Control system design for a pressure-tube-type supercritical water-cooled nuclear reactor via a higher order sliding mode method

Nuclear power plants exhibit non-linear and time-variable dynamics.Therefore,designing a control system that sets the reactor power and forces it to follow the desired load is complicated.A supercritical water reactor(SCWR)is a fourth-generation conceptual reactor.In an SCWR,the non-linear dynamics of the reactor require a controller capable of control-ling the nonlinearities.In this study,a pressure-tube-type SCWR was controlled during reactor power maneuvering with a higher order sliding mode,and the reactor outgoing steam temperature and pressure were controlled simultaneously.In an SCWR,the temperature,pressure,and power must be maintained at a setpoint(desired value)during power maneuvering.Reactor point kinetics equations with three groups of delayed neutrons were used in the simulation.Higher-order and classic sliding mode controllers were separately manufactured to control the plant and were compared with the PI controllers speci-fied in previous studies.The controlled parameters were reactor power,steam temperature,and pressure.Notably,for these parameters,the PI controller had certain instabilities in the presence of disturbances.The classic sliding mode controller had a higher accuracy and stability;however its main drawback was the chattering phenomenon.HOSMC was highly accurate and stable and had a small computational cost.In reality,it followed the desired values without oscillations and chattering.

Sliding Mode Control of Hydraulic Pressure in Electro-Hydraulic Brake System Based on the Linearization of Higher-Order Model

The possibility to enhance the stability and robustness of electrohydraulic brake(EHB)systems is considered a subject of great importance in the automotive field.In such a context,the present study focuses on an actuator with a four-way sliding valve and a hydraulic cylinder.A 4-order nonlinear mathematical model is introduced accordingly.Through the linearization of the feedback law of the high order EHB model,a sliding mode control method is proposed for the hydraulic pressure.The hydraulic pressure tracking controls are simulated and analyzed by MATLAB/Simulink soft considering separately different conditions,i.e.,a sine wave,a square wave and a square wave with superimposed sine disturbance.The results show that the proposed strategy can track the target within 0.25 s,and the mean observed error is less than 1.2 bar.Moreover,with such a strategy,faster response and less overshoot are possible,which should be regarded as significant advantages.

Sliding Mode Predictive Control of Main Steam Pressure in Coal-fired Power Plant Boiler

Since the combustion system of coal-fired boiler in thermal power plant is characterized as time varying, strongly coupled, and nonlinear, it is hard to achieve a satisfactory performance by the conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) control scheme. For the characteristics of the main steam pressure in coal-fired power plant boiler, the sliding mode control system with Smith predictive structure is proposed to look for performance and robustness improvement. First, internal model control (IMC) and Smith predictor (SP) is used to deal with the time delay, and sliding mode controller (SMCr) is designed to overcome the model mismatch. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed controller compared with conventional ones.

Adaptive fuzzy integral sliding mode pressure control for cutter feeding system of trench cutter

A nonlinear pressure controller was presented to track desired feeding pressure for the cutter feeding system(CFS) of trench cutter(TC) in the presence of unknown external disturbances.The feeding pressure control of CFS is subjected to unknown load characteristics of rock or soil; in addition,the geological condition is time-varying.Due to the complex load characteristics of rock or soil,the feeding velocity of TC is related to geological conditions.What is worse,its dynamic model is subjected to uncertainties and its function is unknown.To deal with the particular characteristics of CFS,a novel adaptive fuzzy integral sliding mode control(AFISMC) was designed for feeding pressure control of CFS,which combines the robust characteristics of an integral sliding mode controller and the adaptive adjusting characteristics of an adaptive fuzzy controller.The AFISMC feeding pressure controller is synthesized using the backstepping technique.The stability of the overall closed-loop system consisting of the adaptive fuzzy inference system,integral sliding mode controller and the cutter feeding system is proved using Lyapunov theory.Experiments are conducted on a TC test bench with the AFISMC under different operating conditions.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed AFISMC feeding pressure controller for CFS gives a superior and robust pressure tracking performance with maximum pressure tracking error within ?0.3 MPa.

