Innovation in Bio-disaster Prevention and Control Mechanism after Forest Tenure Reform at County Level

Taking Youxi County of Fujian Province as an example,the author introduced basic situations of new bio-disaster prevention and control mechanism for forest resource protection and social service works after the forest tenure reform.Then,the author analyzed new problems faced by bio-disaster prevention and control in forestry.Finally,the author present the existing problems of bio-disaster prevention and control at the county level from five aspects:innovating upon plant quarantine management mechanism;innovation upon survey methods and service modes of bio-disaster monitoring;strengthening and improving construction of bio-disaster monitoring and forecasting network;innovating upon management system for bio-disaster prevention and control;speeding up construction of service system for social prevention and control of bio-disasters.

Ecological Hidden Troubles and Countermeasures under Reform of Collective Forest Tenure

Three stages of reform of collective forest tenure after reform and opening up are reviewed.The reform of forest tenure brings sharp increase of economic benefit.However,due to forest farmers' subjective pursuit for economic benefit and objective lack of necessary economic,financial and technical support,ecological hidden troubles are created.Based on these,we put forward countermeasures,including strengthening forest farmers' awareness of ecological protection and solving ecological problems in accordance with actual conditions of the region.

System Change of Collective Forest Tenure Oriented to Deepening the Reform

We firstly introduce development background of new collective forest tenure reform.The situations indicate that the collective forest tenure reform has already stepped into comprehensive and in-depth stage.However,due to neglect of local demands and actual conditions,there appear problems of low operating efficiency of supporting measures and relevant policies and little effect of in-depth reform.Therefore,it is required to strictly distinguish the relation between system change of collective forest tenure and the in-depth reform.For the purpose of in-depth reform,in accordance with local situations of forest farmers and forestry organizations,requirements for system,as well as local reform conditions,we strictly divide system change of collective forest tenure into three types:induced institutional change,hidden induced institutional change and imposed institutional change.Then,we divide the imposed institutional change into weak institutional change and pure strong institutional change.

Discussion on the relationship between Construction of Forest Towns and Reform & Development of State-owned Forest Farms

In recent years, China's social economy has continued to develop. While paying attention to the pursuit of the economy, people are paying more and more attention to the pursuit of quality of life. China has vast territory and abundant resources, forest resources are particularly rich, in order to make full use of forest resources and regulate the use and protection of forests, China has promoted the development of forestry by deepening the construction and reform of state-owned forest farms, and using forest resources to obtain benefits to meet people's living needs. This paper explores the necessity and advantages of building a forest town by analyzing the reform and development situation of state-owned forest farms.

安徽省集体林权制度改革的前事之鉴

本文全面回顾了安徽省集体林权制度改革不断演进的历程,系统阐述了这一改革的复杂性、艰巨性及其实践逻辑和历史经验,提出集体林权是包含多种权利主体、权利客体、权利内容和权利关系的集合性物权,深入探究安徽省深化集体林权制度改革中妥善处理生态保护与产业发展、稳定集体林地家庭承包关系与发展适度规模经营等重要关系的对策,并基于森林多种功能及其主导利用的分类经营管理实践论述增强林业发展内生动力的路径,从分析林业效益外部性特征出发提出强化林业发展外部供给的策略。

Effect Evaluation of Collective Forestry Tenure Reform and Forest Farmers' Willingness to Participate in the Reform: A Case Study of Shaowu, Fujian Province

Since 2003, China has carried out the pilot of collective forest tenure reform (CFTR). Inrecent years, there have been lots of researches about evaluation of the CFTR, which are, however,mostly qualitative research with little focus on the quantitative research. This paper used the AnalyticHierarchy Process (AHP) and expert assignment method to define the comprehensive evaluation indexes and monitoring indexes of the CFTR. In this study, the authors did a quantitative evaluation of the CFTR in Shaowu, Fujian Province, which was scored as 0.844, indicating more significant effect. The authors investigated 100 farmer households there, and the data showed that the average household income has grown by 49.2% in the 6 years after the CFTR implementation, while the forestry incomehas grown by 108.3%, indicating that farmers’ income increased significantly after the CFTR. Factor analysis shows that CFTR has been the key factor to increase farmers’ income.

Collective Forest Tenure Reform in Nature Reserves in China:Problems and Countermeasures

Collective forest tenure reform is now carried out throughout China with the aim to clarify the property,increase forest farmers' income and motivate the development of forestry.But the collective forest tenure reform in nature reserves comes to a dilemma.The current implemented laws and regulations provide that forests and trees in nature reserves shall be under strict protection,while the forest farmers hope to improve their livelihood in the reform.The paper discussed the problems encountered in the c...

Revelation from Management System Reform of State-owned Forests of Hessen State in Germany

The paper analyzes the management system reforms of state-owned forest in Hessen State of Germany based on the forestry situation, and draws conclusions which can be used for reference in management system reform of state-owned forest in China. The results are as follows: stepwise reform is the mode, ecology-centeredness is the principle, transparent property right is the precondition, detached function of government and forest industry groups is the key, and integrated law and regulation system is the guarantee.

