Preheating-assisted solid-state friction stir repair of Al-Mg-Si alloy plate at different rotational speeds

Additive friction stir deposition(AFSD)is a novel structural repair and manufacturing technology has become a research hotspot at home and abroad in the past five years.In this work,the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of the Al-Mg-Si alloy plate repaired by the preheating-assisted AFSD process were investigated.To evaluate the tool rotation speed and substrate preheating for repair quality,the AFSD technique was used to additively repair 5 mm depth blind holes on 6061 aluminum alloy substrates.The results showed that preheat-assisted AFSD repair significantly improved joint bonding and joint strength compared to the control non-preheat substrate condition.Moreover,increasing rotation speed was also beneficial to improve the metallurgical bonding of the interface and avoid volume defects.Under preheating conditions,the UTS and elongation were positively correlated with rotation speed.Under the process parameters of preheated substrate and tool rotation speed of 1000 r/min,defect-free specimens could be obtained accompanied by tensile fracture occurring in the substrate rather than the repaired zone.The UTS and elongation reached the maximum values of 164.2MPa and 13.4%,which are equivalent to 99.4%and 140%of the heated substrate,respectively.

Application and development of friction stir welding technology in high speed EMU manufacturing

The application status of friction stir welding technology is introduced,and the application research of advanced FSW technology in the manufacture of high-speed electric multiple unit aluminum alloy body is analyzed,including the application of traditional friction stir welding technology to a combination of a lap joint and butt joint,and butt joint of large thick plate by both sides process,also introduces bobbin-tool friction stir welding to a butt joint and three-dimensional space curved friction stir welding to T-joint. At the same time the future development trend of new FSW technology derived from traditional FSW technology in rail vehicle manufacturing industry is put forward. As the fast developing of critical technology used on railway vehicles,quick applying advanced welding technology will affect products quality,manufacturing cost and production cycle time directly,and it certainly will be one of the approaches to develop markets by all the railway vehicles manufacturing enterprises.

Friction-stir-welded overaged 7020-T6 alloy joint: an investigation on the effect of rotational speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties

Commercial A7020-T6 plates in the overaged state were subjected to friction stir welding with four different tool rotational speeds of 500, 710, 1000, and 1400 r/min and a single traverse feed rate of 40 mm/min. The resultant changes in the welding heat input, microstructure, and the mechanical properties of the joints were investigated. The changes were related to the processes of growth, dissolution, and re-formation of precipitates. The precipitate evolution was examined by differential scanning calorimetry, and the microstructural analysis was conducted using optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopes. The results showed that the grain size in the stirred zone(SZ) decreased substantially compared with the base metal, but increased with tool rotational speed because of the rise in temperature. We found that the width of the heat-affected zone increased with tool rotational speed. The hardness and the tensile strength in the SZ increased with increasing heat input compared with the base metal in the overaged condition. This recovery in mechanical properties of the joints can be attributed to the dissolution and re-formation of precipitates in the SZ and the thermomechanically affected zone. This process is referred to as an "auto-aging treatment."

Influence of welding speed on corrosion behaviour of friction stir welded AA5086 aluminium alloy

The plates of AA5086 aluminium alloy were joined together by friction stir welding at a fixed rotation speed of 1000 r/min various welding speeds ranging from 63 to 100 mm/min.Corrosion behavior of the parent alloy(PA),the heat affected zone(HAZ),and the weld nugget zone(WNZ)of the joints were studied in 3.5%(mass fraction)aerated aqueous Na Cl solution by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).The corrosion susceptibility of the weldments increases when the welding speed increases to 63 and 100 mm/min.However,the value of corrosion rate in the weldments is lower than that in the PA.Additionally,the corrosion current density increases with increasing the welding speed in the HAZ and the WNZ.On the contrary,the corrosion potential in the WNZ appears more positive than in the HAZ with decreasing the welding speed.The WNZ exhibits higher resistance compared to the HAZ and the PA as the welding speed decreases.The results obtained from the EIS measurements suggest that the weld regions have higher corrosion resistance than the parent alloy.With increasing the welding speed,the distribution and extent of the corroded areas in the WNZ region are lower than those of the HAZ region.In the HAZ region,in addition to the pits in the corroded area,some cracks can be seen around the corroded areas,which confirms that intergranular corrosion is formed in this area.The alkaline localized corrosion and the pitting corrosion are the main corrosion mechanisms in the corroded areas within the weld regions.Crystallographic pits are observed within the weld regions.

