Properties,Microstructures and Precipitate Morphology of Hot-rolled Interstital-Free(IF)Steel Sheets

In order to simplify production process and to decrease production cost of thicker cold-rolled iF steel sheets for deep drawing applications, a new hot-rolled IF steel sheet is developed through hot-rolling in or region. In this paper, properties, microstructures and precipitate morphology of hot-rolled iF steel sheets are described..

Laser brazing with filler wire for galvanized steel sheets

The process properties and interface behavior of CO_2 laser brazing with automatic wire feed for galvanized steel sheets were investigated, in which the brazing filler metal was CuSi3 and no flux was used. As to the appearance quality of the brazing seams, the roles of the processing parameters, such as brazing speed, wire feeding rate, inclination and feeding direction of the wire, laser power, spot diameter and heating position, were assessed. The further investigation indicates that the behavior of the active elements Si, Mn and Zn are significantly influenced by energy input. At the interface, the microstructure of the base metal was composed of columnar crystals and the acicular α solid solution was found on the filler metal side.

Recent Developments in the Study on Oriented Silicon Steel Sheets

Over the past several decades, the texture, properties and manufacture of quality silicon steels have been investigated for application in magnetic devices requiring magnetically soft materials, such as transformers, inductive devices, etc. Most recently, the factors effecting the texture and magnetic properties, e.g. impurities, rolling process and annealing process, have been greatly studied. The benefits of this study are that low core loss silicon steels with stable high-performance can be obtained through an economic production process. This review is intended to summarize the recent developments in the texture, properties, manufacture and application of oriented silicon steel sheets.

The production and practice of cold-rolled steel sheets for automobile

Shougang Group has carried out a strategic structure adjustment in order to realize the promise of Chinese people to the Olympic Games.Automotive sheets are chosen as a type of strategic product and an engine to upgrade enterprise management,technology and operation to reach the top international level during the transition from long products to steel sheets in Shougang Group.Since 2006,Shougang Group has made an elaborate preparation on steel sheet culture,production line construction,technology import,pilot plant and talent reserve.It lays the foundation for the development of automotive sheets.The developing history of cold rolled automotive sheets is reviewed and the research and development of cold rolled automotive sheets, tackling key problem of defect on surface and the latest progress of automotive sheets construction are described in this paper.The main contents were given as follows:①The products of automotive sheets realize zero breakthrough in Shougang Group.Monthly output was 300 ton in January,2009 and it increased to 48 000 ton in June,2010.The ratio of IF steel sheets increases to 70%from 40%.The proportion of outside panel in automotive sheets occupys more than 15%.②A high emulational pilot plant is used as a product developing platform to develop successfully automotive sheets with 1 000 MPa and below.It guarantees that the industrial development of DP and TRIP sheets gets success at a time.It covers continuous annealing sheets with tensile strength≤780 MPa and galvanizing sheets with tensile strength≤590 MPa.③Individual design is used to meet special requirement of customer.Shougang owns 23 inner brands of LCAK and IF steels.It insures that the grades of yield strength cover whole range from 120 to 270 MPa.It keeps the stabilization of steel performance by means of chemical composition control and high accuracy rolling technology.For example,the strength of soft steel fluctuates within±15 MPa.④The steel sheets with surface grade O5 are produced steadily by solving forming striation of IF steel,grain coarse on surface,edge curling skin and mountains - and - waters painting defects.⑤The safeguard mechanism on quality of products is improved steadily and the output of automotive sheets and outside panel increases greatly by building consistency quality management system、information - system and customer service system.

Analysis of edge microstructural characteristics and stamping formability of low carbon pickled steel sheets

The microstructural characteristics and formability at the edges of low carbon pickled steel sheets have been investigated based on the generation of earing and cracking defects while drawing. The microstructure of the edge features coarse grains and mixed sized grains. The strength of the sheet edge is slightly lower than that at the center. Besides, the formability is obviously worsened. The plastic strain ratios along the longitudinal and transverse orientations are 0.31 and 0.6, respectively, with distinct anisotropy. The plastic strain ratio at the edge is obviously lower than that at the middle of the steel sheet. The observed microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties at the edge of the steel sheet can be attributed to the lower rolling temperature in the two-phase region of pro-eutectoid ferrite and austenite. These differences in microstructure and mechanical properties at the edge of the steel sheet lead to the generation of earing and cracking defects while drawing. The microstructure and mechanical properties at the edge of low carbon pickled steel sheets can be improved via the optimization of the rolling process and the adjustment of chemical composition.

