Breeding and Cultivation Techniques of a New Spring Wheat Variety Kechun 140103

Kechun 140103 is a new spring wheat variety with high and stable yield bred by Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences.This paper summarizes the breeding process,characteristics,yield performance and cultivation techniques of Kechun 140103,in order to promote the popularization and application of the variety.

Root carbon consumption and grain yield of spring wheat in response to phosphorus supply under two water regimes

In semiarid areas, cereal crops often alocate more biomass to root at the expense of aboveground yield. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate carbon consumption of roots and its impact on grain yield of spring wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） as affected by water and phosphorus （P） supply. A factorial design was used with six treatments namely two water regimes （at 80–75% and 50–45% ifeld capacity （FC）） and three P supply rates （P1=0, P2=44 and P3=109 μg P g–1 soil）. At shooting and lfowering stages, root respiration and carbon consumption increased with the elevate of P supply rates, regardless of water conditions, which achieved the minimum and maximum at P1 under 50–45% FC and P3 under 80–75% FC, respectively. However, total aboveground biomass and grain yield were higher at P2 under 80–75% FC; and decreased with high P application （P3）. The results indicated that rational or low P supply （80–75% of ifeld water capacity and 44 mg P kg–1 soil） should be recommended to improve grain yield by decreasing root carbon consumption in semiarid areas.

Effects of zinc on cadmium uptake by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.): long-time hydroponic study and short-time ^(109)Cd tracing study

To investigate effects of Zn on Cd uptake by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) in solution culture, long-time hydroponic experiment (1 month) (Experiment 1) and short-time Cd isotope (109Cd) tracing experiment (24 h) (Experiment 2) were conducted. In Experiment 1, spring wheat (cv. Brookton) was grown in nutrient solution at uniform cadmium concentration of 20μ mol/L and 10 zinc concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 μ mol/L). In Experiment 2, spring wheat seedlings,pre-cultivated in complete nutrient solution, were treated with 109Cd of uniform activity and the same series of Zn concentrations as those in Experiment 1 for 24 h. Cd concentrations in shoots and roots in Experiment 1 increased marginally but not consistently with Zn increasing at Zn rates of 1～200 μmol/L, and then decreased significantly at high rates (＞200 μ mol/L). In Experiment 2, the response of 109Cd activities in shoots and roots to increasing Zn was greatly similar to the response of Cd concentrations to Zn increasing in Experiment 1. The results of the two experiments indicated that the short-time and long-time exposure of spring wheat to Zn had similar effects on Cd accumulation.

Screening and evaluation for antibiosis resistance of the spring wheat accessions to the grain aphid,Sitobion miscanthi(Takahashi)(Hemiptera:Aphididae)

Resistant cultivar deployment is an effective method for cereal aphid management.Under greenhouse conditions,preliminary antibiosis resistance screening was conducted on 114 Ethiopian and 22 Chinese spring wheat accessions.After performing a bioassay to determine antibiosis resistance,aphid feeding behaviour and phenolic acid content analyses were performed on the aphid resistant wheat accessions by electrical penetration graph(EPG)and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),respectively.Among the wheat accessions,two high resistances,27moderate-resistances,and 35 low-resistances to Sitobion miscanthi were identified.The antibiosis resistance test showed prolonged pre-adult and pre-reproductive periods,shorter reproductive periods,lower fecundity,an intrinsic rate(rm)of increase,and a finite rate(λ)of increase of S.miscanthi on Lunxuan 145,Wane,Lunxuan 6,204511,Lunxuan 103and 5215 than those on the aphid-susceptible accession Beijing 837.The changes for the parameters of aphid feeding behaviour,including spending a longer time in the penetration and phloem salivation phases and less time in the phloem sap-feeding phase on the resistant wheat accessions,indicated that the aphid resistance may occur during the phloem phase and may be due to difficulties in the mechanical probing of the mesophyll cells.Additionally,the HPLC analysis showed higher contents of:1)ferulic acid in Lunxuan 145,Lunxuan 103 and Lunxuan 6;2)p-coumaric acid in Lunxuan145;3)vanillic acid in Lunxuan 145,Wane and Lunxuan 6;4)syringic acid in Lunxuan 103;and 5)caffeic acid in 5215.The contents of some phenolic acids within wheat leaves,such as p-courmaric acid and vanillic acid showed significant positive correlation with the duration of aphid development,but negative correlation with the aphid fecundity.The concentrations of these acids may be the causes of antibiosis resistance to S.miscanthi.The identification of grain aphid-resistant wheat accessions in our study will be helpful in future breeding program for pest control.