林权改革与农户家庭收入:理论线索和经验证据

提高农户家庭收入是林权改革的重要目标和森林资源可持续经营的关键所在。基于全国9省(区)18县农户调查数据,采用双重差分模型和中介效应检验方法,考察林权改革对农户家庭收入的影响及其作用机制。结果表明:林权改革能够有效提升农户家庭收入水平,通过稳健性检验、平行趋势检验和安慰剂检验等方法验证了实证结果的可靠性,但在不同收入水平的农户间存在显著差异,突出表现为“益富更益贫”的特点;作用机制分析表明:要素激励、生计策略选择、林地流转和林权抵押贷款在林权改革影响农户家庭收入中发挥中介作用,林权改革通过增加林业要素投入、强化生计策略选择、提高林地流转发生率和信贷可得性来促进农户家庭增收;异质性分析表明:林权改革的政策效果在森林资源禀赋、经济发展水平、人力资本禀赋、代际程度和生产结构差异下表现出明显的情景依赖性。

林权抵押贷款处置难题及其破解——基于贵州省试点情况的分析

林权抵押贷款是支持乡村振兴、扶持农村经济发展、实现广大农民脱贫致富的重要金融创新,全国各地都开展了大量的工作。2007年贵州省实施林权制度改革后,林业部门为林农统一发放了林权证,明确了广大林农的林权;加之贵州森林资源丰富,为全省开展林权抵押贷款提供了良好的资源基础。但目前全省林权制度改革和抵押贷款工作仍相对滞后,丰富的森林资源未能有效盘活。文中总结贵州省林权抵押贷款处置试点工作开展情况,发现工作中存在4个方面的难题,即林权证变更不动产权证难、森林资源资产评估难、抵押资源资产管理难、抵押资产处置变现难。在此基础上,提出4个方面的建议以进一步深化贵州省集体林林权制度改革:1)完善产权制度体系,推进确权登记工作;2)加强评估体系建设,推进“林票”制度发展;3)加强资源经营管理,推进林权资产处置;4)加强政策保障服务,推进林业产业融资。

中国森林公园的发展方向

森林公园是充分发挥森林功能特别是森林生态系统服务功能的主要载体。当前,以森林公园为主体的森林旅游研究已成为中国森林生态学科研究中的一大亮点。较早地根据美国金融风暴以及中央土地流转政策等新形势,从总结分析中国森林公园的主要发展历程、产业经济态势和生态环境概况入手,对未来中国森林公园的发展方向进行了判断。指出土地流转制度改革将推动森林公园的经营多样化,金融危机将推动森林公园更加注重近距离市场培育,城市化进程将加大人们对森林康体旅游产品的需求。同时,游憩冲击管理将成为森林公园维持生态平衡的一种重要的行为调节方式,环境资源特别是森林保健旅游资源、森林公园的生态补偿机制、森林旅游产业结构调整与投资融资政策等将成为森林旅游研究的主要热点和重点。为有效化解金融危机对森林公园的负面影响,用足用好国家土地新政策,必须及早规范集体林权流转体系,积极扶持民营森林旅游的开发建设,开展生态教育夯实森林旅游的内涵,谨防林权流转之后旅游地通货膨胀,采用科学合理的生态技术加强森林旅游资源保护与可持续利用。

我国集体林区林权制度改革模式和绩效分析

基于福建、江西、浙江、安徽、湖南、辽宁、山东和云南8个省份的实地调查，对我国集体林权制度改革和演变的历史进行了简要回顾，对当前正在发生的集体林权改革的背景、过程和结果进行了统计描述，对集体林权制度改革的初步绩效进行了统计分析，对影响林权变化的社会经济和政策原因进行了多元统计分析，最后对林权改革政策提出了相关建议。

基于集体林权制度改革的林业政策协调与合作研究

林业作为环境与发展的纽带,在可持续发展框架下覆盖了政治承诺、国家发展规划、缓解贫困等复杂政策问题,林业政策也越来越成为一项公共政策。可持续发展框架下的林业政策制定过程日益重视部门间的协调与相关利益主体的合作。本文阐述了林业政策协调和合作的内涵,综合Scharpf的负向协调和正向协调理论,以及Metcalfe对部门间政策协调等级的划分来构建分析框架,将林业政策协调分为"自主决策、信息通报、意见咨询、避免冲突、达成共识、上级裁决、设置红线、明确优先目标、整体战略"九级,并以集体林权制度改革为例,评估我国林业政策协调和合作的水平以及其中存在的问题。本文发现在中央层面,林业部门已经认识到了林业政策协调和合作的重要性,林业政策协调位于第三到第五层级,处在负向协调到正向协调的过渡区间,林业部门也与集体林权制度改革的利益相关群体展开了某些合作,但是政策合作的水平仍然有待提高。在基层,林业政策协调则多位于第一层级,基本处在无协调状态,集体林权制度改革相关利益群体之间的合作也较为欠缺。林业系统内部林业政策协调和合作位于第五、第六等级,基本实现了林业政策的正向协调,而非林业系统内部林业政策协调和合作位于第一层级,基本处于无协调状态。在林业部门与非林业部门之间,非林业部门上下级之间的政策协调与合作仍然有待加强,林业部门应该允许更多利益群体参与到政策制定过程中,关注弱势利益群体的政策介入能力建设,加强与非林业部门的协调与合作。