The effective pressure law for permeability of clay-rich sandstones

To study the relative sensitivity of permeability to pore pressure Pp and confining pressure Pc for clay-rich rocks, permeability measurements were performed on samples of four clay-rich sandstones. A new method （hereafter denoted the ＂slide method＂） was developed and used for analyzing the permeability data obtained. The effective pressure coefficients for permeability nk were calculated. The values of nk were found to be greater than 1.0 and insensitive to changes in pressure. These results confirmed observations previously made on clay-rich rocks. Also, the coefficients nk obtained had different characteristics for different samples because of differences in the types of clay they contained. The effective pressure law （σeff=Pc-nkPp） determined using the slide method gave better results about k（oefr） than classic Terzaghi＇s law （σeff=Pc-nkPp）.

Study on Interface Friction Model for Engineering Materials Testing on Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Tests

Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has become a frequently used technique to measure the uniaxial compressive stress-strain relation of various engineering materials at high strain-rates. The accuracy of an SHPB test is based on the assumption of uniaxial and uniform stress distribution within the specimen, which, however, is not always satisfied in an actual SHPB test due to the existence of some unavoidable negative factors, e.g., interface friction constrains. Kinetic interface friction tests based on a simple device for engineering materials testing on SHPB tests are performed. A kinetic interface friction model is proposed and validated by implementing it into a numerical model. It shows that the proposed simple device is sufficient to obtain kinetic interface friction results for common SHPB tests. The kinetic friction model should be used instead of the frequently used constant friction model for more accurate numerical simulation of SHPB tests.

Limit analysis method for active earth pressure on laggings between stabilizing piles

Stabilizing pile is a kind of earth shoring structure frequently used in slope engineering. When the piles have cantilever segments above the ground,laggings are usually installed to avoid collapse of soil between piles. Evaluating the earth pressure acting on laggings is of great importance in design process.Since laggings are usually less stiff than piles,the lateral pressure on lagging is much closer to active earth pressure. In order to estimate the lateral earth pressure on lagging more accurately,first,a model test of cantilever stabilizing pile and lagging systems was carried out. Then,basing the experimental results a three-dimensional sliding wedge model was established. Last,the calculation process of the total active force on lagging is presented based on the kinematic approach of limit analysis. A comparison is made between the total active force on lagging calculated by the formula presented in this study and the force on a same-size rigid retaining wall obtained from Rankine's theory. It is found that the proposed method fits well with the experimental results.Parametric studies show that the total active force on lagging increases with the growth of the lagging height and the lagging clear span; while decreases asthe soil internal friction angle and soil cohesion increase.

Concentric Annular Clearance-Controllable Pressure Characteristics Research of a High Pressure Pneumatic Pressure Assembly

High pressure is an important development orientation in pneumatic field,since it can not only improve dynamic characteristics of pneumatic system but also decrease the size of components and mounting space.Due to the advantages of high energy density and high instant expansibility,high pressure gas has been widely used in many applications.However,systematic researches are lacked especially in pressure characteristics which are very important in pneumatic system at present.In a high pressure pneumatic system,the pressure of a fixed cavity with annular clearance needs to be controlled within a wide range,so a single stage proportional slide valve is proposed to satisfy the requirements of high pressure and low flow rate.First,working principle and structure of the pressure assembly and the slide valve are introduced.Then mathematical model of the high pressure pneumatic system is built up;controllable pressure range is simulated,and influence of uncertain factors,such as fit clearance of the pressure valve and the cavity on controllable pressure,is discussed.Finally,a test bench of the pressure assembly is built up,and the controllable pressure and step response experiments are carried out.Both simulation and experimental results show that the designed slide valve can satisfy the requirements well.The proposed clearance presumption method based on simulation and experimental results is valuable for indirect measurement of processing tolerance.