Study on the formation of intermetallic phases in the new type of Zn-Mg coatings on steel sheets

Zn-Mg alloy coatings were obtained by physical vapor deposition （PVD） on electroplated steel sheets. Study on the formation of intermetallic phases in the coatings was conducted through the use of X-ray diffraction （XRD） ,scanning electron microscope （SEM） and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry （GDOES）. It is found that MgZn2 is the main Zn-Mg alloy phase formed after heat treatment. The formation of Mg-Zn intermetallic phases is controlled not only by thermodynamics, but also by kinetics. MgZn2 has different morphologies, such as laminar structure,porous structure and floc-like structure,which are mainly determined by the annealing temperature. Obvious diffusion of Mg starts at 350 ℃, and the diffusion of iron increases significantly when the temperature is elevated to 380℃.

Effect of surface roughness on the surface lubrication performance of galvanized steel sheets with a self-lubricated coating

Four kinds of galvanized steel sheets having different surface roughness values were used to prepare the steel sheets with a self-lubricated coating. The effects of surface roughness on the surface lubrication performance of the steel sheets were examined using a friction coefficient tester. Results revealed large dynamic friction coefficients for the galvanized steel sheets, which increased remarkably with surface roughness. Once the self-lubricated coating was applied, significant drops in the dynamic friction coefficients were measured. After the first stage of the friction test,the coefficients were almost unchanged, which reflected a weak dependence on the surface roughness of the self-lubricated steel sheets. However, the dynamic friction coefficients gradually increased as the test progressed, where these increase clearly correlated with the surface roughness of the self-lubricated steel sheets.

Dislocation Densites of Deformed Steel Sheets Based on Positron Annihilation

The variation regularity of dislocation densites of some deformed steel sheets under three kinds of strainpaths as uniaxial tension, plane strain and equal biaxial stretching was investigated by means of positron lifetimespectrum and Doppler-broadening techniques. The results show that the increasing rate of dislocation densites isrelated to the plastic strain path. A relationship between the increasing rate of micro-defects, macro-instability andforming limits during the process of steel sheet forming was got based on analyzing the mechanism of dislocationdensity increasing under different stress-strain condihons.

The corrosive behaviors of GI and IF steel sheets in salt water drops

The corrosive behaviors of hot-dip galvanized steel （G I） sheets and the corresponding interstitial free （IF） steel base sheets for use in automobiles were investigated by the classical salt water drop （SWD） test at room temperature. The corrosive processes and products were observed and analyzed through morphological observation, a scanning electronic microscope （SEM） and an energy dispersive spectrum （EDS）. The results show that the anodic and cathode sites can be distinguished clearly during and after the test. The propagation of rusting, and the color, distribution and composition of the final corrosive products of the two kinds of materials are quite different. The SWD corrosive mechanisms of steel with and without galvanized coating are both discussed in this paper.

Characteristics and application of Baosteel's Cr-free ultrathick J coat for non-oriented silicon steel sheets

Baosteel＇ s Cr-free ultrathick J coat for non-oriented silicon steel sheets has excellent insulation performance and has been successfully applied to middle and large scale electric power trains and wind electric power devices, which have stricter requirements than typical for coat insulation. In this paper, the characteristics and application of this type of coating for non-oriented silicon steel sheets were described in detail.

Effect of annealing parameters on mechanical properties of cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets

Cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets produced on continuous annealing lines with water quenching facility,have advantages of high strength and low alloying element contents.These are in good accordance with the trend of light-weighting and fuel saving for automotive steel.In this article,a cold-rolled martensitic steel is studied to investigate the effect of annealing parameters on its mechanical properties.It is found that the quenching temperature and the slow cooling speed as well as the overageing temperature have significant influence on the strength of the experimental steel.The temperature zone at which the austenite decomposition is slow or has not started may be chosen as the quenching temperature to ensure the steel’s strength stability.The slow cooling speed also influences the steel’s strength greatly.A high cooling rate will lead to significantly higher strength.Tempering would decrease the steel’s tensile strength but would increase its yield strength.

