Wave statistics for ship seakeeping in China offshore

Ocean waves are the core environmental elements affecting the movements and structure design of ships. Statistical analysis of wave parameters is the basis for the establishment of long-term ship environmental adaptability prediction model. The observations from coastal stations, buoys, altimeters and volunteer ships that cover from 1993 to 2011 were interpolated into miller Ion-lat grids by using bilinear method and the analytical fields of ocean waves were given. By using optimal interpolation, the analysis wave fields were assimilated into the WAVEWATCH III （WW3） simulation results. From the assimilated results, the wave rose statistics, the wave height of muitiyear return period and the extreme 2-D wave spectrum are related to the ship seakeeping were calculated. Finally, the wave statistics in China offshore were analyzed in detail.

Observed characteristics of atmospheric ducts over the South China Sea in autumn

The observed characteristics of lower atmospheric ducts over the South China Sea(SCS) were analyzed based on Global Position Systerm(GPS) radiosonde data collected four times daily during autumn open cruises from 2006 to 2012.Duct occurrence,thickness,and strength over the SCS were about 40%,150-m thick,and 8 M units,respectively,which were larger than during the summer monsoon period.Most ducts occurred at heights <1 500 m and these ducts easily trap electromagnetic wave clusters with wavelengths <2 m.Diurnal variation of the SCS ducts appeared evident.They occurred more often at midnight at higher altitudes(about 1 100 m),with a thickest layer of about 145 m and less frequently during the evening at lower altitudes(about 800 m),with a thinnest layer of about 125 m.Moreover,ducts during the daytime at a mean height of about 900 m,with the greatest strength of about 10 M units.Furthermore,all duct variables observed over the SCS in autumn decreased from north to south.These findings are useful not only in the design of radar and communication systems,but also for evaluating possible effects of anomalous propagation on meteorological radar and military applications.

Adaptive image enhancement algorithm based on fuzzy entropy and human visual characteristics

To overcome the shortcomings of the Lee image enhancement algorithm and its improvement based on the logarithmic image processing(LIP) model, this paper proposes what we believe to be an effective image enhancement algorithm. This algorithm introduces fuzzy entropy, makes full use of neighborhood information, fuzzy information and human visual characteristics.To enhance an image, this paper first carries out the reasonable fuzzy-3 partition of its histogram into the dark region, intermediate region and bright region. It then extracts the statistical characteristics of the three regions and adaptively selects the parameter αaccording to the statistical characteristics of the image’s gray-scale values. It also adds a useful nonlinear transform, thus increasing the ubiquity of the algorithm. Finally, the causes for the gray-scale value overcorrection that occurs in the traditional image enhancement algorithms are analyzed and their solutions are proposed.The simulation results show that our image enhancement algorithm can effectively suppress the noise of an image, enhance its contrast and visual effect, sharpen its edge and adjust its dynamic range.

Wave Characteristics and Extreme Parameters in the Bohai Sea

This paper is aimed at the whole Bohai Sea, as the complement and improvement of wave characteristics and extreme parameters. Wave fields were simulated in the Bohai Sea by using wave model SWAN from 1985 to 2004. The input data based on the hindcast of high-resolution wind fields from RAMS and water level fields from POM, which have been tested and verified well. Comparisons of significant wave heights between simulation and station observations show a good agreement in general. By statistical analysis, the wave characteristics such as significant wave heights, dominant wave directions and their seasonal variations are discussed. In addition, main wave extreme parameters and directional extreme values particularly for 100-year return period are investigated.

Statistical characteristics of meso-scale vortex effects on the track of a tropical cyclone

This paper examines initial meso-scale vortex effects on the motion of a tropical cyclone （TC） in a system where coexisting two components of TC and meso-scale vortices with a barotropic vorticity equation model. The initial mesoscale vortices are generated stochastically by employing Reinaud＇s method. The 62 simulations are performed and analysed in order to understand the statistical characteristics of the effects. Results show that the deflection of the TC track at t = 24 h induced by the initial meso-scale vortices ranges from 2 km to 37 km with the mean value of 13.4 km. A more significant deflection of the TC track can be reduced when several initial meso-scale vortices simultaneously appear in a smaller TC circulation area. It ranges from 22 km to 37 km with the mean value of 28 km, this fact implies that the initial meso-scale vortices-induced deflection may not be neglected sometimes.

