Preparation and Characterization of Stellera Chamaejasme-Based Carbon Molecular Sieves

The activation effect of boric acid as an activator is good,and we investigate the best activation conditions for the boric acid impregnation method.To represent the structural characteristics and adsorption performance of the Stellera Chamaejasme based carbon molecular sieves,we use Brunner-Emmet-Teller(BET)measurements,scan-ning electron microscope(SEM),Raman spectra(Raman),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and adsorption property measurement.When the loading ratio was 0.68:1,the specific surface area was 532.21 m^(2)/g,the total pore volume was 0.24 cm 3/g,the average pore size was 1.81 nm,the adsorption value of methylene blue was 145.28 mg/g,and the adsorption value of iodine was 713.33 mg/g,the results showed that boric acid had better activation effect.The carbon molecular sieves made from Stellera Chamaejasme and activated with boric acid produce two peaks on the aperture distribution graph that are densely distributed in the micropore range.This indicates that boric acid’s pore-forming tendency is primarily micropore.

Unpalatable Weed Stellera chamaejasme L. Provides Biotic Refuge for Neighboring Species and Conserves Plant Diversity in Overgrazing Alpine Meadows on the Tibetan Plateau in China

Steller chamaejasme L. （S. chamaejasme for short） is one of the most noxious unpalatable weeds in China, which has been frequently reported its negative interaction （i.e. competition and allelopathy） with other herbaceous species in grasslands. This study compared species diversity, biomass and sexual reproduction of herbaceous plants in meadows with S. chamaejasme and in open meadows without S. ehamaejasme in overgrazing meadows on the Tibetan Plateau in China to determine whether positive facilitation exist between S. chamaejasme and other herbaceous species under livestock＇s overgrazing. The results showed that there are more herbaceous species in meadows with S. chamaejasme than those in open meadows （35s and30s, respectively）. Diversity index and above-ground biomass were also significantly higher in meadows with S. charnaejasme. There were 39% （11/28） of all species with sexual reproduction found in meadows with S. charnaejasme, which was 7 times more than those in open meadows. Our study showed that S. charnaejasme could provide biotic refuge for neighboring plants and preserve plant diversity from livestock＇s overgrazing in alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau. It also suggested that inter-specific facilitation between S. charnaejasme and other herbaceous species may play a key role in overgrazing alpine meadows.

ANTITUMOR PRINCIPLES OF STELLERA CHAMAEJASME L.

Methanol extract of Stellera chamaejasme L wasassessed for antitumor activity by an antitumor activebioassay against murine leukemia P388 in vivo. Thebioassay-directed separation of the extract furnishedseven diterpene compounds (stellerarin, stelleramacrin,gnidimacrin, pimelea factor P2, subtoxin, huratoxin,simplexin ) and two biflavanone compounds (neochemae-jasmin A and B). Among them, gnidimacrin, stellerarinand stelleramacrin (a novel compound) were found tohave high antitumor and cytotoxic activities against P388,L1210 and K562 in vivo and in vitro. The results suggestedthat the diterpene compounds were the potent anti-tumor principles of Stellera chamaejame L

A New Biflavonoid from Stellera chamaejasme L.

A new biflavonoid, stelleranol, was isolated from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme L.. Its structure was determined by the analysis of MS and NMR data, especially 2D NMR spectra.

A New Chromone Derivative from Stellera chamaejasme L

A new chromone derivative, 3-[1- (2, 4, 6-trihydroxyphenyl) 3-di-(4-hydroxyphenyl) 1-propanone-2-yl] 5,7-dihydroxy-8-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, named as isomohsenone was isolated from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme L. together with known chamaechromone. Its structure was determined by the analysis of MS and NMR data, especially 2D NMR spectra.