Using CropSyst to Simulate Spring Wheat Growth in Black Soil Zone of Northeast China

Available water and fertilizer have been the main limiting factors for yields of spring wheat, which occupies a large area of the black soil zone in northeast China; thus, the need to set up appropriate models for scenario analysis of cropping system models has been increasing. The capability of CropSyst, a cropping system simulation model, to simulate spring wheat growth of a widely grown spring cultivar, 'Longmai 19', in the black soil zone in northeast China under different water and nitrogen regimes was evaluated. Field data collected from a rotation experiment of three growing seasons (1992-1994) were used to calibrate and validate the model. The model was run for 3 years by providing initial conditions at the beginning of the rotation without reinitializing the model in later years in the rotation sequence. Crop input parameters were set based on measured data or taken from CropSyst manual. A few cultivar-specific parameters were adjusted within a reasonable range of fluctuation. The results demonstrated the robustness of CropSyst for simulating evapotranspiration, aboveground biomass, and grain yield of 'Longmai 19' spring wheat with the root mean square errors being 7%, 13% and 13% of the observed means for evapotranspiration (ET), grain yield and aboveground biomass, respectively. Although CropSyst was able to simulate spring production reasonably well, further evaluation and improvement of the model with a more detailed field database was desirable for agricultural systems in northeast China.

Fertilization Management for Improving Quality Properties of Spring Wheat in Northeast China

Fertilization management to improve quality properties of spring wheat cultivars has received little research attention inNortheast China. In this study, the effects of different fertilization management regimes on the quality properties of springwheat cultivar New Kehan 9 (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated for two years. The results showed that fertilizationconsistently increased wheat yield, and the highest yield was obtained with addition of N, P and NPK fertilizers. The NPKtreatment resulted in 50% more yield than the unfertilized plot. The average increases in protein content from NPK and NP atseeding + N at anthesis over no fertilization and NP fertilizers at seeding were 2.7% and 0.90% respectively. The highestprotein yields were achieved in NPK and NPK + N treatments, and the lowest protein yield was observed in the no fertilizertreatment due to both low protein content and grain yield. Fertilization increased gliadins content, but decreased gluteninscontent, thus the gliadins/glutenins ratios were higher in the fertilization treatments. The most obvious effect of fertilizationon kernel quality was the significant increase of hardness percentage. Although the dough rheological properties werenot strongly changed by fertilization, dry gluten and wet gluten were significantly increased, and the highest breadvolume and bread score were found in the NPK treatment in both years. The application of 3% urea at anthesis, or applying45 kg ha-1 of potassium sulphate at seeding, with urea and diammonium phosphate as basal applications, significantlyincreased protein yield and improved quality properties of this wheat cultivar.Key words: Fertilization, Yield, Protein contents, Protein fractions, Quality, Spring Wheat

Modelling the meteorological influence on the yellowing of spring wheat leaves

The yellowed-leaf rate is one of the important variables in simulation models for thegrowth of spring wheat. Based on the field experiments (1985-1988), the evolution of yellowed-leafrate of spring wheat is analyzed. The functional relationship between the yellowing process of greenleaves and the development stages of spring wheat is established. Based on modelling and correctingfor the yellowing proass of green leaves affected by temperature and moisture, the synthetic modelfor simulating the dynaniical evolution of yellowed-leaf rate is constructed. The numerical experi-inents show that the result of the modelling is satisfactory.