Development and application of Baosteel's cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets

Cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets are becoming widely applied in the automotive industry because of their ultra-high strength,which may result in satisfactory weight reduction. The grades of martensitic steel sheets are classified based on their tensile strength,which ranges from 980 to 1 700 MPa. The main applications include a series of structural parts of uniform cross-section or simple shape,such as bumper beams,door beams and door sills,etc. The study and development of cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets date back to 2007 in Baosteel,and some grades became commercially available in 2009. By 2015,Baosteel had commercially supplied thousands of tons of these steel sheets with tensile strength up to 1 400 MPa. Currently,1 500 MPa martensitic steel sheet is commercially available and 1 700 MPa martensitic steel sheet has been successfully produced. The process technology and application guides of Basoteel ＇s cold-rolled martensitic steels are summarized and analyzed in order to assist ongoing research and ensure correct applications of these ultra-high strength steel sheets.

Biaxial tensile behavior and yield loci of dual-phase steel sheets

The biaxial tensile tests were carried out to investigate the deformation behavior and yield loci of dual-phase （DP） steel sheets under biaxial tensile conditions. The true stress-true strain curves of DP steel sheets for different loading ratios were obtained, and the experimental yield loci were determined based on the equivalent plastic work principle. The experimental yield loci were compared to the theoretical yield loci based on Hi1148, Hi1190, Hi1193, Hosford, Barlat89, Yld2000-2d and Gotoh yield criteria. It is found that Yld2000-2d yield criterion can describe the general trends of experimental yield loci of DP steel sheets with comparably higher accuracy. Hosford criterion has the maximum error for DP590, whereas Hi1148 and Barlat89 have the maximum errors for DP780 and DP980.

Analytical model for ultimate loading capacities of continuous composite slabs with profiled steel sheets

Composite slabs with profiled steel sheet are widely applied in practical structures now. Plenty of literatures can be available about simply supported composite slabs with single span. However, continuous slabs always exist in high-rise building structures. In order to obtain the ultimate loading capacity of continuous composite slabs, the full scale test on slab specimens with high cost need to be carried out. This paper presented an analytical model for calculating the ultimate loading capacity of continuous composite slabs. Only the small-scale slide block test needed to be carried out for determining some mechanical parameters, resulting in less cost, compared with the conventional m-k test method. Various load conditions and parameters were considered in the analytical model. The comparison between test results and predicted results showed that the proposed method had enough precision. Furthermore, the simplified method was also proposed for practical design.

The Effect of Annealing Processes on Fish-Scaling Resistance in V-Ti-N Microalloyed Low Carbon Steel Sheets for Enameling

Annealing process will have greatly influence on microstructure of V,Ti and N microalloyed low carbon steel sheets.In this paper,the experimental steels with given amount of V,Ti and N elements were annealed at 4 routes to simulate batch annealing and continuous annealing processes,respectively.The enameling tests for the annealed steel sheets were undergone in same enameling and firing processes to study the relationship between microstructure and fishscale.The result shows that the cold-rolled steel sheets annealed at 750 ℃for 6 minutes even for 30 minutes exhibit excellent fishscale resistance.

Microstructure and texture evolution during recrystallization of low-carbon steel sheets

Aluminum killed low-carbon steel sheets were cold rolled at different reduction ratios and annealed using different temperatures and holding time.The Vickers hardness was examined.The results show that when cold rolling reduction ratios increase from 40% to 81%,recrystallization temperatures decrease from 602℃ to 572℃ during 4hisochronal annealing,as well recrystallization holding time decreases from 117 min to 5min during isothermal annealing at 610℃.All recrystallization temperatures and holding time can be calculated using the annealing experiment results.Microstructure was examined through electron backscattered diffraction（EBSD）.The results show that as rolling direction preferentially grows,equiaxed grains grow into cake-type during recrystallization.Cake-type grains are more beneficial to obtaining ideal〈111〉//ND（normal direcrtion）orientation texture.{111}orientation grains nucleate and grow up preferentially.Deformation grains of{111}〈110〉orientations grow into new recrystallization grains of{111}〈123〉and{111}〈112〉during recrystallization.Texture formation can be explained by directional nucleation.

