The microstructure of 40Cr steel sample and its surface is ultra-fined through salt-bath cyclic quenching and high frequency hardening, then the superplasticity is studied under isothermal superplastic compressive def...The microstructure of 40Cr steel sample and its surface is ultra-fined through salt-bath cyclic quenching and high frequency hardening, then the superplasticity is studied under isothermal superplastic compressive deformation condition. The experimental results indicate that the stress-strain curves are shown to take place obvious superplastic flow characteristic at the temperature of 750-770℃ and at the initial strain rate of (1.7-5.0)×10-4 s-1. Its strain rate sensitivity is 0.30-0.38, the steady superplastic flow stress is 60-70MPa, the superplastic flow activation energy is 198-217kJ/mol, and it is close to α-Fe grain boundary self-diffusion activation energy. The super-plastic compressive constitute equations of this steel are correspondingly set up. Due to the finer microstructure of high frequency hardening, it appears bigger strain rate sensitivity value, smaller the steady superplastic flow stress and the superplastic flow activation energy, so it has better superplastic deformation capability.展开更多
The buffer layer material itself may be influential to the bond strength between active brazing filler and ceramics.For Ag_(57)Cu_(38)Ti_5 filler metal,Cu or Ta is excellent buffer layer material, but Kovar or Ni-15Cr...The buffer layer material itself may be influential to the bond strength between active brazing filler and ceramics.For Ag_(57)Cu_(38)Ti_5 filler metal,Cu or Ta is excellent buffer layer material, but Kovar or Ni-15Cr-15Co is worse.It was important to design a layer of soft buffer,such as Cu,to relax interfacial stress rather than hard buffer layer,such as Mo,to avoid stress. There is an optimum thickness range of soft buffer layer,saying h/L=0.02—0.1. It was a good solution to the interfacial stress problem to use soft/hard buffer layer to increase metal/ceramics joint strength.Finally,an idea of designing gradual materials as buffer layer between metal and ceramics was suggested.展开更多
Vacuum brazing of TiAl alloy to 40Cr steel was carried out in a vacuum furnace using Ti40 Zr10 CU34. 95 Ni11. 2Sn3.85 , Ti51Zr8.7 Cu24. 5 Ni11.8 Sn4 and pure copper foils, and the mierostructure and microhardness of t...Vacuum brazing of TiAl alloy to 40Cr steel was carried out in a vacuum furnace using Ti40 Zr10 CU34. 95 Ni11. 2Sn3.85 , Ti51Zr8.7 Cu24. 5 Ni11.8 Sn4 and pure copper foils, and the mierostructure and microhardness of the resultant joints were investigated. The experimental results reveal that FeTi compounds formed in the brazing seam made with pure copper foil. However, the FeTi compounds were not detected when using Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni-Sn foils and the brazing seams were composed of two layers, one layer mixed Ti（ Ni, Cu）Al and Ti-Al compounds, and the other mixed the filler metal matrix with Ti-Sn and Ti （Ni, Cu ） compounds. The microhardness test results show that the brazing seams have higher microhardness values than the TiAl alloy and 40Cr steel base metals. Moreover, the microhardness in the brazing seam. made with Ti51 Zr8 7 Cu24 5N i11.8Sn4 is higher than those made with Ti 40 Zr , o Cu34. 95 Ni l12 Sn3 a5 and pure copper.展开更多
Based on ANSYS FEM software, the distribution of residual stress in the diffusion bonding joints between Ti（ C,N） metallic ceramic/interlayer/4OCr steel was calculated and experimentally ver^ed. The results showed t...Based on ANSYS FEM software, the distribution of residual stress in the diffusion bonding joints between Ti（ C,N） metallic ceramic/interlayer/4OCr steel was calculated and experimentally ver^ed. The results showed that the trend on the distribution of residual stress field in the joints was not changed with the use of interlayer. The maximum residual stress was always located in metallic ceramic with area ranging from 1 mm to 4 mm to the interlayer. The maximum residual stress in the joints was also affected by diffusion temperature. The satellite pulse current during the initial stage on diffusion bonding can promote the formation of liquid film at the interface, by which diffusion temperature and loading pressure can be greatly decreased. The crack initiation was easily produced at the corner of Ti （ C, N） metallic ceramic close to the interlayer. If a higher residual stress produced in the joints, the crack was propagated into the whole ceramic.展开更多
The superplastic deformation characteristics, of commercial 40Cr (i.e., 5140) steel that was water-quenched only 1 times and subsequent high-temperature tempered, were investigated. The results showed that the 40Cr st...The superplastic deformation characteristics, of commercial 40Cr (i.e., 5140) steel that was water-quenched only 1 times and subsequent high-temperature tempered, were investigated. The results showed that the 40Cr steel has a fine grain of 10-15μm at room temperature, and exhibits a tensile elongation of 304%, a true flow stress of 89.3MPa and a strain rate sensitivity m-value of 0.227 at the initial strain rate of 1.0×10-3s-1and at the temperature of 750°C. The final fracture is caused by the development of neck. The experimental result of elongation is in good agreement with the theoretically predicated value according to the analytical expression (where ef, m, f, nv and ε is respectively elongation, average strain rate sensitivity, initial geometric defect, average strain hardening sensitivity at constant deformation velocity and average true strain). The fracture surface is intergraular, and superplastic deformation induces an equiaxed and grown grain. Decreasing strain rate increases tensile elongation and strain rate sensitivity m-value. The primary superplastic deformation mechanism is thought to be atom-diffusion-controlled grain boundary sliding.展开更多