Pleistocene glaciation advances the cryptic speciation of Stellera chamaejasme L.in a major biodiversity hotspot

The mountains of Southwest China comprise a significant large mountain range and biodiversity hotspot imperiled by global climate change.The high species diversity in this mountain system has long been attributed to a complex set of factors,and recent large-scale macroevolutionary investigations have placed a broad timeline on plant diversification that stretches from 10 million years ago(Mya)to the present.Despite our increasing understanding of the temporal mode of speciation,finer-scale populationlevel investigations are lacking to better refine these temporal trends and illuminate the abiotic and biotic influences of cryptic speciation.This is largely due to the dearth of organismal sampling among closely related species and populations,spanning the incredible size and topological heterogeneity of this region.Our study dives into these evolutionary dynamics of speciation using genomic and ecomorphological data of Stellera chamaejasme L.We identified four previously unrecognized cryptic species having indistinct morphological traits and large metapopulation of evolving lineages,suggesting a more recent diversification(~2.67-0.90 Mya),largely influenced by Pleistocene glaciation and biotic factors.These factors likely influenced allopatric speciation and advocated cyclical warming–cooling episodes along elevational gradients during the Pleistocene.The study refines the evolutionary timeline to be much younger than previously implicated and raises the concern that projected future warming may influence the alpine species diversity,necessitating increased conservation efforts.

祁连山狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)叶片生态化学计量特征对海拔的响应

海拔是影响植物分布及生理生态适应性的主要地形因子。研究物种水平上叶片生态化学计量对海拔的响应,可揭示物种对环境变化的适应策略及环境变化对其的塑造作用。对祁连山中段不同海拔(2400、2600、2800、3000、3200 m)狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)叶片碳(LC)、氮(LN)、磷(LP)含量及其计量比进行了对比研究,结果显示:随海拔升高,狼毒LC含量呈先减后增、再减趋势,最大值为471.00 g·kg^(-1)(3000 m)、最小值为410.73 g·kg^(-1)(3200 m)。LN含量呈先减后增趋势,最大值和最小值分别为35.15 g·kg^(-1)(3200 m)和29.83 g·kg^(-1)(2600 m)。LP含量的变化趋势与LN的基本一致,最大值和最小值分别为1.73 g·kg^(-1)(3200 m)和0.98 g·kg^(-1)(2800 m)。LC∶LN呈先增后减趋势,而LC∶LP、LN∶LP呈先减后增、再减趋势;年平均气温、土壤有机碳与总氮含量之比及年平均降水量是影响狼毒叶片生态化学计量的主导因子;研究区狼毒生长主要受P元素限制。海拔主要通过调控水、热分配及影响土壤(主要是碳/氮),进而对狼毒叶片生态化学计量产生影响,而狼毒则主要通过调整其叶片内在生理性状以适应海拔的变化。

In vitro inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effect of Stellera Chamaejasme LExtract on human lung cancer cell line NCI-H157

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effect of Stellera Chamaejasme L extract(ESC) in vitro.METHODS:ESC was first extracted with ethanol,and then washed using a polyamide column with 60% ethanol.ESC was then decompressively recycled and vacuum dried at room temperature to obtain active fractions.Subsequently,the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of ESC on NCI-H157 human lung cancer cells were determined.RESULTS:The results showed that ESC was rich in isomers of Chamaejasminor,neochamaejasmine and Sikokianin.ESC had significant cytotoxicity against NCI-H157 cells,with an IC 50 of approximately 18.50 μg.mL-1.ESC caused significant increase in total apoptotic rate,the activity of caspase 3 and 8,and Fas protein expression(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The inhibitory effect of ESC on NCI-H157 tumor cells might partly be attributed to its apoptotic induction through activation of the Fas death receptor pathway.

THE ANTITUMOR ACTIVITIES OF GNIDIMACRIN ISOLATED FROM STELLERA CHAMAEJASMEL．

Gnidimacrin, a diterpene compound, isolated from the methanol extract of Stellera, chamaejasme L., showed significant antitumor activities against mouse leukemia P-388 and L-1210 in vivo, such as Lewis lung carcinoma, B-16 melanoma and Colon cancer 26. It showed ILSs of 40%.49% and 41% at the dosages of 0.01-0.02 mg/kg ip,respectively. Gnidimacrin strongly inhibited cell Proliferation of human cancer cell lines such as leukemia K562, stomach cancers Kato-III, MKN-28, MKN-45, and mouse leukemia L-1210 by the MTT assay and colony forming assay in vitro. The IC50 of gnidimacrin was 0.007-0.00012 μg/ml. It is concluded that gnidimacrin is the principal antitumor element in Stellera chemaejasme L. with strong antitumor activities.