Study on the Characteristics of Sunshine Hours Changes in Tacheng Basin in Recent 50 Years

[Objective] The aim was to study the characteristics of sunshine hour changes in Tacheng in recent 50 years.[Method] By dint of the measured data of annual,seasonal and monthly sunshine hour’s changes in four meteorological observatories from 1960 to 2009,using linear regression analysis method,the characteristics of sunshine hour changes in Tacheng in recent 50 years were studied.[Result] The results showed that the annual average sunshine hours in Tacheng Basin in recent 50 years were above 2 800.0 h,among which Tacheng,Yumin had the most,2 936.1,2 921.3 h respectively and Emin the least,2 814.2 h.The sunshine hours were the most in autumn and summer,followed by winter,and were least in spring;sunshine hours during growth season in Tacheng and Yumin were the most,followed by Emin and then Tuoli.The linear tendency rate of sunshine hours in four stations in February was negative.But only the value in Tacheng,Emin decreased at a rate of-4.7 and-6.0 respectively;the linear tendency rate of sunshine hours in four stations in May,June and October were positive,but only Yumin station mounted at a rate of 14.5,12.6,11.2 h/10 a.The linear tendency of seasonal sunshine hours during the year and the growth season increased in Yumin at a rate of 74.9 and 60.5 h/10 a.The linear tendency rate of sunshine hours in four stations in winter was negative,among which the rate of Tacheng,Emin and Tuoli decreased at a rate of-5.5,-6.7,-4.9 h/10 a;that in other three seasons,only in Yumin,it increased most rapidly at a rate of 9.7,7.7 and 7.0 h/10 a.[Conclusion] The study provides theoretical reference for the adjustment and perfection of husbandry industry structure and optimization,reasonable development and utilization of solar energy resources.

Wind Wave Characteristics and Engineering Environment of the South China Sea

Wave simulation was conducted for the period 1976 to 2005 in the South China Sea （SCS） using the wave model, WAVEWATCH-III. Wave characteristics and engineering environment were studied in the region. The wind input data are from the objective reanalysis wind datasets, which assimilate meteorological data from several sources. Comparisons of significant wave heights between simulation and TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter and buoy data show a good agreement in general. By statistical analysis, the wave characteristics, such as significant wave heights, dominant wave directions, and their seasonal variations, were discussed. The largest significant wave heights are found in winter and the smallest in spring. The annual mean dominant wave direction is northeast （NE） along the southwest （SW）-NE axis, east northeast in the northwest （NW） part of SCS, and north northeast in the southeast （SE） part of SCS. The joint distributions of wave heights and wave periods （directions） were studied. The results show a single peak pattern for joint significant wave heights and periods, and a double peak pattern for joint significant wave heights and mean directions. Furthermore, the main wave extreme parameters and directional extreme values, particularly for the 100-year return period, were also investigated. The main extreme values of significant wave heights are larger in the northern part of SCS than in the south- ern part, with the maximum value occurring to the southeast of Hainan Island. The direction of large directional extreme Hs values is focus in E in the northem and middle sea areas of SCS, while the direction of those is focus in N in the southeast sea areas of SCS.

Statistical Characteristics of Metastable Pitting of 316 Stainless Steel

The statistical characteristics of the current fluctuations during metastable pitting of 316L stainless steel in NaCI solution were studied using potentiostatic method. The growth rates and peak currents of metastable pits followed log-normal distributions. As potential and chloride concentration increased, both growth rate and peak current of metastable pits increased. The lifetime of metastable pits also followed log-normal distribution, and was almost not affected by potential. Higher growth rates did not definitely result in larger metastable pits. A certain propagation rate range was found beneficial for the micropit to remain growth. At constant potential, the maximum peak currents in different time intervals during a potentiostatic test followed extreme distribution. The statistical characteristics of metastable pitting may be used to predict the tendency of pitting corrosion.

VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES MAKING LANDFALL IN CHINA AT DIFFERENT INTENSITIES

According to the national standard(2006)on tropical cyclone(TC)intensity,TCs are categorized into six intensity types,namely,tropical depression(TD),tropical storm(TS),severe tropical storm(STS), typhoon(TY),severe typhoon(STY),and super severe typhoon(SSTY).Fifty-eight years(1949–2006)of the datasets from the Yearbook of Typhoons and Yearbook of Tropical Cyclones were used to study the variation characteristics of TCs making landfalls in China's Mainland,Hainan and Taiwan islands.The main results are as follows.First,interannual or interdecadal variations in the number of landfalling TCs at different intensities exist.As far as long-term trends are concerned,the TD and TS frequencies show a significant linearly decreasing trend while those of STY show a significant linearly increasing trend.Second, a significant period of 6–8 years exist in the variations of annual landfalling TD,TS,and STS frequencies while quasi-16-year periods are found in the annual TY frequency.Third,TD and TS are generated mostly over the South China Sea,while TY,STY,and SSTY mostly over the waters southeast of the Bashi Channel and the ocean to the east of the Philippines.Fourth,as far as interdecadal trends are concerned,the frequencies of landfalling TD and TS generated over the South China Sea show significant linearly decreasing trends.However,TY and STY show significant linearly increasing trends.

STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES MAKING LANDFALLS AND PASSING THROUGH LAKES IN CHINA

By using the data of 1949 – 2001 (53 years) of Tropical Cyclone (TC) Yearbooks, statistical analyses are performed to study the climatic features of TCs making landfall and then passing through lakes (hereafter referred to as "L-TCs") in China. Results show that L-TCs can sustain a long time over land and the intensity is very strong during the course of landfall. Lakes can noticeably slow down the reduction of TC intensity, with the minimum pressure mostly maintained or decreased and the maximum velocity increased. The middle reach of the Yangtze River has the biggest TC dissipating rate as compared with the other areas where the TC is active.

Statistical Characteristics of the Received Signal for Stochastic Surface Models

This paper describes the stochastic model of the scattered electromagnetic field.Unlike common_used functional_determined models the proposed is characterised by amplitude/phase fluctuation of the received signal.This paper derives the statistical characteristic of the input signal and describes algorithm for its estimation in post_processing and real_time processing modes.Achieved characteristics allow the mapping and estimation of the surface models more accurate,moreover,such processing increase space resolution of synthetic aperture radar.

STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SEA-LAND BREEZES IN HAINAN ISLAND

The sea-land breeze circulation(SLBC) occurs regularly at coastal locations and influences the local weather and climate significantly. In this study, based on the observed surface wind in 9 conventional meteorological stations of Hainan Island, the frequency of sea-land breeze(SLB) is studied to depict the diurnal and seasonal variations. The statistics indicated that there is a monthly average of 12.2 SLB days and an occurrence frequency of about 40%, with the maximum frequency(49%) in summer and the minimum frequency(29%) in autumn. SLB frequencies(41%) are comparable in winter and spring. A higher frequency of SLB is present in the southern and central mountains due to the enhancement effect of the mountain-valley breeze. Due to the synoptic wind the number of SLB days in the northern hilly area is less than in other areas. Moreover, the WRF model, adopted to simulate the SLBC over the island for all seasons, performs reasonably well reproducing the phenomenon, evolution and mechanism of SLBC. Chiefly affected by the difference of temperature between sea and land, the SLBC varies in coverage and intensity with the seasons and reaches the greatest intensity in summer. The typical depth is about 2.5 km for sea breeze circulation and about 1.5 km for land breeze circulation. A strong convergence zone with severe ascending motion appears on the line parallel to the major axis of the island, penetrating 60 to 100 km inland. This type of weak sea breeze convergence zone in winter is north-south oriented. The features of SLBC in spring are similar both to that in summer with southerly wind and to that in winter with easterly wind. The coverage and intensity of SLBC in autumn is the weakest and confined to the southwest edge of the central mountainous area. The land breeze is inherently very weak and easily affected by the topography and weather. The coverage and intensity of the land breeze convergence line is significantly less than those of the sea breeze. The orographic forcing of the central mountain exhibits significant impacts on low-level airflow. A windward land breeze front usually occurs along the coastline between the wee hours and the morning in summer, with an arc-shaped convergence zone about 10 to 30 km off shore. In winter the arc-shaped convergence zone is weak and appears only in the southeast coastal area. Landing on the flat regions of northern to western parts of the island and going inland from there, the sea breeze front at the leeward side meets with that at the windward side in the centre of the island when sea breeze fully develops, causing an intense convergence zone throughout the whole island. Consistent with prevailing winds in direction, the windward sea breeze and leeward land breeze develop quickly but are not distinguishable from background winds.