Graphical method based on modified maximum force criterion to indicate forming limit curves of 22MnB5 boron steel sheets at elevated temperatures

A new approach for predicting forming limit curves(FLCs)at elevated temperatures was proposed herein.FLCs are often used to predict failure and determine the optimal forming parameters of automotive parts.First,a graphical method based on a modified maximum force criterion was applied to estimate the FLCs of 22MnB5 boron steel sheets at room temperature using various hardening laws.Subsequently,the predicted FLC data at room temperature were compared with corresponding data obtained from Nakazima's tests to obtain the best prediction.To estimate the FLC at elevated temperatures,tensile tests were conducted at various temperatures to determine the ratios of equivalent fracture strains between the corresponding elevated temperatures and room temperature.FLCs at elevated temperatures could be established based on obtained ratios.However,the predicted FLCs at elevated temperatures did not agree well with the corresponding FLC experimental data of Zhou et al.A new method was proposed herein to improve the prediction of FLCs at elevated temperatures.An FLC calculated at room tem-perature was utilized to predict the failure of Nakazima's samples via finite element simulation.Based on the simulation results at room temperature,the mathematical relationships between the equivalent ductile fracture strain versus stress triaxiality and strain ratio were established and then combined with ratios between elevated and room temperatures to calculate the FLCs at different temperatures.The predicted FLCs at elevated temperatures agree well with the corresponding experimental FLC data.

Effect of Cu Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of U-MIG Welds on Galvanized Steel Sheets

Ultrasonic-assisted metal inert gas(U-MIG)welding experiments were performed to analyze the effect of Cu addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of galvanized steel sheet welds,and first-principles calculations were undertaken to predict the effect of Cu on the mechanical properties ofα-Fe based structures.As shown by scanning electron microscopy analysis,Cu is conducive to the refinement and uniformity of the microstructure in the weld zone.Energy-dispersive spectrometry data indicated the presence of Cu in the welds after welding with Cu powder.The elastic moduli of the welds without and with Cu powder,obtained from nanoindentation tests,were(217.66±5.11)GPa and(223.13±9.12)GPa,respectively,which were close to the calculated results.The mechanical properties of the crystal structures ofα-Fe andα-Fe_(1.9)Cu_(0.1)were calculated using Materials Studio software.Both the experimental and calculated results showed that Cu doping reduced the bulk modulus of the weld but increased its shear modulus.

A Physical Core-Loss Model for Laminated Magnetic Sheet Steels

A full-frequency instant core-loss equation built from the induction physical model of magnetic materials, where the iron loss, eddy loss, and hysteresis loss no longer have an integral term, and this new equation provides high simulation accuracy and performs dynamic core loss analysis on non-sinusoidal or pulse magnetic fields. The simulation examples use a high-grade electrical steel sheet 65CS400 by Epstein experimental data covering magnetic field 0.1 - 1.8 T and frequency 50 - 5000 Hz, and the average error of the simulated core loss is less than 4%. Since the simulation is converged by magnetic physical parameters, so the physical relevance of the similar laminated materials can be compared with the coefficient results. .

Correlation of morphological anisotropy and Lankford value of deep drawing sheets hot-rolled by compact strip production

Cold-rolled steel sheets in automotive applications require an excellent deep draw ability, which is characterized by the Lankford value （r-value）. In this study, a correlation was identified between r-value and pancake-shaped grain flatness which is indicated as the ratio of grain diameter in the rolling direction （RD） and normal direction （ND） of sheets （dr/dn）. A mathematical model （ r = e^0.345（dn^1/2-dr^1/2） ） was developed to calculate r-value by the microstructure of steel sheets hot-rolled by compact strip production （CSP）. It is shown that the r-value is higher, if the microstructure of steel sheet is of pancake-shaped grains elongated in the rolling direction. The calculated r-value is confirmed to fit exactly to the measured one from the large-scale production.