Exploring the Potential Impacts of Climate Variability on Spring Wheat Yield with the APSIM Decision Support Tool

Assessing the impacts of climate variability on agricultural productivity at regional, national or global scale is essential for defining adaptation and mitigation strategies. We explore in this study the potential changes in spring wheat yields at Swift Current and Melfort, Canada, for different sowing windows under projected climate scenarios (i.e., the representative concentration pathways, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). First, the APSIM model was calibrated and evaluated at the study sites using data from long term experimental field plots. Then, the impacts of change in sowing dates on final yield were assessed over the 2030-2099 period with a 1990-2009 baseline period of observed yield data, assuming that other crop management practices remained unchanged. Results showed that the performance of APSIM was quite satisfactory with an index of agreement of 0.80, R2 of 0.54, and mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 529 kg/ha and 1023 kg/ha, respectively (MAE = 476 kg/ha and RMSE = 684 kg/ha in calibration phase). Under the projected climate conditions, a general trend in yield loss was observed regardless of the sowing window, with a range from ?-24% to -94% depending on the site and the RCP, and noticeable losses during the 2060s and beyond (increasing CO2 effects being excluded). Smallest yield losses obtained through earlier possible sowing date (i.e., mid-April) under the projected future climate suggested that this option might be explored for mitigating possible adverse impacts of climate variability. Our findings could therefore serve as a basis for using APSIM as a decision support tool for adaptation/mitigation options under potential climate variability within Western Canada.

The Effect of Organo-Mineral Fertilizer Applications on the Yield of Winter Wheat, Spring Barley, Forage Maize and Grass Cut for Silage

Biosolids were applied with urea to produce a granulated organo-mineral fertiliser (OMF) for application by farm fertiliser equipment to a range of agricultural crops. The recommended rates of nitrogen, phosphate and potash were calculated for the test crops using “The Fertiliser Manual”, which assesses the nutrient requirement based on previous cropping, rainfall and soil index. The OMF produced similar crop yields compared to ammonium nitrate fertiliser when applied as a top-dressing to winter wheat, forage maize and grass cut for silage in the cropping years 2010 to 2014. In 2012 the grain yield of spring barley top-dressed with OMF was significantly lower than the conventional fertiliser treatment, due to dry conditions following application. For this reason it is recommended that OMF is incorporated into the seedbed for spring sown crops and The Safe Sludge Matrix guidelines followed. The experimental work presented shows that OMF can be used in sustainable crop production systems as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus for a range of agricultural crops.

Effect of Limited Single Irrigation on Yield of Winter Wheat and Spring Maize Relay Intercropping

一个场地实验在收割冬小麦(Triticum aestivum ) 和春天玉米(Zea mays ) 的季节评估有限单身者的效果的 2002/2003 期间被进行在接力赛在西北的中国的一个半干旱的区域杂种下面在收益和两庄稼的水使用上滴灌溉。A 控制了 35 公里单身者灌溉，早或迟了，在某个生长阶段被用于每庄稼。土壤水，叶面积，最后的谷物收益和产量构成因素象千谷物的重量那样，一些尖铁，肥沃的小穗状花小穗数，每尖铁谷物数，并且粒重每尖铁被测量，并且水使用效率和叶面积指数被计算为灌溉并且非灌溉的接力赛杂种处理和唯一的收割控制。结果在杂种的继电器显示出那收益，产量构成因素，水使用效率，和叶面积指数处理被有限单身者影响在小麦和玉米的各种各样的生长阶段期间滴灌溉。处理在小麦和标题的出发阶段和玉米的开花期舞台期间灌溉了的在杂种的继电器的全部的收益在所有处理之中是最高的，由在小麦的开花期阶段和玉米的 silking 舞台期间灌溉了那列在后面；那么是水使用效率。重要差别发生在大多数产量构成因素在之间灌溉并且非灌溉的杂种继电器的处理。在杂种继电器或完全收割的小麦和玉米的叶面积指数的动力学显示出单个山峰的模式的一种类型，而杂种的继电器，处理显示出双山峰的一种类型模式。适当地，有限单个灌溉和控制土壤水分含量水平能导致更高全部的产量，水使用效率，和叶面积指数，并且在接力赛杂种改进产量构成因素。这个惯例节省了为灌溉使用并且也增加了收益的水的数量。因此，小麦和标题的标题舞台和玉米的开花期舞台被建议是最佳在半干旱的区域的杂种继电器的小麦和玉米的有限单个灌溉时间。