Effects of casting speed on microstructure and segregation of electromagnetically stirred Aluminum alloy in continuous casting process

Recently, a semi-solid metal processing has been acknowledged as a cost-effective technique to be able to manufacture high quality product for the transportation industry. In this study a hypo-eutectic Al alloy was fabricated by means of an electromagnetic stirrer in continuous casting process and the microstructural change during solidification due to a fluid flow by electromagnetic stirring was examined. Due to the forced fluid flow during solidification a dendritic phase of primary α phase of Al alloy was turned into a globular phase, which can make the Al alloy get a thixotropic behavior in the semi-solid region. In order to establish the quantitative relationship between microstructure and the process parameters, the morphology shape, a silicon distribution and a size of primary α phase were observed according to casting speed in continuous casting machine. The primary α phase was turned into the degenerate dendrites approaching a spherical configuration with increasing casting speed. The fine-grained and equiaxed microstructure appeared at higher casting speed. A segregation behavior of Si element was declined with increasing casting speed and a very uniform distribution of Si element was observed on the billet at a casting speed of 600 mm·min-1. A thickness of the solidifying shell of the billet was shortened with increasing the casting speed.

Experimental Study on Aqueous Phase Entrainment in a Mixer-settler with Double Stirring Mode

The mixer-settler is a core device of solvent extraction for separating rare earth elements. There are some adverse effects like high rare earth accumulation and poor production efficiency during industrial production. Current researches usually focus on changing the structure of the mixer-settler without making a breakthrough towards gravity clarification. In this paper, in order to improve the efficiency of clarification, a mixer-settler with double stirring mode was designed and manufactured by adding a stirring device in the settler after reducing the volume of the settler. The innovation of this research involves adopting the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer to investigate the quantity of aqueous phase entrainment at the settler outlet in order to measure the clarification degree. Experimental results show that the clarification effect with stirring is better than that without stirring. The clarification effect is ameliorated as the stirring speed increases. Generally, the clarification effect shows a best condition when the offset distance is 12.5 cm, making the phase entrainment reduced to less than 0.1%. When the clearance over the tank bottom is 7 cm and 10 cm, respectively, the quantity of aqueous phase entrainment is better than the case with a clearance of 4 cm. The results show that the stirring paddle close to the mixed phase zone can better promote the two-phase separation.

Influence of tool rotational speed on microstructure and sliding wear behavior of Cu/B_4C surface composite synthesized by friction stir processing

An attempt was made to synthesize Cu/B4C surface composite using friction stir processing（FSP） and to analyze the influence of tool rotational speed on microstructure and sliding wear behavior of the composite. The tool rotational speed was varied from 800 to 1200 r/min in step of 200 r/min. The traverse speed, axial force, groove width and tool pin profile were kept constant. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the microstructure of the fabricated surface composites. The sliding wear behavior was evaluated using a pin-on-disc apparatus. The results indicate that the tool rotational speed significantly influences the area of the surface composite and the distribution of B4C particles. Higher rotational speed exhibits homogenous distribution of B4C particles, while lower rotational speed causes poor distribution of B4C particles in the surface composite. The effects of tool rotational speed on the grain size, microhardness, wear rate, worn surface and wear debris were reported.

Influence of multipass high rotating speed friction stir processing on microstructure evolution,corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of stirred zone on AZ31 alloy

The influence of multipass high rotating speed friction stir processing(FSP)on the microstructure evolution,corrosion behavior,and tensile properties of the stirred zone(SZ)was investigated by EBSD,TEM,SEM,electrochemical workstation and electronic universal testing machine.The mean grain size of the SZ is significantly refined,and it increases with the increase of the processing pass.In addition to an obvious increase in the number,the distribution ofβ-Al12Mg17 precipitates also becomes more uniform and dispersed with increasing the processing pass.Compared with the as-received AZ31 alloy,the tensile properties of the SZ are hardly improved,but the corrosion resistances are significantly enhanced.The corrosion potential of the SZ prepared by 4-pass FSP is increased from−1.56 V for the unprocessed AZ31 alloy to−1.19 V,while the corrosion current is decreased from 1.55×10^−4 to 5.47×10^−5 A.

Optimum traveling and rotation speeds in friction stir welding for dissimilar Al alloys

Aluminum alloys are subjected to large deformation and decreased strength due to the high expansion modulus caused by heat effects during friction stir welding （FSW）.The optimum conditions for friction stir welding of 5052-O and 6061-T6 Al alloys were determined.The optimum traveling and rotation speeds were identified to be 61mm/min and 1600r/min using various mechanical characteristic evaluation methods.

Influence of welding speed on microstructure formation in friction-stir-welded 304 austenitic stainless steels

The influence of welding speed on the joint microstructures of an austenitic stainless steel(ASS)produced by friction stir welding(FSW)was investigated.The FSW process was conducted using a rotational speed of 400 r/min and welding speeds of 50 and 150 mm/min.The study was carried out using electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)technique in different regions of the resultant stir zones(SZs).The results show that the texture of the advancing side(AS)was mainly composed of C{001}〈110〉and cube{001}〈100〉texture components along with partial B/B{112}〈110〉component.Moving from the AS toward the center and the retreating side(RS),the cube texture component disappeared and the A;/A*{111}(112)component developed and predominated the other components.Higher welding speed greatly affected and decreased the intensity of the textures in the resultant SZs.Moreover,higher welding speed(lower heat input)resulted in lower frequency of cube texture in the AS.