The effects of Cu foil and Ni foil on the mechanical properties of YG8 hard carbide/4OCr steel brazed joints were investigated. The results show that both Cu foil and Ni foil were beneficial to decrease the residual s...The effects of Cu foil and Ni foil on the mechanical properties of YG8 hard carbide/4OCr steel brazed joints were investigated. The results show that both Cu foil and Ni foil were beneficial to decrease the residual stress and enhance the joint strength. Moreover, Ni foil exhibited the better impact on enhancing the joint strength relative to Cu foil. When Cu foil was used as interlayer material, the key factor to restrain the joint strength was the massive and quick dissolution of Cu. Therefore, in order to prevent the excessive dissolution of Cu foil, the process parameter should be controlled strictly in the brazing process.展开更多
Thermo-mechanical experiments on martensitic heat-resistant 40Cr10Si2Mo steel were conducted using a Gleeble simulator in temperature and strain rate ranges of 1073–1373 K and 0.1–20 s^(-1),respectively.Processing m...Thermo-mechanical experiments on martensitic heat-resistant 40Cr10Si2Mo steel were conducted using a Gleeble simulator in temperature and strain rate ranges of 1073–1373 K and 0.1–20 s^(-1),respectively.Processing maps were developed and correlated with deformed microstructures based on the dynamic material model theory.The analysis of the maps revealed that both applied temperature and strain rate had significant effects on the power dissipation efficiency and flow instability of the steel alloy.Electron backscatter diffraction analysis was also implemented to study the effect of deformation conditions on martensitic morphology.The results showed that higher temperatures and strain rates led to a fine martensitic packet,and the martensite lath increased in width at high temperatures.Two deformation domains,which exhibit different recrystallization processes,were recognized.The discontinuous dynamic recrystallization(DRX)mechanism in the low strain rate domain was characterized by the migration and growth of high-angle grains during straining.In contrast,in the high strain rate domain,the development of new grain boundaries is primarily associated with the deformation microbands in the low-temperature deformation domain.As the temperature increased,the high dislocation density accelerated the migration of the grain boundaries.Furthermore,the DRX mechanism changed from continuous DRX to post-DRX.This change in the DRX mechanism type was attributed to the time during which the sample remained high temperature after deformation.展开更多
In order to improve the performance of the metal rollers, Mo＋Y2O3 alloy powders were used to coat uniformly on the surface of 40Cr steel roller substrates for the laser surface alloying treatment by a CO2 laser, The ...In order to improve the performance of the metal rollers, Mo＋Y2O3 alloy powders were used to coat uniformly on the surface of 40Cr steel roller substrates for the laser surface alloying treatment by a CO2 laser, The results showed that many good consequences were ob- tained after adding the rare earth oxide Y2O3. The crystal grains of the alloy layer were significantly refined. The boundary of crystal grains was strengthened. The unifomaity and density of the microstructure were increased. The hardness and wearing resistance of the alloy layer were considerably improved. The valence electron structure analysis of the alloy layer was made by the empirical electron theory of solids and molecules （EET）. The calculated results demonstrated that Y should be mixed in the first stage and Fe should be in the eighteenth hybrid bands. The analyzed outcomes illustrated that the electron theory of the solid solution shows the strengthening effect on the alloying layer, which has enhanced bond and confirrned the experimental results.展开更多
ZrO 2 and 40Cr steel were brazed by inserting buffer Ni,4J33,Ti and Cu separately. The chemical composition of 4J33 and Ni will damage the wetting property of Ag 66 Cu 30 Ti 4 filler metal to ceramic and h...ZrO 2 and 40Cr steel were brazed by inserting buffer Ni,4J33,Ti and Cu separately. The chemical composition of 4J33 and Ni will damage the wetting property of Ag 66 Cu 30 Ti 4 filler metal to ceramic and hinder the interface reaction between the active filler metal and ZrO 2, so ZrO 2/40Cr steel can not be bonded. Cu and Ti can efficiently release the residual stresses in the ceramic without injuring the wettabilty of filler metal, so the high joining strength can be obtained by inserting Cu and Ti.展开更多
基金supported by State Key Laboratory of New Nonferrous Metal Materials Natural Science Foundation of He'nan Province,China(No.984040900)Natural Science Foundation of the Education Department of He'nan Province,China(No.2003430211).
