Treatment strategy and therapy based on immune response in patients with gastric cancers

In this editorial,we highlight the significance of a retrospective study“Analysis of the impact of immunotherapy efficacy and safety in patients with gastric cancer and liver metastasis”performed by Liu et al.The authors utilized data collected from gastric cancer(GC)patients and assessed immunotherapy effectiveness and survival status.They found significant differences in treatment response.Because immunotherapy seems to be a beneficial strategy for advanced GC patients,strati-fication of the data based on metastasis status may further improve treatment strategies.

Addressing mucosal ulcers during orthodontic treatment:An urgent call for preventive strategies

Mucosal ulcers are a common yet often overlooked complication during orthodontic treatment,significantly impacting patient comfort and compliance.This letter aims to highlight the prevalence,potential causes,and management strategies for mucosal ulcers in orthodontic patients.By reviewing recent literature and clinical observations,we underscore the necessity for proactive measures and tailored interventions to mitigate the incidence and severity of these lesions.Emphasizing the role of patient education and the use of protective devices,we call for a multidisciplinary approach to enhance patient care and treatment outcomes.This discussion is particularly relevant in the context of evolving orthodontic techniques and materials,which necessitate continuous adaptation of clinical practices to ensure patient safety and well-being.

Imaging characteristics and treatment strategies for carotid artery occlusion caused by skull base fracture

The internal carotid artery occlusion caused by head and neck trauma,also known as traumatic intracranial artery occlusion,is relatively rare clinically.Traumatic skull base fracture is a common complication of traumatic brain injury.Traumatic skull base fracture is one of the causes of traumatic internal carotid artery occlusion.If not detected early and treated in time,the prognosis of patients is poor.This editorial makes a relevant analysis of this disease.

Analysis of Etiology,Diagnosis,and Treatment Strategy and Efficacy of Pulsatile Tinnitus Caused by Abnormal Vascular Anatomy

Objective To investigate the etiology,clinical characteristics,diagnosis,and treatment strategies and efficacy of pulsatile tinnitus(PT)caused by vascular anatomy abnormality.Methods The clinical data of 45 patients with PT in our hospital from 2012 to 2019 were collected and retrospectively analyzed.Results All 45 patients had vascular anatomical abnormalities.The patients were divided into 10 categories according to the different locations of vascular abnormalities:sigmoid sinus diverticulum(SSD),sigmoid sinus wall dehiscence(SSWD),SSWD with high jugular bulb,pure dilated mastoid emissary vein,aberrant internal carotid artery(ICA)in the middle ear,transverse-sigmoid sinus(TSS)transition stenosis,TSS transition stenosis with SSD,persistent occipital sinus stenosis,petrous segment stenosis of ICA,and dural arteriovenous fistula.All patients complained of PT synchronous with heartbeat rhythm.Endovascular interventional therapy and extravascular open surgery were used according to the location of the vascular lesions.Tinnitus disappeared in 41 patients,was significantly relieved in 3 patients,and was unchanged in 1 patient postoperatively.Except for one patient with transient headache postoperatively,no obvious complications occurred.Conclusion PT caused by vascular anatomy abnormalities can be identified by detailed medical history and physical and imaging examination.PT can be relieved or even completely alleviated after appropriate surgical treatments.

Pathophysiological consequences and treatment strategy of obstructive jaundice

Obstructive jaundice(OJ)is a common problem in daily clinical practice.However,completely understanding the pathophysiological changes in OJ remains a challenge for planning current and future management.The effects of OJ are widespread,affecting the biliary tree,hepatic cells,liver function,and causing systemic complications.The lack of bile in the intestine,destruction of the intestinal mucosal barrier,and increased absorption of endotoxins can lead to endotoxemia,production of proinflammatory cytokines,and induce systemic inflammatory response syndrome,ultimately leading to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.Proper management of OJ includes adequate water supply and electrolyte replacement,nutritional support,preventive antibiotics,pain relief,and itching relief.The surgical treatment of OJ depends on the cause,location,and severity of the obstruction.Biliary drainage,surgery,and endoscopic intervention are potential treatment options depending on the patient's condition.In addition to modern medical treatments,Traditional Chinese medicine may offer therapeutic benefits for OJ.A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed for relevant articles published up to August 1970.This review discusses in detail the pathophysiological changes associated with OJ and presents effective strategies for managing the condition.

