Sugar palm(Arenga pinnata)starch is considered an important renewable,biodegradable,and eco-friendly polymer,which is derived from agricultural by-products and residues,with great potential for the development of bioc...Sugar palm(Arenga pinnata)starch is considered an important renewable,biodegradable,and eco-friendly polymer,which is derived from agricultural by-products and residues,with great potential for the development of biocomposite materials.This research was aimed at investigating the development of TPS biocomposites from A.pinnata palm starch using an extrusion process.Palm starch,glycerol,and stearic acid were extruded in a twin-screw extruder.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis of TPS showed that the starch granules were damaged and gelatinized in the extrusion process.The density of TPS was 1.3695 g/mL,lower than that of palm starch,and the addition of stearic acid resulted in increased TPS density.X-ray diffraction(XRD)results showed that palm starch had a C-type pattern crystalline structure.The tensile strength,elongation at break,and modulus of elasticity of TPS were 7.19 MPa,33.95%,and 0.56 GPa,respectively.The addition of stearic acid reduced the tensile strength,elongation at break and modulus of elasticity of TPS.The rheological properties,i.e.,melt flow rate(MFR)and viscosity of TPS,were 7.13 g/10 min and 2482.19 Pa.s,respectively.The presence of stearic acid in TPS resulted in increased MFR and decreased viscosity values.The peak gelatinization temperature of A.pinnata palm starch was 70°C,while Tg of TPS was 65°C.The addition of stearic acid reduced the Tg of TPS.The thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)analysis showed that the addition of glycerol and stearic acid decreased the thermal stability,but extended the temperature range of thermal degradation.TPS derived from A.pinnata palm starch by extrusion method has the potential to be applied in industrial practice as a promising raw material for manufacturing bio-based packaging as a sustainable and green alternative to petroleum-based plastics.展开更多
The difference of soluble sugar contents and starch synthetic key enzyme activities between high starch cultivar and low starch cultivar were studied in this experiment, of which FuXuan01, GR891, SC124, and SC201 were...The difference of soluble sugar contents and starch synthetic key enzyme activities between high starch cultivar and low starch cultivar were studied in this experiment, of which FuXuan01, GR891, SC124, and SC201 were used as materials. The results showed that the contents of reducing sugar in root tube of low starch cultivars were higher than those of high starch cultivars in all growth periods, the contents of sucrose in root tube of high starch cultivar were higher than those of low starch cultivars in the early growth period, but, lower in the late growth period, and there were almost no difference in the contents of soluble sugar in root tube between high starch cultivar and low starch cultivar in the early growth period, but notable difference in the late growth period and the soluble sugar contents of low starch cultivars were higher than those of high starch cultivars. It also-showed that the activities of ADPGPpase, SSS, and SBE （starch branching enzyme） of high starch cultivars were higher than those of low starch cultivars. It was evident that there were close correlations between the content of sucrose, reducing sugar and soluble sugar in root tube, and the activities of ADPGPpase, SSS, SBE, and the starch accumulation in the root tubers of cassava. It was quite evident in this experiment that the soluble sugar and starch synthetic key enzyme were main factors controlling starch accumulation in root tubers. These results provided important indication for physiological controlling in high starch cultivation and gene engineering breeding of high starch cultivar of cassava.展开更多
Six rice varieties, PR120, PR116, Feng Ai Zan, PR115, PAU201 and Punjab Mehak 1 were raised under aerobic and transplanting conditions to assess the effects of planting conditions on sucrose metabolising enzymes in re...Six rice varieties, PR120, PR116, Feng Ai Zan, PR115, PAU201 and Punjab Mehak 1 were raised under aerobic and transplanting conditions to assess the effects of planting conditions on sucrose metabolising enzymes in relation to the transformation of free sugars to starch and protein in flag leaves and grains. Activities of sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase and acid invertase increased till flowering stage in leaves and mid-milky stage（14 d after flowering） in grains and thereafter declined in concomitant with the contents of reducing sugar. Under aerobic conditions, the activities of acid invertase and sucrose synthase（cleavage） significantly decreased in conjunction with the decrease in non-reducing sugars and starch content in all the varieties. Disruption of starch biosynthesis under the influence of aerobic conditions in both leaves and grains and the higher build up of sugars possibly resulted in their favoured utilization in nitrogen metabolism. Feng Ai Zan, PR115 and PR120 maintained higher levels of sucrose synthase enzymes in grains and leaves and contents of metabolites（amino acid, protein and non-reducing sugar） under aerobic conditions, while PR116, Punjab Mehak 1 and PAU201 performed better under transplanting conditions, thus showing their adaptation to environmental stress. Yield gap between aerobic and transplanting rice is attributed primarily to the difference in sink activity and strength. Overall, it appear that up-regulation of sucrose synthase（synthesis） and sucrose phosphate synthase under aerobic conditions might be responsible in enhancing growth and productivity of rice varieties.展开更多
基金from The Hitachi Global Foundation Asia Innovation Award 2020.Also,the authors thank the facilities,scientific and technical support from Advanced Characterization Laboratories Serpong and Cibinong,National Research and Innovation Institute through E-Layanan Sains,Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional(BRIN).