Effect of tool rotational speed on the particle distribution in friction stir welding of AA6092/17.5 SiCp-T6 composite plates and its consequences on the mechanical property of the joint

This study investigates the effect of tool rotational speed(TRS)on particle distribution in nugget zone(NZ)through quantitative approach and its consequences on the mechanical property of friction stir welded joints of AA6092/17.5 SiCp-T6 composite.6 mm thick plates are welded at a constant tool tilt angle of 2°and tool traverse speed of 1 mm/s by varying the TRS at 1000 rpm,1500 rpm and 2000 rpm with a taper pin profiled tool.Microstructure analysis shows large quantity of uniformly shaped smaller size SiC particle with lower average particle area which are homogeneously distributed in the NZ.The fragmentation of bigger size particles has been observed because of abrading action of the hard tool and resulting shearing effect and severe stress generation due to the rotation of tool.The particles occupy maximum area in the matrix compared to that of the base material(BM)due to the redistribution of broken particles as an effect of TRS.The migration of particles towards the TMAZ-NZ transition zone has been also encountered at higher TRS(2000 rpm).The microhardness analysis depicts variation in average hardness from top to bottom of the NZ,minimum for 1500 rpm and maximum for 2000 rpm.The impact strength at 1000 rpm and 1500 rpm remains close to that of BM(21.6 J)while 2000 rpm shows the accountable reduction.The maximum joint efficiency has been achieved at 1500 rpm(84%)and minimum at 1000 rpm(68%)under tensile loading.Fractographic analysis shows mixed mode of failure for BM,1000 rpm and 1500 rpm,whereas 2000 rpm shows the brittle mode of failure.

Effect of rotary direction and speed on mechanical properties in friction stir spot welding of A6061 sheets e

Friction stir spot welding of A6061 sheets was conducted using a tool with thread pin. The hook geometries, hook formation and mechanical properties of the joints welded with different rotary directions and speeds were investigated. The results show that the hook in the joint welded in clockwise was curved upwards and that in anticlockwise was curved downwards. The hook formation was related to the plastic material flow in the joint. With increasing the rotary speed in clockwise direction, the hook moved upwards and far way from the center of the keyhole, resulting in an increase in the effective weld width and a decrease in the effective sheet thickness. Three types of fractuces were observed and they were affected by the hook geometries. The tensile shear load increased firstly and then decreased when the rotary speed increased in clockwise direction, which was related to the hook geometries.

Effect of pin rotating speed on lap shear strength of stationary shoulder friction stir lap welded 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy

Stationary shoulder friction stir lap welding （SSFSLW） was successfully used to weld 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy in this paper. Effect of pin rotating speed on cross section morphologies and lap shear strength of the SSFSLW joints were mainly discussed. Results show that joints without flash and shoulder marks can be obtained by the stationary shoulder. Cross section of the SSFSLW joint presents a basin-like morphology and little material loss. By increasing the rotating speed from 1 000 rpm to 1 600 rpm, both effective sheet thickness and lap width increase, while lap shear failure load firstly decreases and then increases. The maximum failure load of 14. 05 kN /s attained when 1 000 rpm is used. All SSFSLW joints present shear fracture mode.

降低石墨微细鳞片含量的再磨工艺优化研究

对黑龙江某石墨粗精矿进行了立式搅拌磨机再磨试验。以陶瓷球为磨矿介质,研究了磨机转速、介质球直径、磨矿时间等工艺参数对石墨磨矿-浮选效果的影响。结果表明,石墨磨矿的优化工艺参数为:采用慢-快-慢交替的磨机转速,陶瓷介质球直径8~10 mm,磨矿时间5 min,在该优化条件下进行磨矿-浮选开路试验,获得了固定碳含量95.83%、-0.045 mm粒级含量24.51%、大鳞片(+0.15 mm)含量14.27%的石墨精矿。

卧式厨余垃圾搅拌器搅拌影响因素仿真分析

卧式厨余垃圾搅拌器的转速和填充率对其搅拌均匀性的影响较大,为了提高搅拌效率及搅拌均匀性,建立卧式搅拌器及物料固体参数化模型,颗粒接触模型采用JKR模型,运用EDEM(Engineering Discrete Element Method)模拟搅拌过程。采用控制变量法设置对比仿真实验,并采用标准偏差法处理实验数据,通过分别控制填充率、转速的改变,对比得出最合适的搅拌环境以及各因素对搅拌效率、搅拌均匀性的影响趋势。结果表明:60%的填充率时搅拌均匀性最好,较大的填充率可以获得更好的搅拌效率,但填充率过大搅拌均匀性会下降;在转速为(48~72)rpm的范围内,转速越大搅拌效率、搅拌均匀性越好,但转速在(60~72)rpm时搅拌均匀性提升不明显且颗粒发生离析,继续增加转速对搅拌无明显增益且增加功耗。研究成果对卧式搅拌器的设计与应用提供了一定的参考。