Drug resistance mechanisms in cancers:Execution of prosurvival strategies

One of the quintessential challenges in cancer treatment is drug resistance.Several mechanisms of drug resistance have been described to date,and new modes of drug resistance continue to be discovered.The phenomenon of cancer drug resistance is now widespread,with approximately 90% of cancer-related deaths associated with drug resistance.Despite significant advances in the drug discovery process,the emergence of innate and acquired mechanisms of drug resistance has impeded the progress in cancer therapy.Therefore,understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance and the various pathways involved is integral to treatment modalities.In the present review,I discuss the different mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer cells,including DNA damage repair,epithelial to mesenchymal transition,inhibition of cell death,alteration of drug targets,inactivation of drugs,deregulation of cellular energetics,immune evasion,tumor-promoting inflammation,genome instability,and other contributing epigenetic factors.Furthermore,I highlight available treatment options and conclude with future directions.

Optimal Treatment Strategy for Infectious Diseases with Two Treatment Stages

In this paper, a disease transmission model with two treatment stages is proposed and analyzed. The results indicate that the basic reproduction number is a critical threshold for the prevalence of the disease. If the basic reproduction number is less than one, the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Otherwise, the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Therefore, besides the basic reproduction number, a new marker for characterizing the seriousness of the disease, named as dynamical final infective size, is proposed, which differs from traditional final size because the proposed model includes the natural birth and death. Finally, optimization strategies for limited medical resources are obtained from the perspectives of basic reproduction number and dynamical final infective size, and the real-world disease management scenarios are given based on these finding.

The current role of dendritic cells in the progression and treatment of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.Dendritic cells(DCs)constitute a heterogeneous group of antigen-presenting cells that are important for initiating and regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses.As a crucial component of the immune system,DCs have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of CRC.DCs cross-present tumor-related antigens to activate T cells and trigger an antitumor immune response.However,the antitumor immune function of DCs is impaired and immune tolerance is promoted due to the presence of the tumor microenvironment.This review systematically elucidates the specific characteristics and functions of different DC subsets,as well as the role that DCs play in the immune response and tolerance within the CRC microenvironment.Moreover,how DCs contribute to the progression of CRC and potential therapies to enhance antitumor immunity on the basis of existing data are also discussed,which will provide new perspectives and approaches for immunotherapy in patients with CRC.

Unlocking the diagnostic potential of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-17: Advancing early detection strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma

Tian et al investigated the diagnostic value of serum vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and interleukin-17(IL-17)in primary hepatocellular carcinoma(PHC).Their retrospective study,published in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery,revealed that the serum levels of VEGF and IL-17 are significantly elevated in PHC patients compared with healthy controls.These biomarkers are closely associated with pathological features such as tumor metastasis and clinical tumor node metastasis stage.A receiver operating characteristic analysis further confirmed the diagnostic efficacy thereof,suggesting that VEGF and IL-17 could serve as valuable tools for early detection and treatment guidance.This study underscores the potential of integrating these biomarkers into clinical practice to increase diagnostic accuracy and improve patient management in PHC.

Neoadjuvant treatment of rectal cancer: Where we are and where we are going

Locally advanced rectal cancer requires a multidisciplinary approach based on total neoadjuvant treatment with radiotherapy(RT)and chemotherapy(ChT),followed by deferred surgery.Currently,alternatives to the standard total neoadjuvant therapy(TNT)are being explored,such as new ChT regimens or the introduction of immunotherapy.With standard TNT,up to a third of patients may achieve a complete pathological response(CPR),potentially avoiding surgery.However,as of now,we lack predictive markers of response that would allow us to define criteria for a conservative organ strategy.The presence of muta-tions,genes,or new imaging tests is helping to define these criteria.An example of this is the diffusion coefficient in the diffusion-weighted sequence of magnetic resonance imaging and the integration of this imaging technique into RT treatment.This allows for the monitoring of the evolution of this coefficient over successive RT sessions,helping to determine which patients will achieve CPR or those who may require intensification of neoadjuvant therapy.