文摘Sugar palm(Arenga pinnata)starch is considered an important renewable,biodegradable,and eco-friendly polymer,which is derived from agricultural by-products and residues,with great potential for the development of biocomposite materials.This research was aimed at investigating the development of TPS biocomposites from A.pinnata palm starch using an extrusion process.Palm starch,glycerol,and stearic acid were extruded in a twin-screw extruder.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis of TPS showed that the starch granules were damaged and gelatinized in the extrusion process.The density of TPS was 1.3695 g/mL,lower than that of palm starch,and the addition of stearic acid resulted in increased TPS density.X-ray diffraction(XRD)results showed that palm starch had a C-type pattern crystalline structure.The tensile strength,elongation at break,and modulus of elasticity of TPS were 7.19 MPa,33.95%,and 0.56 GPa,respectively.The addition of stearic acid reduced the tensile strength,elongation at break and modulus of elasticity of TPS.The rheological properties,i.e.,melt flow rate(MFR)and viscosity of TPS,were 7.13 g/10 min and 2482.19 Pa.s,respectively.The presence of stearic acid in TPS resulted in increased MFR and decreased viscosity values.The peak gelatinization temperature of A.pinnata palm starch was 70°C,while Tg of TPS was 65°C.The addition of stearic acid reduced the Tg of TPS.The thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)analysis showed that the addition of glycerol and stearic acid decreased the thermal stability,but extended the temperature range of thermal degradation.TPS derived from A.pinnata palm starch by extrusion method has the potential to be applied in industrial practice as a promising raw material for manufacturing bio-based packaging as a sustainable and green alternative to petroleum-based plastics.
文摘The difference of soluble sugar contents and starch synthetic key enzyme activities between high starch cultivar and low starch cultivar were studied in this experiment, of which FuXuan01, GR891, SC124, and SC201 were used as materials. The results showed that the contents of reducing sugar in root tube of low starch cultivars were higher than those of high starch cultivars in all growth periods, the contents of sucrose in root tube of high starch cultivar were higher than those of low starch cultivars in the early growth period, but, lower in the late growth period, and there were almost no difference in the contents of soluble sugar in root tube between high starch cultivar and low starch cultivar in the early growth period, but notable difference in the late growth period and the soluble sugar contents of low starch cultivars were higher than those of high starch cultivars. It also-showed that the activities of ADPGPpase, SSS, and SBE （starch branching enzyme） of high starch cultivars were higher than those of low starch cultivars. It was evident that there were close correlations between the content of sucrose, reducing sugar and soluble sugar in root tube, and the activities of ADPGPpase, SSS, SBE, and the starch accumulation in the root tubers of cassava. It was quite evident in this experiment that the soluble sugar and starch synthetic key enzyme were main factors controlling starch accumulation in root tubers. These results provided important indication for physiological controlling in high starch cultivation and gene engineering breeding of high starch cultivar of cassava.
文摘Six rice varieties, PR120, PR116, Feng Ai Zan, PR115, PAU201 and Punjab Mehak 1 were raised under aerobic and transplanting conditions to assess the effects of planting conditions on sucrose metabolising enzymes in relation to the transformation of free sugars to starch and protein in flag leaves and grains. Activities of sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase and acid invertase increased till flowering stage in leaves and mid-milky stage（14 d after flowering） in grains and thereafter declined in concomitant with the contents of reducing sugar. Under aerobic conditions, the activities of acid invertase and sucrose synthase（cleavage） significantly decreased in conjunction with the decrease in non-reducing sugars and starch content in all the varieties. Disruption of starch biosynthesis under the influence of aerobic conditions in both leaves and grains and the higher build up of sugars possibly resulted in their favoured utilization in nitrogen metabolism. Feng Ai Zan, PR115 and PR120 maintained higher levels of sucrose synthase enzymes in grains and leaves and contents of metabolites（amino acid, protein and non-reducing sugar） under aerobic conditions, while PR116, Punjab Mehak 1 and PAU201 performed better under transplanting conditions, thus showing their adaptation to environmental stress. Yield gap between aerobic and transplanting rice is attributed primarily to the difference in sink activity and strength. Overall, it appear that up-regulation of sucrose synthase（synthesis） and sucrose phosphate synthase under aerobic conditions might be responsible in enhancing growth and productivity of rice varieties.