Natural Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Toxic Plant Stellera Chamaejasme Roots by Chemical Methods

Stellera chamaejasme,widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,is a poisonous plant causing serious harm to grassland.Activated carbons have been prepared from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme via phosphoric acid and zinc chloride activation at500°C for 60 min with an impregnation ratio of 3:1.Yield(25.1%-27.6%),ash(4.5%-4.9%),methylene blue(195.0 mg/g-254.5 mg/g),iodine value(720.4 mg/g-810.5 mg/g),specific surface area(1023.3 m2/g-1216.7 m2/g),specific pore volume(2.13 cm3/g-2.26 cm3/g),mesopore volume(1.30 cm3/g-1.59 cm3/g)and average pore size(5.88nm-7.45 nm)of the products were determined.The results from both the zinc chloride and phosphoric acid activation processes showed that the activated carbons of S.chamaejasme roots exhibit a characterization of natural developed mesopores.

Design, Synthesis, and Insecticidal Activity of 1,5-Diphenyl-l-pentanone Analogues

Three series of novel 1,5-diphenyl-l-pentanone derivatives were designed and synthesized. Their structures were characterized by IR, IH NMR techniques, and elemental analysis. The insecticidal activities of the new compounds were preliminarily evaluated. The bioassay results indicated that the compounds Xll--X30 displayed better aphicidal activity against Aphis gossypii than compounds X1--X10 and the lead compound （E）-l,5-diphenyl-1- penten-1-one （A）. The inhibitory rates of compounds X6 and X29 were 100% against Plutella xylostella （L.） at 600 mgoL 1. Compounds X12, X13, X19, X24, X25, X26 and X27 showed higher insecticidal activity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus （Boisduval） at 600 mgoL 1 than the lead compound （A）. Keywords Stellera chamaejasme L, （E）-l,5-diphenyl-l-penten-l-one, analogue, synthesis, design, insecticidal activity

Isochamaejasmin induces apoptosis in leukemia cells through inhibiting Bcl-2 family proteins

The biflavonoid isochamaejasmin is mainly distributed in the root of Stellera chamaejasme L.(Thymelaeaceae) that is used in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) to treat tumors, tuberculosis, and psoriasis. Herein, isochamaejasmin was found to show similar bioactivity against Bcl-2 family proteins to the reference Bcl-2 ligand(–)-gossypol through 3D similarity search. It selectively bound to Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 with Ki values being 1.93 ± 0.13 μmol·L-1 and 9.98 ± 0.21 μmol·L-1, respectively. In addition, isochamaejasmin showed slight growth inhibitory activity against HL-60 with IC50 value being 50.40 ± 1.21 μmol·L-1 and moderate growth inhibitory activity against K562 cells with IC50 value being 24.51 ± 1.62 μmol·L-1. Furthermore, isochamaejasmin induced apoptosis of K562 cells by increasing the intracellular expression levels of proteins of the cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP which involved in the Bcl-2-induced apoptosis pathway. These results indicated that isochamaejasmin induces apoptosis in leukemia cells by inhibiting the activity of Bcl-2 family proteins, providing evidence for further studying the underlying anti-cancer mechanism of S. chamaejasme L..

Synthesis and fungicidal activity study of novel daphneolone analogs with 2,6-dimethylmorpholine

A series of novel daphneolone analogs was designed and synthesized on the basis of natural product 1,5-diphenyl-2-penten-1-one（I） from Stellera chamaejasme L. as lead compound, whereby 2,6-dimethylmorpholine moiety was introduced to replace 1-phenyl group. Their structures were confirmed by IR,1H NMR, and HRMS（ESI） or elemental analysis,13 C NMR for some representative compounds. The two isomers of target compounds were separated and identified by NOESY technique and chemical method.All of the synthesized compounds have been evaluated for anti-plant pathogenic fungi activities. The results showed that some compounds exhibited moderate to good antifungal activities against tested fungi at the concentration of 50 mg/L. Among them, compound 7d, with a 4-bromine-substituted phenyl group and cis-2,6-dimethylmorpholine moiety, displayed best activity with an EC50 of 23.87 mmol/L against Valsa mali, superior to lead compound I. In addition, preliminary structure–activity relationship analysis indicated that, between two isomers of target compounds, the antifungal activities of the isomer with cis-2,6-dimethylmorpholine were better than the trans-isomer.