On properties of the deterministic turbulence and reproducibility of its instantaneous and statistical characteristics

As known from previous studies, is a post-transitional flow that is turbulent the deterministic turbulence （DeTu） according to the generally accepted statistical characteristics but possesses, meanwhile, a significant degree of determinism, i.e., reproducibility of its instantaneous structure. It is found that the DeTu can occur in those cases when transition is caused by convective instabilities; in boundary layers, in particular. The present paper is devoted to a brief description of history of discovering the DeTu phenomenon, as well as to some recent advance in investigation of instantaneous and statistical properties of such turbulent boundary layer flows.

THE STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPACT OF THE WESTWARD-GOING TROPICAL CYCLONES ON RAINFALL IN YUNNAN PLATEAU

Using data available from the Retrieval System Based on Yearbooks of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific,NCEP/NCAR reanalysis daily data and observed precipitation data for 1959 to 2007 in Yunnan,a province located in a low-latitude plateau,this work analyzes the climatic characteristics and the corresponding large-scale circulation patterns related to the western North Pacific westward moving TCs(WMTCs).Its impacts on the rainfall in the Yunnan Plateau are studied.Results show that WMTCs happen almost every year,mainly from July to September.It shows a downward trend in decadal variation.Nearly the entire Yunnan area is affected by them but the eastern part experiences the most severe influences.Most of the WMTCs migrate from the South China Sea,primarily make landfall in Hainan and Guangdong and enter the Northern Bay.The tracks of these typhoons can be classified into five categories,in which the most significant impact results from those making landfall in Guangdong.All categories of the tropical cyclones can induce province-wide heavy rainfall in Yunnan.Super typhoons bring about the heaviest and most extensive rainfall over the low-latitude plateau while the associated circulation pattern is marked with a dominant 500 hPa meridional circulation at middle latitudes,an active monsoon depression and Intertropical Convection Zone(ITCZ) at low latitudes and a westward-located South Asia High at 100 hPa,which is favorable for tropical cyclones to travel westward.WMTCs tend to go westward into the interior part of China if the subtropical high extends its westernmost ridge point to the northeast of Yunnan,or expands its periphery anti-cyclonic circulation to the Tibetan Plateau,or merges with the Qinghai-Tibetan high.

Statistical characteristics of heavy metals content in groundwater and their interrelationships in a certain antimony mine area

In recent years, most of domestic and foreign researches about heavy metal pollutions of metal mine mainly focus on water, soil and plants on the surface. There is lack of researches about heavy metal pollution in groundwater of metal mine. In this research, a certain antimony mine area is selected as a typical study area. Also, the study about statistical characteristics of heavy metals in groundwater has been carried out. Furthermore, the interrelationships have been preliminarily discussed through related analysis, such as relevant analysis, cluster analysis and principle component analysis. The results show that: the excessive elements in groundwater of study area are Sb, As, Pb, Se, and Ni. The average mass concentration of Sb, As, and Pb is higher than that of drinking water standards(GB5749-2006). The concentration of most heavy metals in dry season is lower than or equal to that in wet season for groundwater. Zn is the only metal in groundwater showing a different pattern, the concentration of which in dry season is higher than that in wet season. Under the impacts of stratum leaching and absorption effect, the concentration of heavy metals(except Pb and Ba) in groundwater are lower than or equal to that in surface water. As and Se, the two heavy metals have a significant positive correlation, which shows the two elements might have gone through similar environmental geochemical effect. Also, the connection among Zn, Hg, Pb, and Mn is not obvious; therefore, the sources of those elements are quite different. In addition, the elements of Se and As have obvious positive interrelationship with elements of CO_3^(2-) and F^-. Also, the Pb has significant positive correlation with PO_4^(3-), H_2SiO_3 and oxygen consumption. The results of cluster analysis show that 9 different heavy metals in the study area can be divided into 3 categories: Zn, Cd, Mn, Hg, Cu, and Cr belong to the first category, Se and As belong to the second one, and the last category is Pb. Also, the principle component analysis divides 6 heavy metals(Zn, As, Hg, Pb, Mn, and Se) into 4 different principle components, which can be utilized to assess heavy metals pollution situations in groundwater. The reliability of this method is higher than 91%. Moreover, the research provides theory basis and models for establishing evaluation index system and exploring the evaluation method of heavy mental pollution in groundwater.