Treatment strategies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma:Sorafenib vs hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy

Sorafenib is used worldwide as a first-line standardsystemic agent for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) on the basis of the results of two large-scale Phase Ⅲ trials. Conversely,hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC) is one of the most recommended treatments in Japan. Although there have been no randomized controlled trials comparing sorafenib with HAIC,several retrospective analyses have shown no significant differences in survival between the two therapies. Outcomes are favorable for HCC patients exhibiting macroscopic vascular invasion when treated with HAIC rather than sorafenib,whereas in HCC patients exhibiting extrahepatic spread or resistance to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,good outcomes are achieved by treatment with sorafenib rather than HAIC. Additionally,sorafenib is generally used to treat patients with Child-Pugh A,while HAIC is indicated for those with either Child-Pugh A or B. Based on these findings,we reviewed treatment strategies for advanced HCC. We propose that sorafenib might be used as a first-line treatment for advanced HCC patients without macroscopic vascular invasion or Child-Pugh A,while HAIC is recommended for those with macroscopic vascular invasion or Child-Pugh A or B. Additional research is required to determine the best second-line treatment for HAIC non-responders with Child-Pugh B through future clinical trials.

Clinical relevance of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging in decision-making regarding the treatment strategy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND Recent advances in endoscopic technology,especially magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging(ME-NBI)enable us to detect superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC),but determining the appropriate method of resection,endoscopic resection(ER)vs surgical resection,is often challenging.Recently,several studies have reported that 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography(FDG-PET)is a useful indicator for decision-making regarding treatment for superficial ESCC.Although,there are not enough reports on association between FDG-PET uptake and clinicopathological characteristics of superficial ESCC.And,there are not enough reports on evaluating the usefulness of combination of FDG-PET and ME-NBI for determining the treatment strategy for superficial ESCC.This study evaluated clinical relevance of FDG-PET and ME-NBI in decision-making regarding the treatment strategy for ESCC.AIM To investigate the association between FDG uptake and the clinicopathological characteristics of superficial ESCC and its usefulness of combination of FDG-PET and ME-NBI for determining the treatment strategy for superficial ESCC.METHODS A database of all patients with superficial ESCC who had undergone both MENBI and FDG-PET for pre-treatment staging at Aichi Cancer Center Hospital between January 2008 and November 2018 was retrospectively analyzed.FDG uptake was defined positive or negative whether the primary lesion was visualized or could be distinguished from the background,or not.The invasion depth of ESCC was classified according to the Japan Esophageal Society.Primary endpoint is to evaluate the association between FDG uptake and clinicopathological characteristics of superficial ESCC.Secondary endpoint is to investigate the efficacy of combination of FDG-PET and ME-NBI for determining the treatment strategy for superficial ESCC.RESULTS A total of 82 lesions in 82 patients were included.FDG-PET showed positive uptake in 29(35.4%)lesions.Univariate analysis showed that uptake of FDG-PET had significant correlations with circumferential extension(P=0.014),pathological depth of tumor invasion(P<0.001),infiltrative growth pattern(P<0.001),histological grade(P=0.002),vascular invasion(P=0.001),and lymphatic invasion(P<0.001).On multivariate analysis,only depth of tumor invasion was independently correlated with FDG-PET/computed tomography visibility(P=0.018).The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value(PPV),negative predictive value(NPV),and accuracy of Type B2 in ME-NBI for the invasion depth of T1a muscularis mucosae and T1b upper submucosal layer were 68.4%/79.4%/50.0%/89.3%/76.8%,respectively,and those of Type B3 for the depth of T1b middle and deeper submucosal layers(SM2 and SM3)were 46.7%/100%/100%/89.3%/90.2%,respectively.On the other hand,those of FDGPET for SM2 and SM3 were 93.3%/77.6%/48.2%/98.1%/80.5%,respectively,whereas,if the combination of positive FDG uptake and type B2 and B3 was defined as an indicator for radical esophagectomy or definitive chemoradiotherapy,the sensitivity,specificity,PPV,NPV,and accuracy were 78.3%/91.5%/78.3%/91.5%/87.8%,respectively.CONCLUSION FDG uptake was correlated with the invasion depth of superficial ESCC.Combined use of FDG-PET and ME-NBI,especially with the microvascular findings of Type B2 and B3,is useful to determine whether ER is indicated for the lesion.