文摘The microstructure of 40Cr steel sample and its surface is ultra-fined through salt-bath cyclic quenching and high frequency hardening, then the superplasticity is studied under isothermal superplastic compressive deformation condition. The experimental results indicate that the stress-strain curves are shown to take place obvious superplastic flow characteristic at the temperature of 750-770℃ and at the initial strain rate of (1.7-5.0)×10-4 s-1. Its strain rate sensitivity is 0.30-0.38, the steady superplastic flow stress is 60-70MPa, the superplastic flow activation energy is 198-217kJ/mol, and it is close to α-Fe grain boundary self-diffusion activation energy. The super-plastic compressive constitute equations of this steel are correspondingly set up. Due to the finer microstructure of high frequency hardening, it appears bigger strain rate sensitivity value, smaller the steady superplastic flow stress and the superplastic flow activation energy, so it has better superplastic deformation capability.
文摘The buffer layer material itself may be influential to the bond strength between active brazing filler and ceramics.For Ag_(57)Cu_(38)Ti_5 filler metal,Cu or Ta is excellent buffer layer material, but Kovar or Ni-15Cr-15Co is worse.It was important to design a layer of soft buffer,such as Cu,to relax interfacial stress rather than hard buffer layer,such as Mo,to avoid stress. There is an optimum thickness range of soft buffer layer,saying h/L=0.02—0.1. It was a good solution to the interfacial stress problem to use soft/hard buffer layer to increase metal/ceramics joint strength.Finally,an idea of designing gradual materials as buffer layer between metal and ceramics was suggested.
文摘Vacuum brazing of TiAl alloy to 40Cr steel was carried out in a vacuum furnace using Ti40 Zr10 CU34. 95 Ni11. 2Sn3.85 , Ti51Zr8.7 Cu24. 5 Ni11.8 Sn4 and pure copper foils, and the mierostructure and microhardness of the resultant joints were investigated. The experimental results reveal that FeTi compounds formed in the brazing seam made with pure copper foil. However, the FeTi compounds were not detected when using Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni-Sn foils and the brazing seams were composed of two layers, one layer mixed Ti（ Ni, Cu）Al and Ti-Al compounds, and the other mixed the filler metal matrix with Ti-Sn and Ti （Ni, Cu ） compounds. The microhardness test results show that the brazing seams have higher microhardness values than the TiAl alloy and 40Cr steel base metals. Moreover, the microhardness in the brazing seam. made with Ti51 Zr8 7 Cu24 5N i11.8Sn4 is higher than those made with Ti 40 Zr , o Cu34. 95 Ni l12 Sn3 a5 and pure copper.
基金The authors are grateful to the financial support for this research from National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 51175259） , Jiangsu Science and Technology Planning Project （No. BK2011494） and University Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province （ 11KJAd30005 ）.
文摘Based on ANSYS FEM software, the distribution of residual stress in the diffusion bonding joints between Ti（ C,N） metallic ceramic/interlayer/4OCr steel was calculated and experimentally ver^ed. The results showed that the trend on the distribution of residual stress field in the joints was not changed with the use of interlayer. The maximum residual stress was always located in metallic ceramic with area ranging from 1 mm to 4 mm to the interlayer. The maximum residual stress in the joints was also affected by diffusion temperature. The satellite pulse current during the initial stage on diffusion bonding can promote the formation of liquid film at the interface, by which diffusion temperature and loading pressure can be greatly decreased. The crack initiation was easily produced at the corner of Ti （ C, N） metallic ceramic close to the interlayer. If a higher residual stress produced in the joints, the crack was propagated into the whole ceramic.