关于集体林权制度改革和林业合作经济组织建设——基于三明市、南平市、丽水市的调研

在了解福建省三明市、南平市,浙江省丽水市集体林权制度改革进程的基础上,对林业合作经济组织的状况进行了跟踪调查。总结了林业经济合作组织的基本类型,剖析了其特点。指出其合作经济组织普遍的特点是,规模小、服务单一,同业竞争小;经营管理缺乏民主;少数合作组织运作方式比较现代,能比较有效地解决小农户与大市场之间的矛盾。提出了有效推动我国林业合作经济组织快速健康发展的建议。

集体林分权条件下不同经营类型商品林生产要素投入及其效率——基于三阶段DEA模型及其福建、江西农户调研数据

运用三阶段DEA模型引入政策和自然因素等环境变量,采用福建、江西跟踪的林农数据对林农生产要素投入现状及其效率进行实证研究。结果表明:林农对林地经营仍倾向粗放经营,偏好周期较短的经济林,经济林投入的劳动力、资金都高于木材、木材为主兼有竹材的经营类型,但其综合技术效率却低于木材、木材为主兼有竹材的经营类型;林农商品生产规模效率很低,导致综合技术效率很低,在剔除环境变量和随机因素影响后,林农商品林的纯技术效率提高35.96%,但规模效率降低34.83%,导致平均技术效率降低11.36%。环境变量影响因素中,林权证的获得、采伐指标申请难度降低以及林业税负的减轻等林权改革及配套服务措施的完善能显著提高商品林生产效率;有劳动能力的户主年龄越大、户主受教育水平越高以及降雨量越多对生产效率有提升作用;非农收入在总收入中所占比例越高、林地坡度越大、林地块数越多和林地距公路距离越远对生产效率有抑制作用。相关部门应结合当地自然条件引导农户木材经营由粗放转向适度集约经营,继续完善林权改革及其配套服务措施,顺应农户在林地流转不普遍的现实背景下实现林业生产过程的规模化经营,并提供有针对性的林业经营服务以及林区道路基础设施建设。

国有林区改革的困境和出路

国有林区始终存在着困扰国有森工企业“可采林木资源危机、林业企业经济危困和职工生活危难”的“三危”问题。经过多次改革，国有林区之所以至今仍然没有从根本上摆脱危困局面，一定程度上是由于林业有关部门受金融、电力、烟草等其他国有部门凭借垄断地位获取巨额收益的影响，也竭力维持自己“不具备垄断条件下的垄断”体制造成的。为了彻底解决国有林区“三危”问题，建议尽快建立森林资源交易市场和投融资金融体系，推进“国有民营”。

集体林权制度改革的动因性质与效果评价

依据国内集体林权制度改革研究的相关成果,并结合实地调查数据,对林权改革的进展情况,新一轮林权改革的动因、性质和特征,林地经营模式的变化,林权改革的绩效等方面进行较为全面的分析和评价。最后,对有关森林资源管理体制的几个问题进行简要的讨论。

农村林业投融资政策:回顾与实施——基于福建、浙江、辽宁3省的调研分析

文章回顾了我国农村林业投融资政策的变化,选取福建省永安市、浙江省龙泉市和辽宁省本溪县作为调研区域进行调查研究。调研结果显示:(1)新一轮集体林权制度改革背景下,3个调研区域不同利益主体积极探索和参与农村林业投融资改革,并取得一定进展;(2)不同区域农户的林业投融资行为表现出较大差异;(3)农村林业投融资政策尚存在林业信贷资金供给不足、林业贷款使用非林化现象严重等迫切需要改进之处。应不断适应当地林情和社会经济发展特点,创新农村林业投融资模式,同时加大各级财政对农村林业相关产业的扶持。

中国集体林制度变迁新进展研究

分析了我国正在进行的集体林产权制度变迁的新进展，并将此制度变迁与20世纪80年代的集体林产权制度进行了比较。考虑目前正在进行的制度变迁绩效具有滞后性，着重分析了此制度变迁对农民家庭经营山地面积增加、林农税费负担降低、林地流转价格上升等短期绩效，并对此产权制度变迁进行了前景展望。

林下经济是全面深化林改的新活力——陕西省宁陕、蓝田两县调研报告

通过对陕西省宁陕县、蓝田县发展林下经济特色产业行调研发现：落实产权到户,夯实了林下经济发展的根基;加强社会化服务,促进了林下经济发展;努力挖掘潜力,丰富了林下经济的内涵;继续进行林改,将能共享林下经济发展成果。陕西林下经济发展方兴未艾,林业展现出广阔的发展前景。