EflFect of long-term ozone fumigation on growth development and yield of spring wheat in open-top field chamber

The experimental plants were grown in open-top chamber and exposed to 0.26 ppm of ozone for six hrs. per day from seedling stage till ripening. The results showed that the height of plants, rates of earing, flowering, grain forming, ripening and the weight/1000 kernels all declined in fumigated plants in comparison with the controls. The yield lost 76.7%. The actual actions of ozone were that it caused foliar injury and chlorophyll destruction accelerating leaf senescence, reduction of assimilation products. O3 was unfavorable injurious to transport and accumulation of substances to the grains after flowering.

A preliminary study on simplified simulation model of spring wheat growth

In the model developed in this paper, taking the characters and requirements of meteorological services into account, some conventional meteorological observations which are easy to be obtained have been ch.osen, and mathematical equations describing micro-growth processes of crops have been established on the basis of the field experiments, laboratorial analysis and computer's modelling tests with time interval of ten-days for several years (1987-1989), in accordance with the known biological and physical rules and corresponding reference literatures. It is a preliminary simplified simulation model of spring wheat growth in optimal water and nutrient conditions. The field experiments show that simulation results of this simplified model are satisfactory. The potential operational application and theoretical sense are significant in the meteorological forecast of yield and in the assessment of influences of climatic change on agriculture.

Study on Somaclonal Variation of Spring Wheat

Somaclonal variation of calli and regenerated plants of spring wheat were detected by using technique RAPD in the study. Calli at different culture stages and regenerated plants derived from young spikes and immature embryos were used as materials. Molecular variation could be reflected from electrophoresis pattern of RAPD fragments at different culture stage in calli, and in regenerated plants derived from different explants, even no phenotype variations were found. Somaclonal variation in calli and in regenerated plants appeared regularly: A higher frequency of variation in hybrids F2 was detected than that of the cultivar that is stable genetically. High variation frequency of RAPD fragments appeared in calli when cultured 75 days. The identical variations of RAPD fragments were observed in calli and in the regenerated plants induced from different genotype or explants. The variation frequency detected is higher in regenerated plants than that of in calli. RAPD could be applied easily and simply to determine variation in level of DNA at each stage cultured in vitro.

Analysis on the Expression of TaMOR Gene in Two Different Spring Wheat Varieties at Different Years

[Objectives]The TaMOR gene is a gene that affects the initiation and growth of the secondary roots of wheat,but the expression patterns in different parts of the wheat root system and the differences in expression in different varieties are not clear.This study aimed to investigate the expression of the TaMOR gene in the seminal roots,secondary roots and root base.[Methods]Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology was used to analyze the relative expression levels of the TaMOR gene in seminal roots,secondary roots and root base of seedlings of ancient variety Monkhead and modern variety Longchun 35.[Results]There was no significant difference in the number of seminal roots between Longchun 35 and Monkhead,and the numbers of seminal roots of the two varieties did not change significantly during the three sampling periods.The number of secondary roots and shoot dry weight of Longchun 35 were significantly higher than those of Monkhead,and the number of secondary roots and shoot dry weight of both varieties increased with the sampling time point.The root dry weight of Monkhead increased with the sampling time,while Longchun 35 showed the largest value at the second time.The fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that for 13-day seedlings,the relative expression of the TaMOR gene in root base was significantly higher than that in the seminal roots and secondary roots.There was no significant difference in the relative expression of gene TaMOR in the root system of Monkhead and Longchun 35.[Conclusions]The root allocation of gramineous crops decreases with the breeding years,and the difference in gene TaMOR expression level needs further study.

