Regulation of soybean stem growth habit:A ten-year progress report

Stem growth habit dictates plant architecture and influences flowering and podding(seed setting),making it an essential morphological and breeding agronomic trait of soybean(Glycine max).Stem growth habit in soybean is affected by photoperiod and environment and is determined by genetic variation at major genes.Classical genetic analysis identified two critical loci,designated Determinacy 1(Dt1)and Determinacy 2(Dt2).Dt1 is an ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana TERMINAL FLOWER1(TFL1)and specifies an indeterminate stem growth habit,whereas Dt2 specifies a semi-determinate growth habit.MADS-box proteins,including Dt2,SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1(GmSOC1)and MADS-box genes downregulated by E1(GmMDE),repress Dt1 expression.Photoreceptors encoded by the E3 and E4 loci regulate the expression of soybean FLOWERING LOCUS T(GmFT)orthologs via circadian clock genes and E1,and GmFTs compete with Dt1 to regulate stem growth habit.Study of the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of stem growth habit in soybean has focused on the repression of Dt1 expression.Here we provide an overview of progress made in elucidating the genetic and molecular bases of stem growth habit in soybean,with emphasis on the molecular components responsible for integrating photoperiodic flowering and stem growth habit.

A Left-Handed, Stem-Twining Plant from the Miocene Shanwang Formation of Eastern China

Twining stems of plants are very common in extant tropical and subtropical forests, and the climbing growth habit of plants may be an evolutionary innovation and ecological adaptation to either closed, shady or open, edge environments. However, the origin of handedness in climbing plants remains unclear. Here we report a Miocene (ca. 16 million years ago) macrofossil from the Shanwang Formation of Shandong Province, Eastern China, unequivocally exhibiting the first direct fossil evidence for a left-handed, stem-twining growth habit in plants. This fossil plant bears a thicker, slightly curved supporting stem (2 - 3.5 mm wide), which is loosely, spirally twined by a thinner stem (1.5 - 2 mm wide), possibly representing part of distal branches from a liana or vine.

不同结荚习性夏大豆种质的农艺表现及其与产量的相关分析

以533份不同结荚习性大豆种质为试验材料,研究了不同结荚习性大豆种质在黄淮夏播生态区的农艺性状表现,并对主要农艺性状和产量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:大豆种质的营养期、株高、有效分枝、单株荚数、倒伏性、株型等性状的平均值随无限-亚有限-有限结荚习性递减,生殖期、单株粒重、百粒重、小区产量等性状平均值的变化趋势则相反。相关分析表明,无限结荚习性种质的产量与株高、单株粒重呈极显著正相关,偏相关系数分别为0.602**、0.566**,与有效分枝、倒伏性呈显著负相关,偏相关系数分别为-0.384*、-0.451*。亚有限结荚习性种质的产量与生殖期、单株粒重呈显著、极显著正相关,偏相关系数分别为0.156*、0.536*,与有效分枝呈极显著负相关,偏相关系数为-0.323**。有限结荚习性种质的产量与单株粒重、株高呈极显著正相关,偏相关系数分别为0.433**、0.262**,与株型、单株荚数呈显著、极显著负相关,偏相关系数分别为-0.149*、-0.198**。结合不同结荚习性品种的生长特点,本研究认为,无限结荚习性品种株高较高且株高与产量呈极显著正相关,适合干旱地区种植;亚有限结荚习性品种生殖期与产量呈正相关,生殖期内生长旺盛需要较多的养分供应;有限结荚习性品种的营养生长持续时间短,株高较矮,吸收光能有限,实现高产主要依赖各性状器官间的平衡。生产中,有限结荚习性品种的营养生长期间既需要充足的肥水促其生长,又要防止旺长。

大豆茎生长习性类型鉴别方法研究

为找到清楚、简便、准确地鉴别大豆茎生长习性类型的方法,于1988-1997年分别在南京和石家庄,研究了来自不同地区的共1536份品种和6个不同杂交组合F1、F2、F3Bernard标准的茎生长习性类型及有关的11个性状,从中选出有无顶花序(ETIMS)和上部节数相对值(RVNN)作为划分茎生长习性类型的成分性状.划分标准为:(1)有限型,有顶花序,RVNN＜0.2(夏播)或RVNN＜0.25(春播);(2)亚有限型,有顶花序,RVNN≥0.2(夏播)或RVNN≥0.25(春播);(3)无限型,无顶花序,RVNN≥0.2(夏播)或RVNN≥0.25(春播).用该法划分的结果与用Bernard标准划分的结果有很高的一致性,故在田间调查时可以用成分性状法代替Bernard方法.该法鉴定结果明确、稳定,方法简便易行,可在R3～R7期间于田间一次确定.