Robust nonlinear control for nuclear reactors using sliding mode observer to estimate the xenon concentration

This paper presents findings on the sliding mode controller for a nuclear reactor. One of the important operations in nuclear power plants is load following. In this paper, a sliding mode control system, which is a robust nonlinear controller, is designed to control the pressurizedwater reactor power. The reactor core is simulated based on the point kinetics equations and six delayed neutron groups. Considering neutron absorber poisons and regarding the limitations of the xenon concentration measurement, a sliding mode observer is designed to estimate its value, and finally, a sliding mode control based on the sliding mode observer is presented to control the core power of reactor. The stability analysis is given by means Lyapunov approach; thus, the control system is guaranteed to be stable within a large range. The employed method is easy to implement in practical applications, and moreover,the sliding mode control exhibits the desired dynamic properties during the entire output-tracking process independent of perturbations. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed observerbased controller in terms of performance, robustness and stability.

Lows of Wear Process of the Friction Pair “0.45% Carbon Steel—Polytetrafluoroethylene” during Sliding from the Position of Fracture Mechanics

The results of the tests for a friction pair “a cylindrical specimen made of 0.45% carbon steel—a counter specimen-liner made of polytetrafluoroethyleneF4-B” during sliding friction are presented. The test results at different levels of contact load are analyzed using the Archard’s equation and are presented as a friction fatigue curve. The concept of the frictional stress intensity factor during sliding friction is introduced, and an expression that relates the wear rate to this factor and is close in shape to the Paris equation in fracture mechanics is proposed.

曲面滑坡条件下h型抗滑桩受力性状模型试验研究

依托公路大型滑坡治理工程,设计物理模型试验装置,设置同一滑面和桩体锚固深度,进行6组h型抗滑桩室内模型试验,分析不同连梁长度及后排桩悬臂段高度(连梁高度)时桩顶位移变化规律、桩身弯矩和桩后土压力分布特征,研究曲面滑坡条件下h型抗滑桩受力性状及其内在机制,并给出桩后滑坡推力抛物线型分布的一般函数表达式。试验结果表明:h型抗滑桩受力过程桩顶水平位移变化表现出较为明显的三阶段特征,桩身弯矩分布呈现正、负交变现象,后排桩桩顶水平位移及桩身弯矩明显大于前排桩;降低后排桩悬臂段高度不影响桩身弯矩分布特征,但对于桩顶水平位移及桩身弯矩量值,后排桩明显减小,前排桩有所增大;增减连梁长度对前、后排桩之间荷载传递与协同受力特性影响显著,使得前、后排桩水平变形及桩身弯矩随之产生变化;连梁正、负弯矩极值均处于连梁端部,相比于连梁长度,连梁弯矩的大小及分布形态受后排桩悬臂段长度的影响更为明显;随着连梁长度的减小或后排桩悬臂段长度的增加,后排桩桩后土压力表现出抛物线型、重心偏下的抛物线型及近似梯形的分布形态。此外,给出的滑坡推力函数表达式能较好的表征其抛物线型分布特征,通过调整合力作用点参数,亦可对滑坡推力近似梯形的分布类型进行描述。

基于倾斜滑裂面假设的浅埋盾构隧道松动土压力研究

随着地铁建设的快速发展,隧道上方松动土压力的计算成了隧道工程领域的研究热点,而隧道松动区的确定对松动土压力的计算至关重要。为简便而准确地确定松动区的范围,首先假设松动区的边界为倾斜直线,然后基于Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则并考虑隧道尺寸、埋深等因素的影响推导滑裂角计算式,进而确定隧道周围地层的松动区范围。最后结合松动区土体主应力轴旋转理论以及倾斜滑裂面的假设,推导出滑裂面上的侧压力系数以及隧道松动土压力的计算式。结果表明:滑裂角随土体内摩擦角的增大而增大,随隧道埋深比的增大先减小然后趋于稳定;大主应力轨迹线为圆弧时计算更为简便、更易推广,可采用圆弧形大主应力轨迹的假设计算隧道松动土压力;松动土压力计算式所得结果和实际的试验结果吻合较好,因此该计算式可应用于砂土地质条件下浅埋盾构隧道上方的松动土压力计算。