Analysis on Main Traits of Spring Wheat Landraces in Tibet

In this study, 9 main traits of 774 spring wheat landraces in Tibet were investigated and analyzed. The results show that spring wheat landraces in Tibet have high plant height (with an average of 126.1 cm) and long growth period (with an average of 135.2 d), with an average spike length of 9.5 cm, average effective tiller number per plant of 5.9, average spikelet number per spike of 19.9, average kernel number per spikelet of 3.5, average spikelet number per spike of 51.8, average kernel weight per spike of 2.0 g, and average 1 000-grain weight of 38.1 g. Specifically, kernel number per spikelet of 2 landraces is larger than 6.0, spikelet number per spike of 2 landraces is larger than 100, kernel weight per spike of 2 landraces is larger than 4.0 g, 1 000-grain weight of 11 landraces is larger than 50 g. There is abundant genetic diversity in those traits except in growth period, and the coefficient variation of 9 traits is in a decreasing order of effective tiller number per plant > kernel weight per spike > kernel number per spike > spike length > kernel number per spikelet > 1 000-grain weight > plant height > spikelet number per spike > growth period. There is different relevance among different traits. Growth period is extremely significantly positively related to yield traits; grain number traits are extremely significantly positively relative to plant height and spike length, but extremely significantly negatively relative to effective tiller number per plant; kernel number per spike is extremely significantly positively relative to kernel weight per spike, but extremely significantly negatively related to 1 000-grain weight; 1 000-grain weight is extremely significantly positively related to kernel weight per spike. Based on principal component analysis, these 9 traits could be included by 5 principal components (grain number, grain weight, spike length, tiller number and growth period). According to the comprehensive evaluation values of these five principal components, 50 landraces including ZM019573, ZM019849, ZM019730, ZM018745, ZM019657, ZM019891, ZM020533, ZM018508, ZM019074 and ZM020026 have good performance.

The Relationship Between Temperature & Sunshine and Spring-Sown Wheat Quality

In order to study the relationship between temperature & sunshine and spring-sown wheat qua lity, a spring-sown experiment with 3 wheat varieties was conducted in Rikaze, Lasa, Linzhi, Beijing and Shenyang from 1998 to 2001. The results indicated that significant difference on some quality characteristics of experimental wheat varieties were observed from different locations and different years. The results also showed: protein content was positively correlated with wet gluten content, falling number, the average day temperature and sunshine hours from heading to maturation; and negatively correlated with the growing days and the average diurnal temperature difference from sowing to maturation; wet gluten content was positively correlated with the average day temperature and sunshine hours during the same period. Sedimentation value and falling number were positively correlated with the average sunshine hours from sowing to maturation. The basic way of wheat production in Tibet was as follows: mainly developing medium gluten wheat varieties, suitably planting weak gluten wheat varieties, introducing some inland excellent varieties.

Impact of Climate Variability on Yield of Spring Wheat in North Dakota

Agricultural production is highly dependent on the climatic variability of the specific regions. Differential climatic and soil conditions bring about changes in yield, quality of crops thus affecting the economy. This study evaluated the impact of variability in different climatic factors keeping the other factors constant on spring wheat production in North Dakota from 2007 to 2011. The spring wheat yield mainly depends on the climatic changes during growing periods April to September. Average maximum air temperature was significantly different from April to September except June from 2007 to 2011. High average minimum and maximum air temperatures during planting time increase yield and planting area for 2010. In 2011, low mean soil temperature, excess rainfall in April caused low yield of spring wheat. The unmitigated climate variability will result in declines in yields. So, adoption of sustainable agriculture practices helps the farmers to develop the different practices for their farms.

Spring Wheat Response to Disease Control and Subsurface Drainage Management in the Red River of the North Valley, USA

