of devices, such as spray and motor actuators. For this study, the controller was designed to handle four output pins to control four relays;however, it could easily be expanded to control more relays, if needed. On average, these systems reduced application times in test fields from six hours to 20 minutes, compared to single-boom applicators (p = 0.001), thereby reducing the time interval between treatment applications and significantly reducing the potential effect of adverse weather.

Wire-to-Plate Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge and Induced Ionic Wind

The electrical and mechanical characteristics of the wire-to-plate surface dielectric barrier discharge and the induced ionic wind are investigated experimentally.The different temporal behaviors in positive and negative half-cycles are studied by time-resolved images.It is shown that the discharge and the light emission are generally stronger in the positive half cycle.The discharge is inhomogeneous and propagates in streamer mode;however,in the negative half-cycle,the discharge appears visually uniformly and operates in the diffuse mode.The surface discharge can produce ionic wind about several m/s above the dielectric surface.There exists an optimal width of the grounded electrode to produce a larger plasma area or active wind region.Increasing of the applied voltage or normalized dielectric constant leads to a larger wind velocity.The performance of ionic wind on flow control is visualized by employing a smoke stream.

Studies on the Economical and Practical Temperature Control Facility of Deep-Litter Systems for Swine Production

Deep-Litter System is a high yield approach to raise swine with pollution free in a lower cost. In the research, based on the heat stress in summer caused by fermentation, three temperature-control systems were designed, including natural ventilation through transoms, forced ventilation via fans, and cooling by hyperbaric spray system. Specifically, the latter intermittent auto-pressurized spray system developed in our lab, which could spray successively via pressure from storage tubes without wetting the fermentation bed, is suitable for the promotion with the deep-litter technology in rural regions , since the power consumption is only 1 kwh per day.

正交异性层合厚板的混合状态Hamiltonian元

本文给出一种求解正交异性层合厚板混合状态Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ正则方程的半离散半解析方法。该方法沿板厚方向未作任何有关位移和应力的人为假设，采用状态控制方程给出解析解答，并采用分层迁移法进行计算，保持了层与层之间位移和应力的连续，大大地减少了未知量数目。

厚板弹塑性混合状态Hamiltonian元的半解析法

采用初应力法并通过对增量形式Hellinger-Reissner变分原理的修正,给出了厚板弹塑性分析的Hamilton正则方程及其相应的半解析法。此法在厚板平面内采用通常的有限元离散,而沿板厚方向采用状态空间法给出半解析解答。

Endobutton钢板结合锚钉修复治疗肩锁关节脱位的病例对照研究

目的 ：比较Endobutton钢板结合锚钉修复与锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析自2012年1月至2014年8月接受手术治疗的RockwoodⅢ型以上肩锁关节脱位患者83例。34例接受了Endobutton钢板结合锚钉修复治疗（Endobutton组）,其中男23例,女11例;平均年龄（39.0±6.3）岁（26～51岁）;受伤至手术时间平均（4.1±1.3）d（3～7 d）;左侧14例,右侧20例;摔伤28例,车祸伤6例。49例接受锁骨钩钢板治疗（钢钩板组）,其中男33例,女16例;平均年龄（37.9±6.3）岁（27～53岁）;受伤至手术时间平均（4.1±1.1）d（2～7 d）;左侧18例,右侧31例;摔伤36例,车祸伤13例。比较患者术中出血量、手术时间、切口大小、术后并发症及术后喙锁间隙、肩关节功能、生活质量评分。结果：钩钢板组49例中43例行二次手术拆除钢板,32例出现肩关节活动时疼痛或活动范围受限;Endobutton组34例术后均未出现肩关节活动时疼痛及活动范围受限。两组患者随访期间均未出现患侧肩锁关节再次脱位。两组患者手术时间、术中出血量比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,钩钢板组切口长于Endobutton组（P〈0.05）;两组患者术后16个月时健侧和患侧喙锁间隙无明显差异,且钩钢板组和Endobutton组患侧比较喙锁间隙也无明显差异（P〉0.05）。术后2个月两组患侧Constant、SF-36评分差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;术后16个月两组Constant评分均高于术后2个月（P〈0.05）,且钩钢板组患侧Constant评分低于Endobutton组（P〈0.05）,钩钢板组健侧Constant评分高于患侧（P〈0.05）,Endobutton组健侧与患侧Constant评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后16个月两组SF-36评分均高于术后2个月,且钩钢板组SF-36评分低于Endobutton组（P〈0.05）。结论：Endobutton钢板结合锚钉修复能够有效固定RockwoodⅢ型以上急性肩锁关节脱位,并发症少,避免了二次手术拆除。

Volar locking distal radius plates show better short-term results than other treatment options: A prospective randomised controlled trial

AIM To compare the outcomes of displaced distal radius fractures treated with volar locking plates and with immediate postoperative mobilisation with the outcomes of these fractures treated with modalities that necessitate 6 wk wrist immobilisation.METHODS A prospective, randomised controlled single-centre trial was conducted with 56 patients who had a displaced radius fracture were randomised to treatment either with a volar locking plate(n = 29), or another treatment modality(n = 27; cast immobilisation with or without wires or external fixator). Outcomes were measured at 12 wk. Functional outcome scores measured were the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation(PRWE) Score; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand and activities of daily living(ADLs). Clinical outcomes were wrist range of motion and grip strength. Radiographic parameters were volar inclination and ulnar variance.RESULTS Patients in the volar locking plate group had significantly better PRWE scores, ADL scores, grip strength and range of extension at three months compared with the control group. All radiological parameters were significantly better in the volar locking plate group at 3 mo. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that volar locking plates produced significantly better functional and clinical outcomes at 3 mo compared with other treatment modalities. Anatomical reduction was significantly more likely to be preserved in the plating group. Level of evidence: Ⅱ.

Optimization of Holding Temperature and Holding Thickness for Controlled Rolling on Plate Mill

Holding temperature and holding thickness are main parameters for two-phase controlled rolling on plate mill. The optimization of holding temperature and holding thickness for pass schedule calculation of two-phase controlled rolling on plate mill was presented and its feature is as follows： （1） Determination of holding thickness can be automatically obtained based on the influence of mill safety limits, tracking zone length and holding time on holding thickness; （2） Determination of holding temperature can be automatically obtained and the holding time can be reduced as much as possible; （3） Algorithm can modify the holding temperature and thickness depending on slab size and product size.