基于近红外光谱的大豆茎秆化学组分含量检测模型构建与应用

【目的】大豆茎秆化学组分(纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和粗纤维等)与其茎秆抗倒伏能力密切相关,但由于目前大豆茎秆化学组分检测多采用传统的化学分析技术,测定过程操作复杂、耗时耗力、成本昂贵且易造成环境污染,不适合大规模育种应用,因此,通过构建一套低成本、快速、科学、无污染的大豆茎秆化学组分检测方法,为大豆种质资源茎秆组分分布规律及其与大豆生长习性和倒伏性关系的研究提供方法基础。【方法】通过建立一套基于近红外光谱检测技术的大豆茎秆化学组分检测模型,并利用该模型对大豆种质资源茎秆中的中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)和粗纤维(crude fiber,CF)等化学组分进行检测分析,通过方差分析、多重比较和小提琴图分析,明确大豆茎秆CF含量与其生长习性及抗倒伏性之间的内在关系。【结果】基于构建的大豆茎秆化学组分近红外光谱快速检测模型对茎秆NDF、ADF和CF组分检测数值的校正相关系数(RC)均在0.90以上。利用16份模型外大豆茎秆样本对模型的有效性进行验证发现,常规化学检测与该模型检测结果之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。利用该模型对2017年和2018年种植的393份大豆茎秆CF含量及其生长习性之间的关系进行分析,结果表明,大豆茎秆CF含量符合正态分布规律,在CF含量50.00%以上的材料中,2年数据均表现出直立型(91.67%和86.14%)显著高于蔓生型(8.33%和13.86%),表明大豆茎秆CF含量与其生长习性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。【结论】构建的近红外光谱模型具有低成本、快速高效、无污染的特点。此外,茎秆中CF含量高的大豆品种植株具有更强的抗弯曲度,可作为大豆抗倒伏育种亲本筛选的重要指标。

木质藤本刺果藤灾变的产生机理及管控

本地大型木质藤本刺果藤Byttneria grandifolia Candolle在深圳市羊台山森林公园灾变性生长。为揭示这一现象产生的机理并探索对其管控的措施,开展了习性观测及割除试验。结果表明:刺果藤茎能匍匐状生长、疏松交织多年堆积形成常绿茎叶覆盖层;刺果藤能适应较宽广的土层厚度与水分含量变异,但灾变生长仅出现于高光照生境;刺果藤的扩展主要靠藤茎向丛外生长,割除后恢复较慢。刺果藤终年常绿茎叶覆盖层是危害产生的结构基础;刺果藤适应性较强,但光照充足的生境是产生灾变性生长的必要条件;割除藤茎能有效地为乔灌木嬴得较长的、不受覆盖的生长时间;在受控条件下可利用刺果藤作为常绿地表覆盖物。

Geographical distribution of GmTfl1 alleles in Chinese soybean varieties

Stem growth habit is an important agronomic trait in soybean and is subject to artificial selection. This study aimed to provide a theory for genotypic selection of stem growth habit for breeding purposes by analyzing the alleles of Gm Tfl1 gene in Chinese soybean varieties and establishing a database of Gm Tfl1 variation. Using knowledge of insertion and deletion(Indel) in the non-coding region and four single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in the coding sequences of the Gm Tfl1 gene, four CAPS and one Indel markers were developed and used to test 1120 Chinese soybean varieties. We found that the dominant Gm Tfl1 allele was prevalent in accessions from the Northern ecoregion, whereas the recessive allele, Gmtfl1, was more common in the Southern ecoregion, and the proportions of Gm Tfl1 and recessive alleles were respectively 40.1% and 59.9% in the Huang-Huai ecoregion. The proportion of Gm Tfl1 decreased and that of Gmtfl1 increased, gradually from north to south. Allele Gm Tfl1-a was present in higher proportions in the Huang-Huai spring, Huang-Huai summer, and Northern spring sub-ecoregions than that in the other sub-ecoregions. Gm Tfl1-b was common in the Northeast spring, Northern spring and Southern summer sub-ecoregions. Gmtfl1-ta was found mainly in the Huang-Huai spring,Huang-Huai summer and Southern spring sub-ecoregions. The Gmtfl1-ab allele was distributed in all six soybean sub-ecoregions. The Gmtfl1-bb allele was distributed mainly in the Huang-Huai spring and summer and Southern spring and summer sub-ecoregions,but the Gmtfl1-tb allele was detected only in the Huang-Huai summer sub-ecoregion. The distributions of Gm Tfl1 and Gmtfl1 have shown no large changes in nearly 60 years of breeding, but the frequency of the recessive genotype Gmtfl1 has shown a rising trend in the last 20 years. This study provides a theoretical foundation for breeding new soybean varieties for different ecoregions.

FT5a interferes with the Dt1-AP1 feedback loop to control flowering time and shoot determinacy in soybean

Flowering time and stem growth habit determine inflorescence architecture in soybean, which in turn influences seed yield. Dt1, a homolog of Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER 1(TFL1), is a major controller of stem growth habit, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear.Here, we demonstrate that Dt1 affects node number and plant height, as well as flowering time,in soybean under long-day conditions. The b ZIP transcription factor FDc1 physically interacts with Dt1, and the FDc1-Dt1 complex directly represses the expression of APETALA1(AP1). We propose that FT5 a inhibits Dt1 activity via a competitive interaction with FDc1 and directly upregulates AP1. Moreover, AP1 represses Dt1 expression by directly binding to the Dt1 promoter, suggesting that AP1 and Dt1 form a suppressive regulatory feedback loop to determine the fate of the shoot apical meristem. These findings provide novel insights into the roles of Dt1 and FT5 a in controlling the stem growth habit and flowering time in soybean, which determine the adaptability and grain yield of this important crop.