Increased variability in rainfall events and high production input costs are driving agricultural producers to consider subsurface water management in the flat Red River of the North Valley in Eastern North Dakota and Northwestern Minnesota, USA. Subsurface tile incorporated with water table control structures was utilized from 2009 to 2011 to investigate the response of hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) for yield, disease, and other agronomic characteristics to soil water management. A factorial arrangement of four cultivars, two seed treatments, and two foliar fungicide treatments in a split-plot design with closed and open tile as whole-plots was used. Mean wheat yields averaged across years were not significantly different with closed or open tile treatments. There existed an optimum management practice where plant useable water was not freely drained and analyzing the data with the optimum water management for each year found the optimum water table managed treatment yielded higher with 3812 kg ha-1 compared with limited water table management with 3679 kg ha-1. In 2011, the cultivars Faller and Howard were taller, and Traverse had lower root disease severity. In 2010 and 2011, Howard and Traverse had more leaf disease with open tile compared with closed tile. Across years, there was no difference in root disease, stand, number of spikes, crop height, or yield response to appli-cation of seed treatments with open or closed tile. In 2010, there was a 3.7% yield advantage with application of seed treatment on open tile. Across years, there was no yield response to application of foliar fungicides;however, wheat yield with foliar fungicide was 5% higher than without application in 2010. Producers should be using water table control and disease management to maximize HRSW yield. Further research should investigate water table management throughout the season based on weather conditions.

土壤水分对不同抗旱性春小麦品种叶片保护性酶活性及产量的影响

【目的】研究土壤水分对不同抗旱性春小麦品种叶片保护性酶活性及产量的影响,为选育春小麦抗旱品种及制定节水高产措施提供理论依据。【方法】在大田条件下,以抗旱性较强的品种新春46号、抗旱性中等的品种新春37号、抗旱性较弱的品种新春26号为材料,设置3种水分处理,研究土壤水分对不同抗旱性春小麦品种旗叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及产量的影响。【结果】随着水分亏缺程度的加剧,春小麦旗叶SOD、CAT活性在扬花期呈升高的趋势,而在灌浆期则呈先升高后降低的趋势;POD活性在扬花期呈先升高后降低的趋势,灌浆期则呈升高的趋势;MDA含量呈升高的趋势;SOD、POD活性表现为抗旱性较强的品种新春46号>抗旱性中等的品种新春37号>抗旱性较弱的品种新春26号,MDA活性在春小麦品种间则呈相反的趋势。收获穗数、穗粒数和产量均随着水分亏缺程度的加剧而降低,抗旱性较强的品种新春46号在有限灌溉和亏缺灌溉处理下,其收获穗数和穗粒数降低幅度小于新春37号和新春26号,且产量高于新春37号和新春26号。【结论】抗旱性较强的品种新春46号在有限灌溉和亏缺灌溉条件下,旗叶SOD、POD酶活性较高,MDA含量较低,活性氧清除能力较强,有效延缓了小麦植株的衰老,收获穗数和穗粒数较抗旱性中等的新春37号和抗旱性较弱的新春26号下降幅度低,在水分亏缺条件下有利于获得较高的产量。

秸秆覆盖量和施氮量对陇中春小麦的产量效应模拟

为量化分析秸秆覆盖量和施氮量对旱地春小麦的产量效应和协同作用,在APSIM模型中,设置秸秆覆盖量和施氮量2因素5个变化梯度,组合交叉设计25个处理,利用模型模拟25个处理的春小麦产量;于2016—2018年在甘肃省定西市安定区开展小麦大田试验,得到早播(ESW)、正常播(NSW)、晚播(LSW)春小麦产量的实测值,利用APSIM模型模拟2016—2018年春小麦的产量,将模拟值与实测值进行对比,对模型的适用性和模拟精度进行分析;对春小麦产量与秸秆覆盖量、施氮量的耦合关系进行二次多项回归和通径分析,利用Matlab计算春小麦的最大产量及对应的秸秆覆盖量和施氮量。结果表明:不同处理下产量的模拟值与实测值均位于15%置信带内,模型模拟精度较高,归一化均方根误差值为4.64%~12.22%,表明该模型在研究区具有良好的适用性;秸秆覆盖量和施氮量的增长对春小麦的产量效应为正效应,相应关系表现为开口向下的二次抛物线变化关系;ESW、NSW和LSW模拟情景下,春小麦最大产量分别为3548.64、3149.59、2507.58 kg/hm^(2);ESW模式下,最佳秸秆覆盖量和施氮量分别为7062.04、194.91 kg/hm^(2);NSW模式下,最佳秸秆覆盖量和施氮量分别为8211.31、218.81 kg/hm^(2);LSW模式下,最佳秸秆覆盖量和施氮量分别为6215.15、162.01 kg/hm^(2)。