The continuous growth of recoverable reserves in a waterflooding oilfield has a significant impact on the patterns of production evolution. A new production evolution model is established by improving the Weng Cycle m...The continuous growth of recoverable reserves in a waterflooding oilfield has a significant impact on the patterns of production evolution. A new production evolution model is established by improving the Weng Cycle model. With the new model, the statistical correspondence between the production decline stage and the reserve-production imbalance is clarified,and the correlation of water cut with the recovery percent of recoverable reserves is discussed, providing quantitative basis of reservoir engineering for dividing development stages of oilfield and defining mature oilfields. According to the statistics of oilfields in eastern China, the time point corresponding to the reserve-production balance coefficient dropping to less than 1dramatically is well correlated the beginning point of production decline, thus the time when the reserve-production balance coefficient drops dramatically can be taken as the initiation point of production decline stage. The research results show that the water cut and the recovery percent of recoverable reserves have a good statistical match in the high water cut stage, and it is more rational to take both the start point of production decline stage and the water cut of 90%(or the recovery percent of recoverable reserves of 80%) as the critical criteria for defining a mature oilfield. Five production evolution patterns can be summarized as follows: growth–peak plateau–stepped decline, growth–stepped stabilizing–stepped decline, growth–stepped stabilizing–rapid decline, growth–peak plateau–rapid decline, and growth–continuous decline.展开更多
The occurrence of power flow reversal and off-limit of the voltage on common bus becomes more frequent because of the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources(RES)in microgrids.To guarantee the safe and stab...The occurrence of power flow reversal and off-limit of the voltage on common bus becomes more frequent because of the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources(RES)in microgrids.To guarantee the safe and stable operation,adjusting the power output of RES-based inverters to avoid the off-limit voltage is necessary.Considering the apparent power characteristics of inverters,as well as the minimum participation of active power,a voltage control strategy based on stage division to be within the voltage limit is investigated in this paper.In the case of unknown demand and distribution of loads,the proposed control strategy is able to make full use of the apparent power to regulate voltage using simple calculations,while the performance in economical operation is satisfactory.Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method on the common bus off-limit voltage adjustment.展开更多
Stress sensitivity has significant negative effects on the permeability and production of coalbed methane(CBM)reservoirs.To effectively minimize these negative effects,the degree of stress sensitivity during the CBM p...Stress sensitivity has significant negative effects on the permeability and production of coalbed methane(CBM)reservoirs.To effectively minimize these negative effects,the degree of stress sensitivity during the CBM production process should be carefully studied.In this work,the curvature of the stress-sensitivity curve was adopted to explore the degree of stress sensitivity,dividing the stress-sensitivity curve and the drainage process into five stress stages:sharp decrease,rapid decrease,low-speed decrease,slower decrease and harmless with four critical stress points—transition,sensitivity,relief and harmless.The actual stages were determined by the initial permeability,stress-sensitivity coefficient and difference between the reservoir pressure and desorption pressure.The four critical stress points did not completely exist in the stress-sensitivity curve.With an increase in the initial permeability of coal,the number of existing critical stresses increases,leading to different gas-water drainage strategies for CBM wells.For reservoirs with a certain stress-sensitivity coefficient,the permeability at the sensitive stress point was successively greater than that at the transition,relief and the harmless stresses.When the stress-sensitivity coefficient is different,the stage is different at the beginning of drainage,and with an increase in the stress-sensitivity coefficient,the decrease rate of the permeability increases.Therefore,the stress-sensitivity coefficient determines the ability to maintain stable CBM production.For well-fractured CBM reservoirs,with a high stress-sensitivity coefficient,permeability damage mainly occurs when the reservoir pressure is less than the relief stress;therefore,the depressurization rate should be slow.For CBM reservoirs with fewer natural fractures,the reverse applies,and the depressurization rate can be much faster.The higher the difference between the reservoir and desorption pressures,the higher the effective stress and permeability damage after desorption,resulting in a much longer drainage time and many difficulties for the desorption of coalbed methane.The findings of this study can help better understand and minimize the negative effects of stress sensitivity during the CBM production process.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72088101)。