文摘The superplastic deformation characteristics, of commercial 40Cr (i.e., 5140) steel that was water-quenched only 1 times and subsequent high-temperature tempered, were investigated. The results showed that the 40Cr steel has a fine grain of 10-15μm at room temperature, and exhibits a tensile elongation of 304%, a true flow stress of 89.3MPa and a strain rate sensitivity m-value of 0.227 at the initial strain rate of 1.0×10-3s-1and at the temperature of 750°C. The final fracture is caused by the development of neck. The experimental result of elongation is in good agreement with the theoretically predicated value according to the analytical expression (where ef, m, f, nv and ε is respectively elongation, average strain rate sensitivity, initial geometric defect, average strain hardening sensitivity at constant deformation velocity and average true strain). The fracture surface is intergraular, and superplastic deformation induces an equiaxed and grown grain. Decreasing strain rate increases tensile elongation and strain rate sensitivity m-value. The primary superplastic deformation mechanism is thought to be atom-diffusion-controlled grain boundary sliding.
基金This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Educational Office of Jiangsu Province （Grant No. 05KJB460029）.
文摘The effects of Cu foil and Ni foil on the mechanical properties of YG8 hard carbide/4OCr steel brazed joints were investigated. The results show that both Cu foil and Ni foil were beneficial to decrease the residual stress and enhance the joint strength. Moreover, Ni foil exhibited the better impact on enhancing the joint strength relative to Cu foil. When Cu foil was used as interlayer material, the key factor to restrain the joint strength was the massive and quick dissolution of Cu. Therefore, in order to prevent the excessive dissolution of Cu foil, the process parameter should be controlled strictly in the brazing process.
基金received from Science and Technology Program of Xi'an(2020KJRC0051)The research leading to these results received funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Agreement No.52174371.
文摘Thermo-mechanical experiments on martensitic heat-resistant 40Cr10Si2Mo steel were conducted using a Gleeble simulator in temperature and strain rate ranges of 1073–1373 K and 0.1–20 s^(-1),respectively.Processing maps were developed and correlated with deformed microstructures based on the dynamic material model theory.The analysis of the maps revealed that both applied temperature and strain rate had significant effects on the power dissipation efficiency and flow instability of the steel alloy.Electron backscatter diffraction analysis was also implemented to study the effect of deformation conditions on martensitic morphology.The results showed that higher temperatures and strain rates led to a fine martensitic packet,and the martensite lath increased in width at high temperatures.Two deformation domains,which exhibit different recrystallization processes,were recognized.The discontinuous dynamic recrystallization(DRX)mechanism in the low strain rate domain was characterized by the migration and growth of high-angle grains during straining.In contrast,in the high strain rate domain,the development of new grain boundaries is primarily associated with the deformation microbands in the low-temperature deformation domain.As the temperature increased,the high dislocation density accelerated the migration of the grain boundaries.Furthermore,the DRX mechanism changed from continuous DRX to post-DRX.This change in the DRX mechanism type was attributed to the time during which the sample remained high temperature after deformation.
基金supported by the High Technology Research Project of Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province(GY[2008]3029,SY[2010]3037)
文摘In order to improve the performance of the metal rollers, Mo＋Y2O3 alloy powders were used to coat uniformly on the surface of 40Cr steel roller substrates for the laser surface alloying treatment by a CO2 laser, The results showed that many good consequences were ob- tained after adding the rare earth oxide Y2O3. The crystal grains of the alloy layer were significantly refined. The boundary of crystal grains was strengthened. The unifomaity and density of the microstructure were increased. The hardness and wearing resistance of the alloy layer were considerably improved. The valence electron structure analysis of the alloy layer was made by the empirical electron theory of solids and molecules （EET）. The calculated results demonstrated that Y should be mixed in the first stage and Fe should be in the eighteenth hybrid bands. The analyzed outcomes illustrated that the electron theory of the solid solution shows the strengthening effect on the alloying layer, which has enhanced bond and confirrned the experimental results.
文摘ZrO 2 and 40Cr steel were brazed by inserting buffer Ni,4J33,Ti and Cu separately. The chemical composition of 4J33 and Ni will damage the wetting property of Ag 66 Cu 30 Ti 4 filler metal to ceramic and hinder the interface reaction between the active filler metal and ZrO 2, so ZrO 2/40Cr steel can not be bonded. Cu and Ti can efficiently release the residual stresses in the ceramic without injuring the wettabilty of filler metal, so the high joining strength can be obtained by inserting Cu and Ti.