水平井滑套完井管柱井筒压降预测方法与应用

为解决滑套完井管柱水平井流入动态预测难题,基于自主研制的生产井筒流动物理模拟装置,开展了不同井筒主流和孔眼入流条件下滑套完井管柱井筒内的油、水单液相流动测试,建立滑套完井管柱井筒水力摩阻系数计算式与压降方程,研究井筒压降分布与流入动态特征的关系,并在番禺油田进行应用。结果表明:对于滑套完井管柱,滑套开孔、孔眼入流产生的附加阻力远大于滑套开度,约占总压降的10%~70%;在层流条件下,滑套开孔和孔眼入流对井筒主流都起阻碍作用;在湍流条件下,滑套开孔起阻碍作用,而孔眼入流起减阻作用;建立的水力摩阻系数表达式与压降方程误差小于1.00%,能够有效表征滑套开孔、孔眼入流等因素产生的附加阻力。研究成果可用于预测油井流入动态,为滑套完井管柱滑套开度的调节提供指导。

微纳尺度固体超滑研究进展

超润滑,指摩擦阻力极低的状态,是润滑技术发展追求的终极目标.超滑能够大幅度减小甚至消除滑动界面的摩擦磨损、抑制摩擦能量耗散,有效延长运动部件的可靠性和服役寿命,具有重要的基础研究和工程应用价值.鉴于微纳尺度固体超滑是实现宏观工程超滑的基础,是可能解决现代制造业超精密、微型化发展面临严重摩擦磨损瓶颈问题的有效途径,因此有必要对学术界目前实现微纳尺度固体超滑的原理和典型方法进行探讨,深化认识固体超滑的实现策略,提高摩擦学研究服务现代文明的支撑能力.从早期的生活生产经验总结,到近代的机械啮合理论、黏着学说乃至当代原子分子水平摩擦理论,人们对摩擦和润滑的认识不断提高,但都不曾回避“摩擦总是伴随着动能/机械能消耗”的观点,即摩擦是界面滑动发生能量耗散的力学体现,滑动势垒的存在是滑动产生摩擦阻力的本征原因.因此,本文中将围绕如何降低滑动势垒、减小摩擦耗散的思辨理念,介绍当前固体超滑研究的发展和现状,着重探讨实现微纳尺度超滑的一般策略,简要综述学术界目前典型固体超润滑的原理和方法等.首先,介绍了结构超滑的提出、发展及其应用;其次,探讨了连续滑动超低摩擦行为的基础原理及应用等;此外,阐述了近年来提出的压力诱导超滑的理念,着重从现象发现、基本原理、试验观测方法及其可能的基础和应用价值等方面,介绍了压力诱导超滑的研究进展.最后,从基础研究和应用技术开发方面提出了超滑研究可能需要加强的几方面内容.以期通过当前综述,丰富学术界对超润滑的基本问题、科学意义及其应用价值的认识,阐明固体超滑的微观机理、实现策略,指出固体超滑面临的挑战及发展方向,助力固体超润滑从基础研究向工程应用迈进.

10MW三次再热空气透平技术特点

综述了10MW三次再热空气透平开发、研制的技术路线及其独特性、先进性。阐述了全滑压范围内满负荷运行的研究方法,描述了双缸双转速的结构布局。该空气透平的开发对大容量机组的发展具有重要意义。

半封闭式车站列车风压极值分布规律研究

为了研究半封闭式车站内风压极值的分布规律,对高速列车通过高铁站时引起的列车风压进行数值模拟,并通过现场实测数据验证数值模型的准确性。基于验证的数值模型,研究列车分别以250 km/h、300 km/h和350 km/h的速度通过高铁站时,两个典型区域(临近站台区Ⅰ、远离站台区Ⅱ)的风压(头波、尾波的正压和负压)极值分布规律,并提出相应的风压极值经验公式。研究结果表明:风压极值与列车速度之间呈非线性关系;相同的车速下,区域Ⅰ和区域Ⅱ内列车风压极值随着水平距离的增加呈指数函数形式衰减,而衰减的速度与高度成反比;当水平距离小于15 m时,相同高度下区域Ⅰ的头波正压极值总是比区域Ⅱ的大,而区域Ⅰ的头波负压极值的绝对值又总比区域Ⅱ的小;当水平距离超过15 m时,车站内的风压极值逐渐趋于稳定,并且区域Ⅰ内趋于稳定的风压极值要强于区域Ⅱ;所提经验公式能够较为准确地描述半封闭式高铁站内列车风压极值分布规律。研究成果可为半封闭式车站的结构设计提供参考。