022Cr18Ti不锈钢酸洗板表面起皮缺陷原因分析

022Cr18Ti不锈钢热轧钢带在酸洗过程中发现表面存在长条状起皮缺陷,该类缺陷对后续使用存在较大的影响。对起皮缺陷进行了检测分析,确定表面起皮缺陷为铸坯皮下夹渣导致。研究并制定了相应的改进措施,有效解决了022Cr18Ti钢带表面的起皮问题。

稻麦油兼用高速气送集排器螺旋斜置式搅种装置研制

针对稻麦油兼用气送式集排器高速作业时搅种装置易伤种、影响排种稳定性等问题,该研究设计了一种螺旋斜置式柔性搅种装置。基于Hertz接触理论分析确定了搅种装置影响种子破损的主要因素为搅种棒材质、顶端结构及搅种转速。通过EDEM仿真试验对比分析了梯形和圆弧形搅种棒与种群接触力随时间的变化趋势,明确了搅种棒安装方式对供种性能的影响,结果表明,圆弧形搅种棒与种群接触的切向力和法向力均小于梯形搅种棒,搅种棒倾斜角度为45°时供种稳定性较优。开展台架单因素试验确定了性能较优的搅种转速比范围,结果表明,水稻和小麦种子在搅种转速比范围1.0~2.0内性能较优,油菜种子在搅种转速比范围0.5~1.5内性能较优。开展三因素三水平二次旋转正交组合试验,构建了稻麦油种子破损率、供种速率及其稳定性变异系数的回归模型,明确了作业速度在10~14 km/h范围内搅种转速的较优匹配关系并进行田间验证试验。田间验证试验结果表明,当作业速度为12 km/h,在较优参数组合下,稻麦油总排量稳定性变异系数分别为1.92%、1.27%和1.14%,1 m^(2)内成苗总株数变异系数分别为15.47%、12.98%和17.93%,符合稻麦油兼用高速作业标准要求。研究结果可为稻麦油兼用型排种器实现高速低损播种作业的参数设置提供依据。

焊接速度对Q&P980钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能的影响

通过搅拌摩擦焊接对Q&P980钢进行焊接,固定转速为400 r·min^(-1),焊接速度分别为50 mm·min^(-1)(低焊速)和600 mm·min^(-1)(高焊速),采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射、显微硬度和拉伸性能测试等手段对焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能进行了表征,研究了焊接速度对接头微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:相较母材,接头整体残余奥氏体含量降低,搅拌区晶粒明显细化和均匀化,有大量马氏体生成;热影响区晶粒略微粗大,显微硬度降低。与低焊速接头相比,高焊速接头峰值温度降低,材料流动范围较窄,热力耦合作用减弱;热影响区宏观尺寸减小,残余奥氏体含量增加,显微硬度提高,接头具有更好的变形协调性,接头抗拉强度和伸长率分别从1074 MPa、6.0%提高至1268 MPa、15.3%。

超声振动对2195铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头显微组织与力学性能的影响

采用新型超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊对第三代2195-T6铝锂合金进行焊接,研究超声振动对接头显微组织与力学性能的影响。研究表明,超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊能够增强塑性材料流动,进而抑制焊接缺陷,提高无缺陷接头的临界焊接速度。在保证接头抗拉强度达到母材75%的条件下,超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊的焊接速度和效率均高于常规搅拌摩擦焊。施加超声振动能够大幅提升较高焊接速度条件下的接头力学性能。超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊接头的极限抗拉强度为449.5 MPa,达到母材的83.1%。超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊接能够在保证接头质量的前提下提升临界焊接速度和焊接效率。

6061-T6铝合金高速搅拌摩擦焊数值模拟

基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法,建立了6061-T6铝合金薄板的高速搅拌摩擦焊数值模型,研究高速焊接工艺条件下的温度场及变形场特点,采用示踪粒子方法研究焊接区材料塑性流动规律。开展高速搅拌摩擦焊试验,分别从温度场、宏观样貌和内部缺陷对数值模型进行验证。结果表明,采用该模型能够准确描述高速搅拌摩擦焊过程的温度场及变形场,也能精准预测焊接缺陷出现的位置及尺寸。相较于常规搅拌摩擦焊,高速搅拌摩擦焊在焊接方向和横截面都具有更密集的温度梯度,塑性应变区域也较为集中,其热影响区更小。