Stackelberg Game for Wireless Powered and Backscattering Enabled Sensor Networks

This paper investigates a wireless powered and backscattering enabled sensor network based on the non-linear energy harvesting model, where the power beacon(PB) delivers energy signals to wireless sensors to enable their passive backscattering and active transmission to the access point(AP). We propose an efficient time scheduling scheme for network performance enhancement, based on which each sensor can always harvest energy from the PB over the entire block except its time slots allocated for passive and active information delivery. Considering the PB and wireless sensors are from two selfish service providers, we use the Stackelberg game to model the energy interaction among them. To address the non-convexity of the leader-level problem, we propose to decompose the original problem into two subproblems and solve them iteratively in an alternating manner. Specifically, the successive convex approximation, semi-definite relaxation(SDR) and variable substitution techniques are applied to find a nearoptimal solution. To evaluate the performance loss caused by the interaction between two providers, we further investigate the social welfare maximization problem. Numerical results demonstrate that compared to the benchmark schemes, the proposed scheme can achieve up to 35.4% and 38.7% utility gain for the leader and the follower, respectively.

Research on Operation Optimization of Energy Storage Power Station and Integrated Energy Microgrid Alliance Based on Stackelberg Game

With the development of renewable energy technologies such as photovoltaics and wind power,it has become a research hotspot to improve the consumption rate of new energy and reduce energy costs through the deployment of energy storage.To solve the problem of the interests of different subjects in the operation of the energy storage power stations(ESS)and the integrated energy multi-microgrid alliance(IEMA),this paper proposes the optimization operation method of the energy storage power station and the IEMA based on the Stackelberg game.In the upper layer,ESS optimizes charging and discharging decisions through a dynamic pricing mechanism.In the lower layer,IEMA optimizes the output of various energy conversion coupled devices within the IEMA,as well as energy interaction and demand response(DR),based on the energy interaction prices provided by ESS.The results demonstrate that the optimization strategy proposed in this paper not only effectively balances the benefits of the IEMA and ESS but also enhances energy consumption rates and reduces IEMA energy costs.

互补品供应链Stackelberg博弈下纵向决策研究

以两条均由一个制造商和一个零售商构成的互补品供应链为研究对象,探讨互补品供应链采用不同决策方式时的链间Stackelberg博弈和链内Stackelberg博弈问题,研究市场规模、成本等参数对市场价格、需求、利润的影响。进一步地,对链间Stackelberg博弈下的四种决策方式(集中-集中、集中-分散、分散-集中、分散-分散)下的均衡解进行比较分析。研究表明:互补产品生产成本与需求、利润负相关;自身价格与互补产品成本负相关;集中决策是互补品主导供应链的占优策略;对于跟随者供应链而言,采取集中决策还是分散决策方式,首先取决于主导者供应链的决策方式,其次取决于产品之间的互补程度;集中-集中决策方式是互补品供应链的帕累托均衡解。因此,互补品供应链内部成员之间可设计一种增量利润分享机制,确保供应链集中决策的稳定性;互补品供应链之间应注重两个方面:一是相互合作共同降低产品成本,实现降本增效;二是以某条供应链产品进行低价引流,促进消费者对互补产品的需求,进而实现互补品供应链利润最大化。

IWSNs防移动干扰节点的两层协作Stackelberg博弈

针对工业无线传感器网络物理层移动干扰攻击节点的攻击问题,研究sink节点和簇头节点共同抵御攻击的两层协作博弈模型。在簇头节点中选择最佳协作节点,共同抵御移动干扰攻击节点;以网络安全速率为优化目标,将sink节点、最佳协作节点和攻击节点之间的合作竞争关系建模为两层协作Stackelberg博弈模型,采用逆向归纳法求解博弈均衡解。仿真实验结果表明,与未采用协作节点的方案相比,采用的最佳协作节点选择方案对移动攻击节点的抵御效果更佳,且与其他协作博弈功率控制模型相比,两层协作Stackelberg博弈模型可有效提高工业无线传感器网络的安全速率。

Stackelberg Game-Based Resource Allocation with Blockchain for Cold-Chain Logistics System