基于多模式加速及反步滑模的航空发动机压气机压力模拟方法

在航空发动机硬件在环仿真试验中,压气机出口压力模拟是一个重要的环节。为模拟压气机失稳过程中的气流突变现象,需要设计一种高精度的压力模拟系统,通过该模拟系统生成真实压力信号为全权限数字发动机控制器提供准确的压力激励。根据开关阀特性提出多模式加速切换策略,设计加速驱动波形及生成方法,结合现场可编程门阵列模块精确输出加速波形,提高开关阀启闭速度;在传统三模式与五模式切换的基础上设计七模式切换方法,结合反步滑模控制方法提高控制精度并证明了控制系统的稳定性。研究结果表明:在稳态压力测试中最大平均超调量为1.25%,最大平均稳态误差为0.016 MPa;在随机阶跃响应试验与正弦跟踪试验中仅有低于0.02 MPa的平均误差;压力模拟方法可满足航空发动机硬件在环仿真试验的高精度压力模拟需求,低成本的实现精准模拟压力。

压力脉冲测试系统滑模抗干扰控制方法

针对压力脉冲测试系统运用滑模控制在体积切换时抖振突出的问题,提出一种滑模抗干扰控制方法。采用奇异值摄动理论对压力脉冲测试系统进行降阶简化,方便控制器的设计以及应用。根据系统降阶模型,构建扩张状态观测器,用于估计系统中的不确定参数和工件体积切换等未知干扰,并将估计的干扰值作为前馈信号补偿给滑模控制器,从而减小干扰不确定上界,减小切换增益来达到抑制抖振的目的。通过选择合适的Lyapunov函数对所提控制方法的稳定性进行了推导证明,使用AMESim、Matlab/Simulink构建的联合仿真平台进行仿真分析,并通过压力脉冲测试台进行了实验验证。研究结果表明:在整体跟踪性能方向,传统滑模控制方法相较于PID方法提升了21.10%,而所提控制方法相较于PID方法提升了30.86%,所提控制方法可以有效估计与补偿未知干扰,实现更小切换增益的同时保持控制精度,在工件体积切换时有效抑制了滑模抖振,提高了系统的抗干扰能力。

基于滑动窗口集成即时学习算法的ALD工艺压强预测

原子层沉积(ALD)设备被广泛应用于半导体、新材料、光伏产业中制备高质量纳米膜。针对制膜过程中关闭真空计,导致压强数据缺失,无法判断反应源是否通入及设备是否正常运行的问题,采用软测量方法预测制膜过程中的压强。为提高软测量对不同工艺条件及配方的预测泛化能力,提出采用基于滑动窗口的集成即时学习法(BaggingMwLWPLS)对压强进行实时建模及预测,使用滑动窗口划分数据集,采用Bagging集成算法将局部加权偏最小二乘法(LWPLS)的预测值平均融合作为预测压强。结果表明:该方法能自适应预测不同工艺配方的实时压强,且预测快速、准确、不易受噪声干扰,实现设备压强状态和性能的实时监控。

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation on the effect of fissure water pressure in vertical sliding surface

This paper studies the effect of fissure water pressure in different fractures on the critical angle of landslide by laboratory investigation and numerical simulation in order to understand the mechanisms of fissure water pressure on landslide stability. Laboratory observations show that the effect of fissure water pressure on the critical angle of landslide is little when the distance between water-holding fracture and slope toe is three times greater than the depth of fissure water. These experimental results are also simulated by a three-dimensional face-to-face contact discrete element method. This method has included the fissure water pressure and can accurately calculate the critical angle of jointed slope when fissure water pressure in vertical sliding surface exists. Numerical results are in good agreement with experimental observations. It is revealed that the location of water-holding structural surface is important to landslide stability. The ratio of the distance between water-holding fissure and slope toe to the depth of fissure water is a key parameter to justify the effect of fissure water pressure on the critical angle of landslide.