In an earlier paper （Tien 2015）, the author defmed the concept of a servgood, which can be thought of as a physical good or product enveloped by a services-oriented layer that makes the good smarter or more adaptabl...In an earlier paper （Tien 2015）, the author defmed the concept of a servgood, which can be thought of as a physical good or product enveloped by a services-oriented layer that makes the good smarter or more adaptable and customizable for a particular use. Adding another layer of physical sensors could then enhance its smartness and intelligence, especially if it were to be connected with each other or with other servgoods through the Internet of Things. Such sensed servgoods are becoming the products of the future. Indeed, autonomous vehicles can be considered the exemplar servgoods of the future; it is about decision informatics and embraces the advanced technologies of sensing （i.e., Big Data）, processing （i.e., real-time analytics）, reacting （i.e., real-time decision-making）, and learning （i.e., deep learning）. Since autonomous vehicles constitute a huge quality-of-life disruption, it is also critical to consider its policy impact on privacy and security, regulations and standards, and liability and insurance. Finally, just as the Soviet Union inaugurated the space age on October 4, 1957, with the launch of Sputnik, the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, the U. S. has inaugurated an age of automata or autonomous vehicles that can be considered to be the U. S. Sputnik of servgoods, with the full support of the U. S. government, the U. S. auto industry, the U. S. electronic industry, and the U.S. higher educational enterprise.展开更多
BACKGROUND The clinical efficacy and safety of vaccination against novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in patients with cirrhosis have not been evaluated yet.AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of vac...BACKGROUND The clinical efficacy and safety of vaccination against novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in patients with cirrhosis have not been evaluated yet.AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with cirrhosis.METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with cirrhosis.The first cohort included patients vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac(Sputnik V);the second one consisted of unvaccinated controls.RESULTS The study included 89 vaccinated patients and 148 unvaccinated ones.There were 4 cases of COVID-19 in the vaccinated group and 24 cases in the unvaccinated group(P=0.035).No severe cases of COVID-19 were revealed in the vaccinated group,while there were 12 ones in the unvaccinated group(P=0.012)with 10 deaths detected(P=0.012).The vaccine efficacy was 69.5%(95%confidence interval[CI]:18.5%-94.4%)against symptomatic cases of COVID-19,100%(95%CI:25.1%-100.0%)against severe cases,and 100%(95%CI:1.6%-100.0%)against death associated with COVID-19.The efficacy of full vaccination with revaccination against symptomatic cases of COVID-19 was 88.3%(95%CI:48.0%-99.6%).The overall mortality rate was higher in the unvaccinated group than in the vaccinated group(17.1%vs 3.0%;P=0.001).Higher Child-Turcotte-Pugh class cirrhosis(hazard ratio[HR]=4.13,95%CI:1.82-9.35)and higher age(HR=1.08,95%CI:1.04-1.15)were independent predictors of overall mortality,while vaccination had a protective effect(HR=0.09,95%CI:0.01-0.76).There was no significant difference in liver-related mortality(P=0.135)or the incidence of liver decompensation(P=0.077),bleeding esophageal varices(P=0.397),and vascular events(P=0.651)between the two groups of patients.CONCLUSION Vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with cirrhosis is effective and safe.展开更多
文摘In an earlier paper （Tien 2015）, the author defmed the concept of a servgood, which can be thought of as a physical good or product enveloped by a services-oriented layer that makes the good smarter or more adaptable and customizable for a particular use. Adding another layer of physical sensors could then enhance its smartness and intelligence, especially if it were to be connected with each other or with other servgoods through the Internet of Things. Such sensed servgoods are becoming the products of the future. Indeed, autonomous vehicles can be considered the exemplar servgoods of the future; it is about decision informatics and embraces the advanced technologies of sensing （i.e., Big Data）, processing （i.e., real-time analytics）, reacting （i.e., real-time decision-making）, and learning （i.e., deep learning）. Since autonomous vehicles constitute a huge quality-of-life disruption, it is also critical to consider its policy impact on privacy and security, regulations and standards, and liability and insurance. Finally, just as the Soviet Union inaugurated the space age on October 4, 1957, with the launch of Sputnik, the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, the U. S. has inaugurated an age of automata or autonomous vehicles that can be considered to be the U. S. Sputnik of servgoods, with the full support of the U. S. government, the U. S. auto industry, the U. S. electronic industry, and the U.S. higher educational enterprise.
文摘BACKGROUND The clinical efficacy and safety of vaccination against novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in patients with cirrhosis have not been evaluated yet.AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with cirrhosis.METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with cirrhosis.The first cohort included patients vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac(Sputnik V);the second one consisted of unvaccinated controls.RESULTS The study included 89 vaccinated patients and 148 unvaccinated ones.There were 4 cases of COVID-19 in the vaccinated group and 24 cases in the unvaccinated group(P=0.035).No severe cases of COVID-19 were revealed in the vaccinated group,while there were 12 ones in the unvaccinated group(P=0.012)with 10 deaths detected(P=0.012).The vaccine efficacy was 69.5%(95%confidence interval[CI]:18.5%-94.4%)against symptomatic cases of COVID-19,100%(95%CI:25.1%-100.0%)against severe cases,and 100%(95%CI:1.6%-100.0%)against death associated with COVID-19.The efficacy of full vaccination with revaccination against symptomatic cases of COVID-19 was 88.3%(95%CI:48.0%-99.6%).The overall mortality rate was higher in the unvaccinated group than in the vaccinated group(17.1%vs 3.0%;P=0.001).Higher Child-Turcotte-Pugh class cirrhosis(hazard ratio[HR]=4.13,95%CI:1.82-9.35)and higher age(HR=1.08,95%CI:1.04-1.15)were independent predictors of overall mortality,while vaccination had a protective effect(HR=0.09,95%CI:0.01-0.76).There was no significant difference in liver-related mortality(P=0.135)or the incidence of liver decompensation(P=0.077),bleeding esophageal varices(P=0.397),and vascular events(P=0.651)between the two groups of patients.CONCLUSION Vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with cirrhosis is effective and safe.