Cold-chain logistics system(CCLS)plays the role of collecting and managing the logistics data of frozen food.However,there always exist problems of information loss,data tampering,and privacy leakage in traditional centralized systems,which influence frozen food security and people’s health.The centralized management form impedes the development of the cold-chain logistics industry and weakens logistics data availability.This paper first introduces a distributed CCLS based on blockchain technology to solve the centralized management problem.This system aggregates the production base,storage,transport,detection,processing,and consumer to form a cold-chain logistics union.The blockchain ledger guarantees that the logistics data cannot be tampered with and establishes a traceability mechanism for food safety incidents.Meanwhile,to improve the value of logistics data,a Stackelberg game-based resource allocation model has been proposed between the logistics data resource provider and the consumer.The competition between resource price and volume balances the resource supplement and consumption.This model can help to achieve an optimal resource price when the Stackelberg game obtains Nash equilibrium.The two participants also can maximize their revenues with the optimal resource price and volume by utilizing the backward induction method.Then,the performance evaluations of transaction throughput and latency show that the proposed distributed CCLS is more secure and stable.The simulations about the variation trend of data price and amount,optimal benefits,and total benefits comparison of different forms show that the resource allocation model is more efficient and practical.Moreover,the blockchain-based CCLS and Stackelberg game-based resource allocation model also can promote the value of logistic data and improve social benefits.

A Novel Stackelberg-Game-Based Energy Storage Sharing Scheme Under Demand Charge

Demand response(DR)using shared energy storage systems(ESSs)is an appealing method to save electricity bills for users under demand charge and time-of-use(TOU)price.A novel Stackelberg-game-based ESS sharing scheme is proposed and analyzed in this study.In this scheme,the interactions between selfish users and an operator are characterized as a Stackelberg game.Operator holds a large-scale ESS that is shared among users in the form of energy transactions.It sells energy to users and sets the selling price first.It maximizes its profit through optimal pricing and ESS dispatching.Users purchase some energy from operator for the reduction of their demand charges after operator's selling price is announced.This game-theoretic ESS sharing scheme is characterized and analyzed by formulating and solving a bi-level optimization model.The upper-level optimization maximizes operator's profit and the lower-level optimization minimizes users'costs.The bi-level model is transformed and linearized into a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP)model using the mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints(MPEC)method and model linearizing techniques.Case studies with actual data are carried out to explore the economic performances of the proposed ESS sharing scheme.

Research on the bi-layer low carbon optimization strategy of integrated energy system based on Stackelberg master slave game

With increasing reforms related to integrated energy systems(IESs),each energy subsystem,as a participant based on bounded rationality,significantly influences the optimal scheduling of the entire IES through mutual learning and imitation.A reasonable multiagent joint operation strategy can help this system meet its low-carbon objectives.This paper proposes a bilayer low-carbon optimal operational strategy for an IES based on the Stackelberg master-slave game and multiagent joint operation.The studied IES includes cogeneration,power-to-gas,and carbon capture systems.Based on the Stackelberg master-slave game theory,sellers are used as leaders in the upper layer to set the prices of electricity and heat,while energy producers,energy storage providers,and load aggregators are used as followers in the lower layer to adjust the operational strategy of the system.An IES bilayer optimization model based on the Stackelberg master-slave game was developed.Finally,the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)condition and linear relaxation technology are used to convert the bilayer game model to a single layer.CPLEX,which is a mathematical program solver,is used to solve the equilibrium problem and the carbon emission trading cost of the system when the benefits of each subject reach maximum and to analyze the impact of different carbon emission trading prices and growth rates on the operational strategy of the system.As an experimental demonstration,we simulated an IES coupled with an IEEE 39-node electrical grid system,a six-node heat network system,and a six-node gas network system.The simulation results confirm the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model.

A multi-UAV deployment method for border patrolling based on Stackelberg game

To strengthen border patrol measures, unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) are gradually used in many countries to detect illegal entries on borders. However, how to efficiently deploy limited UAVs to patrol on borders of large areas remains challenging. In this paper, we first model the problem of deploying UAVs for border patrol as a Stackelberg game. Two players are considered in this game: The border patrol agency is the leader,who optimizes the patrol path of UAVs to detect the illegal immigrant. The illegal immigrant is the follower, who selects a certain area of the border to pass through at a certain time after observing the leader’s strategy. Second, a compact linear programming problem is proposed to tackle the exponential growth of the number of leader’s strategies. Third, a method is proposed to reduce the size of the strategy space of the follower. Then, we provide some theoretic results to present the effect of parameters of the model on leader’s utilities. Experimental results demonstrate the positive effect of limited starting and ending areas of UAV’s patrolling conditions and multiple patrolling altitudes on the leader ’s utility, and show that the proposed solution outperforms two conventional patrol strategies and has strong robustness.

Stackelberg微分博弈下的鲁棒最优投资-再保险问题

考虑一个以模糊厌恶再保险公司为领导者,模糊中立保险公司为追随者的Stackelberg随机微分博弈问题.通过求解拓展的HJB(Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman)方程组,给出时间一致性均值-方差准则下的鲁棒最优投资-再保险策略以及相应的值函数.最后,通过数值例子和敏感性分析说明最优策略与主要参数之间的关系.