Treatment strategies for nodal and gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma:Current status and future development

In recent years,therapies for follicular lymphoma (FL) have steadily improved.A series of phase Ⅲ trials comparing the effect of rituximab with chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone in treating FL have indicated significant improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival.Recent studies have found that prolonged response durations and PFS were obtained with maintenance therapy using rituximab or interferon after completion of first line therapy.For patients with relapsed or refractory FL,phase Ⅱ studies have assessed the effectiveness of combination therapies using a Toll-like receptor-9 agonist (1018ISS),oblimersen sodium (a Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide),bendamustine,and rituximab,as well as veltuzumab,a new humanized anti-CD20 antibody,and epratuzumab.In addition,the effectiveness of yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan and iodine-131 tositumomab as radioimmunotherapies has been reported.Furthermore,three phase Ⅲ studies on an idiotype vaccine are near completion.Unfortunately,these vaccines,which appeared highly effective in phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ trials,do not appear to result in prolonged PFS.This report will summarize the current knowledge on therapies for treatment of FL,and will conclude with a brief discussion of feasiblefuture options for effective treatments.Lastly,we added descriptions of the management of gastrointestinal FL,which is considered to be controversial because it is rare.

Treatment strategies and preventive methods for drug-resistant Helicobacter pylori infection

The infection and drug resistance rates of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)are high and must be prevented and treated by better strategies.Based on recent research advances in this field as well as the results from our team and those on traditional Chinese medicine,we review the causes of drug resistance,and prevention and treatment strategies for drug-resistant H.pylori infection,with an aim to make suggestions for the development of new drugs,such as establishment of new target identification and screening systems,modification of existing drug structures,use of new technologies,application of natural products,and using a commercial compound library.This article may provide reference for eradication of drug-resistant H.pylori.

Attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress as a treatment strategy against ischemia/reperfusion injury

Brain ischemic stroke is the leading cause of long-lasting injury,disability,and death in adults.Although the brain represents only about 2%of the total body mass,it consumes almost 20%of the body＇s oxygen.As a result,brain cells are extremely sensitive to hypoxia.Once cerebral ischemia occurs.

Genetically modified human umbilical cord blood cells as a promising strategy for treatment of spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury （SCI） continues to be a pressing health and social problem. The injury leads to neuronal and glial cell death accompanied by degeneration of nerve fibers. There are currently no particularly effective treatments. SCI causes profound disabil- ity of people affected and has attracted increased attention in the international field of neuroregeneration. For the past two decades, much hope has been placed in cell therapies for the restoration of both structure and function of the injured spinal cord. Embryonic and neural stem cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, microglia-like cells, Schwann cells, mesenchymal stem cells.

A study of control strategies for a clarifier at an industry wastewater treatment plant

Control of clarifier in the activated sludge process is critical for ensuring effective wastewater treatment. This paper is to study appropriate control strategies for a clarifier in an industrial wastewater treatment plant. Five control strategies are proposed, implemented and evaluated in a simulation software （West ＋＋）. The sludge blanket height and the effluent suspended solids concentration were proposed as the measured variable. The manipulated variable was the quantity of polymer added to the system. The strategies were evaluated in terms of their ability to maintain the sludge blanket height below 1.5m, their polymer requirements, their sensitivity to poor tuning and the required control action.

Age-at-injury effects of microglial activation following traumatic brain injury： implications for treatment strategies

Traumatic brain injury（TBI）remains one of the leading causes of disability and death in infants and children.Studies have demonstrated that the youngest age group（especially≤4 years old）exhibit worse functional outcome following moderate to severe TBI compared to older children or adults（Anderson et al.,2005;Emami et al.,2017）.These data suggest that age-at-injury may be an important determinant of outcome,

Peptide aptamer-mediated modulation of prion protein α-cleavage as treatment strategy for prion and other neurodegenerative diseases

Despite intensive research,most neurodegenerative diseases cannot be cured and for some of them no treatment is available to increase survival or quality of life.Among the latter are prion diseases,fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases of humans and other animals.

Prevention and Treatment Strategy of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome(HP-PRRS)

At the present stage, the social economy in China has developed by leaps and bounds. China's pig industry has been well developed un-der the background of this era. However, the number of pig diseases increases due to the influence of many factors, and highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(HP-PRRS) is one of the very common diseases, causing growing mortality rate of pigs. The disease increases the economic loss of pig industry to a large extent, and brings difficulties in prevention and control of pig diseases. The staff must analyze and sum-marize the basic characteristics of pig diseases, and combine some practical problems in prevention and control of pig disease to find effective mea-sures. The scope and scale of pig production in different parts of China have been continuously expanded under the background of further develop-ment of pig industry in the new era. But for pig production, pig disease has been a problem that delays its further development. Related personnel must analyze and summarize the status quo of HP-PRRS, to find effective prevention measures and strategy.