文摘The continuous growth of recoverable reserves in a waterflooding oilfield has a significant impact on the patterns of production evolution. A new production evolution model is established by improving the Weng Cycle model. With the new model, the statistical correspondence between the production decline stage and the reserve-production imbalance is clarified,and the correlation of water cut with the recovery percent of recoverable reserves is discussed, providing quantitative basis of reservoir engineering for dividing development stages of oilfield and defining mature oilfields. According to the statistics of oilfields in eastern China, the time point corresponding to the reserve-production balance coefficient dropping to less than 1dramatically is well correlated the beginning point of production decline, thus the time when the reserve-production balance coefficient drops dramatically can be taken as the initiation point of production decline stage. The research results show that the water cut and the recovery percent of recoverable reserves have a good statistical match in the high water cut stage, and it is more rational to take both the start point of production decline stage and the water cut of 90%(or the recovery percent of recoverable reserves of 80%) as the critical criteria for defining a mature oilfield. Five production evolution patterns can be summarized as follows: growth–peak plateau–stepped decline, growth–stepped stabilizing–stepped decline, growth–stepped stabilizing–rapid decline, growth–peak plateau–rapid decline, and growth–continuous decline.
基金jointly supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022A1515110794)the Research and Development Program Project in Key Areas of Guangdong Province(No.2021B0101230001).
文摘The occurrence of power flow reversal and off-limit of the voltage on common bus becomes more frequent because of the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources(RES)in microgrids.To guarantee the safe and stable operation,adjusting the power output of RES-based inverters to avoid the off-limit voltage is necessary.Considering the apparent power characteristics of inverters,as well as the minimum participation of active power,a voltage control strategy based on stage division to be within the voltage limit is investigated in this paper.In the case of unknown demand and distribution of loads,the proposed control strategy is able to make full use of the apparent power to regulate voltage using simple calculations,while the performance in economical operation is satisfactory.Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method on the common bus off-limit voltage adjustment.
基金This research was supported by National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017ZX05064)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42130806,41830427,and 41922016).
文摘Stress sensitivity has significant negative effects on the permeability and production of coalbed methane(CBM)reservoirs.To effectively minimize these negative effects,the degree of stress sensitivity during the CBM production process should be carefully studied.In this work,the curvature of the stress-sensitivity curve was adopted to explore the degree of stress sensitivity,dividing the stress-sensitivity curve and the drainage process into five stress stages:sharp decrease,rapid decrease,low-speed decrease,slower decrease and harmless with four critical stress points—transition,sensitivity,relief and harmless.The actual stages were determined by the initial permeability,stress-sensitivity coefficient and difference between the reservoir pressure and desorption pressure.The four critical stress points did not completely exist in the stress-sensitivity curve.With an increase in the initial permeability of coal,the number of existing critical stresses increases,leading to different gas-water drainage strategies for CBM wells.For reservoirs with a certain stress-sensitivity coefficient,the permeability at the sensitive stress point was successively greater than that at the transition,relief and the harmless stresses.When the stress-sensitivity coefficient is different,the stage is different at the beginning of drainage,and with an increase in the stress-sensitivity coefficient,the decrease rate of the permeability increases.Therefore,the stress-sensitivity coefficient determines the ability to maintain stable CBM production.For well-fractured CBM reservoirs,with a high stress-sensitivity coefficient,permeability damage mainly occurs when the reservoir pressure is less than the relief stress;therefore,the depressurization rate should be slow.For CBM reservoirs with fewer natural fractures,the reverse applies,and the depressurization rate can be much faster.The higher the difference between the reservoir and desorption pressures,the higher the effective stress and permeability damage after desorption,resulting in a much longer drainage time and many difficulties for the desorption of coalbed methane.The findings of this study can help better understand and minimize the negative effects of stress sensitivity during the CBM production process.