基于Stackelberg博弈的微电网插入式电动汽车分布式充电控制

插入式电动汽车的充电需求会造成微电网用电负荷加大和电能质量下降,因此需对其充电行为进行有效优化和管理。为此,提出了一种基于Stackelberg博弈的微电网插入式电动汽车分布式充电控制方法。建立了微电网侧和电动汽车用户侧的Stackelberg博弈模型,提出了一种基于原始-对偶的分布式充电控制算法,利用函数的二阶信息快速更新电动汽车用户侧的购电决策和微电网侧的电价,并通过Krasnosel’skii-Mann不动点块坐标迭代证明了算法的收敛性。通过仿真案例验证了所提算法的收敛性和有效性。结果表明,在资源有限的条件下,当用户数量增多时,电价会增大;当用户数量固定,可售电电量增加时,电价会下降。从计算时间和迭代次数方面对比了仅使用一阶信息的分布式原始-对偶算法,结果验证了所提分布式充电控制算法的有效性和优越性。

Stackelberg博弈的MEC资源分配策略

移动边缘计算(mobile edge computing, MEC)通过在网络边缘部署计算资源成为缓解终端设备资源匮乏的有效方案。针对设备计算资源无法满足任务需求的问题,提出一种基于Stackelberg博弈的MEC资源分配策略。该策略应用Stackelberg博弈理论将请求方、协作方的卸载过程描述为效用最大化问题以激发双方的协作积极性,并设计一种基于粒子群的Stackelberg博弈算法,以快速获得该优化问题的最优解。同时,由于区块链具有分布式、不可篡改等特性,出于对安全性的考虑,将其应用于协作过程的管理。实验结果表明,所提策略可以实现双方联合效用最大化,且相较于遗传算法的卸载方案;所提算法具有更快的收敛性能。

基于Stackelberg博弈的燃料电池混合动力汽车跟车能量管理

跟车场景下燃料电池混合动力汽车(FCHEV)的速度与能量管理协同优化是实现车辆节能的重要有效手段,针对现有策略中双能量源退化与能耗耦合关系不明,且难以兼顾全局优化与实时性能的问题,提出一种基于Stackelberg博弈的FCHEV跟车能量管理策略。首先,建立了燃料电池/锂电池的能耗与性能退化模型,并纳入到统一量纲的整车综合使用成本函数中;其次,提出了基于分层解耦的跟车能量管理策略,实现跟车速度与功率分配的解耦控制;最后,综合考虑跟车安全性、舒适性、燃料经济性和能源耐久性,建立跟车控制层与能量管理层对应的双层规划模型,并基于Stackelberg博弈思想设计了双层差分遗传算法对策略核心参数进行离线优化。仿真和实验结果表明:相较于模型预测控制方法,该方法可降低平均车间距误差37.7%、平均冲击度2.4%、等效氢气消耗9.3%和能源退化成本13.9%,实现了优化性能与实时性的兼顾。

A Blockchain-Based Game Approach to Multi-Microgrid Energy Dispatch

As the current global environment is deteriorating,distributed renewable energy is gradually becoming an important member of the energy internet.Blockchain,as a decentralized distributed ledger with decentralization,traceability and tamper-proof features,is an importantway to achieve efficient consumption andmulti-party supply of new energy.In this article,we establish a blockchain-based mathematical model of multiple microgrids and microgrid aggregators’revenue,consider the degree of microgrid users’preference for electricity thus increasing users’reliance on the blockchainmarket,and apply the one-master-multiple-slave Stackelberg game theory to solve the energy dispatching strategy when each market entity pursues the maximum revenue.The simulation results show that the blockchain-based dynamic game of the multi-microgrid market can effectively increase the revenue of both microgrids and aggregators and improve the utilization of renewable energy.

Cooperative Anti-Jamming and Interference Mitigation for UAV Networks: A Local Altruistic Game Approach

To improve the anti-jamming and interference mitigation ability of the UAV-aided communication systems, this paper investigates the channel selection optimization problem in face of both internal mutual interference and external malicious jamming. A cooperative anti-jamming and interference mitigation method based on local altruistic is proposed to optimize UAVs’ channel selection. Specifically, a Stackelberg game is modeled to formulate the confrontation relationship between UAVs and the jammer. A local altruistic game is modeled with each UAV considering the utilities of both itself and other UAVs. A distributed cooperative anti-jamming and interference mitigation algorithm is proposed to obtain the Stackelberg equilibrium. Finally, the convergence of the proposed algorithm and the impact of the transmission power on the system loss value are analyzed, and the anti-jamming performance of the proposed algorithm can be improved by around 64% compared with the existing algorithms.