Statistical Characteristics of the Temporal Spectrum of Scattered Radiation in the Equatorial Ionosphere

On the basis of the solution of the space-time characteristic system by the method of geometric optics using symbolic calculations,analytical and numerical simulation of the propagation of the ordinary and extraordinary radio waves in the conducting equatorial ionospheric plasma was made considering the anisotropy of plasma irregularities and non-stationary nature of propagation medium.Broadening of the spectrum and the displacement of its maximum contain velocity of a turbulent plasma flow and parameters characterizing anisotropic plasmonic structures.Statistical moments of both radio waves do not depend on the absorption sign and are valid for both active and absorptive random media.Temporal pulsations and conductivity of a turbulent ionospheric plasma have an influence on the evaluation of the spectrum-varying propagation distances travelling by these waves.The new double-humped effect in the temporal spectrum has been revealed for the ordinary wave varying anisotropy coefficient and dip angle of stretched plasmonic structures.From a theoretical point of view,the algorithms developed in this work allow effective modelling of the propagation of both radio signals in the equatorial conductive ionospheric plasma,considering the external magnetic field,inhomogeneities of electron density in-homogeneities,as well as non-stationary.

Low-Level Temperature Inversions and Their Effect on Aerosol Condensation Nuclei Concentrations under Different Large-Scale Synoptic Circulations

Knowledge of the statistical characteristics of inversions and their effects on aerosols under different large-scale synoptic circulations is important for studying and modeling the diffusion of pollutants in the boundary layer. Based on results gen- erated using the self-organizing map （SOM） weather classification method, this study compares the statistical characteristics of surface-based inversions （SBIs） and elevated inversions （EIs）, and quantitatively evaluates the effect of SBIs on aerosol condensation nuclei （CN） concentrations and the relationship between temperature gradients and aerosols for six prevailing synoptic patterns over the the Southern Great Plains （SGP） site during 2001-10. Large-scale synoptic patterns strongly influ- ence the statistical characteristics of inversions and the accumulation of aerosols in the low-level atmosphere. The activity, frequency, intensity, and vertical distribution of inversions are significantly different among these synoptic patterns. The verti- cal distribution of inversions varies diurnally and is significantly different among the different synoptic patterns. Anticyclonic patterns affect the accumulation of aerosols near the ground more strongly than cyclonic patterns. Mean aerosol CN con- centrations increase during SBIs compared to no inversion cases by 16.1%, 22.6%, 24.5%, 58.7%, 29.8% and 23.7% for the six synoptic patterns. This study confirms that there is a positive correlation between temperature gradients and aerosol CN concentrations near the ground at night under similar large-scale synoptic patterns. The relationship is different for different synoptic patterns and can be described by linear functions. These findings suggest that large-scale synoptic patterns change the static stability of the atmosphere and inversions in the lower atmosphere, thereby influencing the diffusion of aerosols near the ground.

Calibration of LRFD Format for Steel Jacket Offshore Platforms in China Offshore Area(1) :Statistical Parameters of Loads and Resistances

The statistical characteristics and parameters of loads and resistances are systematically studied for the development of probabilistic limit state design method for steel jacket offshore platforms in the China offshore area. The mean value, standard variance and distribution pattern of resistances and loads in different base perieds are presented. The statistical parameters of structural member resistance, self-weight, deck live load, and environmental loads such as wind, wave, current and ice, which are drawn on a large amount of observatian data of offshore environmental factors, and the design data of platforms in China Bohai Sea form the data set, providing a necessary basis for the calibration of load and resistance factors to realize the reliability-based design of jacket platform structures.

A novel internet traffic identification approach using wavelet packet decomposition and neural network

Internet traffic classification plays an important role in network management, and many approaches have been proposed to classify different kinds of internet traffics. A novel approach was proposed to classify network applications by optimized back-propagation (BP) neural network. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to optimize the BP neural network. And in order to increase the identification performance, wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) was used to extract several hidden features from the time-frequency information of network traffic. The experimental results show that the average classification accuracy of various network applications can reach 97%. Moreover, this approach optimized by BP neural network takes 50% of the training time compared with the traditional neural network.