融合Stackelberg博弈和联邦学习的多星协作频谱认知方法研究

针对低成本和小型化低轨卫星的监测角度和方向分辨率相对较低、处理能力和峰值功率受限等因素造成单颗低轨卫星频谱认知能力弱的问题,提出了融合Stackelberg博弈和联邦学习的多星协作频谱认知方法。首先,结合各频谱认知卫星的可用算力、认知性能、处理与传输时延等特性,建立面向多频谱认知任务的协作卫星选择与算力资源分配算法;其次,基于所选择的节点和所分配的算力,设计低复杂度的多星协作频谱认知策略,其可自动辨识频谱空洞、检测干扰和识别调制模式。仿真实验结果表明,相比于单节点认知方法,所设计多星协作频谱认知策略能显著提升认知性能,且相比于对比模型,所设计策略中的模型可在不损失性能时,模型的参数量和浮点运算量降低分别可达96.69%和93.32%。

制造商与零售商分别主导的Stackelberg博弈比较

考虑单供应商与单零售商构成的二级供应链的批发价契约,尤其是市场需求确定依赖于零售价格与零售商销售努力水平。在逻辑一致的前提下,分析了制造商占主导与零售商占主导的Stackelberg博弈,并以集成企业情况下的供应链总利润、市场需求量、市场零售价格、销售努力水平等为基准进行了比较。研究表明:零售商主导下的分散供应链效率最低。

基于Stackelberg Game诱导策略的网络调度算法

首先建立了网络Stackelberg Game模型,分析了该模型下Nash均衡的存在性,给出了网络的队最优解。在网络资源管理中,引入基于Stackelberg Game的网络诱导策略,利用动态博弈和多次逐步诱导的方法,提出了一种网络由一般状态到最优运行状态的动态调度算法。队最优解保证了网络在最优运行状态下的稳定性。数值仿真验证了该算法的有效性。

基于改进型Stackelberg博弈的自动驾驶测试数据定价模型

针对自动驾驶测试数据兼具连续与离散变量,且包含时间戳和经纬度等间接信息特征的特点,利用特征挖掘过滤、连续变量离散化、驾驶模式加权等方法对传统信息熵方法进行适应性调整,提出基于特征工程的驾驶模式加权信息熵方法,确定自动驾驶测试数据信息量;引入信息量构建数据消费者效用方程,提出考虑信息量和平台利润率约束的改进型Stackelberg博弈数据定价模型。以上海市自动驾驶实际测试数据开展典型案例分析,结果表明,基于改进型Stackelberg博弈的数据定价模型可有效评估数据信息量,合理分配数据生产者、数据平台和数据消费者交易三方的利润率,并显著提升数据交易量和数据交易三方总效用,从而增强自动驾驶测试数据交易市场的活力。

基于Stackelberg Game模型的网络性能研究

通过对多局域世界模型(Multi-Local-World Model,MLWM)的分析,抽取出一个基本的拓扑子结构,并将主从博弈的思想引入到网络流量控制中,建立了一个基于网络拓扑的Stackelberg博弈模型.在该模型下,分析了Nash均衡的存在性与唯一性,求出了Nash均衡时最佳的链路价格和流量,给出了网络最佳运行状态的一种定量描述,最后分析了网络拓扑参数对网络最佳运行状态的影响,研究了该模型下网络拓扑变化引起的网络性能的演化特性.

售电侧改革初期基于Stackelberg-Bertrand博弈的电力市场价格形成机理研究

本文通过构建等剩余曲线和Stackelberg-Bertrand博弈模型,分析我国售电市场放开后不同类型售电公司之间的博弈行为和电价的形成机理。研究表明:(1)独立售电公司与寄生售电公司为争取用户而提供相等经济剩余是目前市场出现电价分叉效应的内在原因;(2)寄生售电公司的存在会导致不稳定的市场调整博弈,电价的无规律波动将增加交易成本,阻碍售电公司的市场参与,但发电商为获得更大利润又将促进两类售电公司共存,这为目前独立售电公司不断进入和退出市场的不稳定状态提供了解释;(3)对批发电价进行上限规制,有利于市场形成稳定均衡;(4)售电市场的放开能引导电价的下降,独立售电公司能起到降低电价的作用,同时均衡电价也受到目录电价、固定成本等因素的影响,各因素导致的变动存在一定差异。