Experimental study on effect of recombinant human growth hormone combined with chemotherapy on stomach neoplasms implanted in nude mice

Objective: To investigate the effect of different doses of recombined growth hormone (rhGH) on stomach neo- plasms implanted in nude mice, and its efficacy in combining with chemotherapy (flurouracil, 5-FU). Methods: Human stom- ach neoplasms model was established in nude mice. The nude mice were divided into control group, moderate-dose of rhGH group, low-dose rhGH group, 5-FU group, moderate-dose rhGH/5-FU group, and low-dose rhGH/5-FU group. The results of each group were observed after ten days. Results: After therapy, the body mass of rhGH groups was significantly increased compared with control group (P<0.05), the body mass of rhGH/5-FU groups was significantly increased compared with 5-FU group (P<0.05), but it was no significant difference between rhGH/5-FU groups and control group (P>0.05). The average tumor mass and volume of rhGH groups were not significantly increased compared with control group (P>0.05), but they were significantly reduced in 5-FU group and rhGH/5-FU groups (P<0.05). They were no significant difference between rhGH/5- FU groups and 5-FU group (P>0.05). After treatment, the percentages of S, G0/G1 and G2/M phases and proliferation index (PI) were not significantly changed in rhGH groups compared with control group (P>0.05), and the same with rhGH/5-FU groups compared with 5-FU group (P>0.05). The difference caused by dose of rhGH was not significant. Conclusion: rhGH enhances body mass, does not stimulate tumor growth, and has no adverse effects on tumor bearing nude mice. Combined with flurouracil, rhGH does not influence the efficacy of chemotherapy, and has no effect on tumor cell cycle kinetics.

Metastatic stomach lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy:A case report

BACKGROUND Pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma(PLELC)is a rare type of nonsmall-cell lung cancer.Stomach lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma(LELC)metastasis secondary to PLELC has not been reported recently.CASE SUMMARY A 64-year-old female was admitted to our hospital for a regular gastroscopy examination with a 6-year history of surgical resection for left PLELC.Positron emission tomography/computed tomography suggested high accumulation of 18F-fludeoxyglucose in the gastric cardia region.Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy confirmed a large mass at the stomach fundus.Immunohistochemistry(IHC)of the biopsy suggested metastatic stomach LELC.Proximal gastrectomy showed that this 6.5 cm×5.0 cm mass was located in the stomach fundus near the cardia.Histopathological examination showed a poorly differentiated carcinoma with prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltration.IHC demonstrated that the tumor was positive for CK(AE1/AE3),p63,p40,p53,Ki-67(70%),and EGFR(3+)and negative for CK7,CK20,Her2,and CD10.In situ hybridization analysis showed positive staining Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA.Tumor programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1)expression score was 98%,and the combined positive score was 100,with no evidence of microsatellite instability.Thus,the patient was unequivocally diagnosed with metastatic stomach LELC secondary to pulmonary LELC.After discharge,this patient underwent PD-1 inhibitor treatment(toripalimab,240 mg)every 3 wk for ten cycles,and she has had no tumor recurrence.CONCLUSION For gastric LELC metastasis,PD-1 inhibitor therapy could become a new therapeutic approach,though there is still no evidence from large data sets to support this.

Gastric leiomyoma presenting as an endophytic growth of cardia of the stomach: A case report

Gastric leiomyomas are rare submucosal neoplasms arising from smooth muscle cells.It accounts for approximately 2.5%of all gastric tumours,is slow growing and rarely causes symptoms such as upper abdominal discomfort and dyspepsia.1 On imaging,they appear similar to gastrointestinal stromal tumours(GISTs)and can be intraluminal or extraluminal.Diagnosis is mostly confirmed by histopathological examination of the tumour.Surgical resection of the tumour is the main treatment option.Here,we present a case of laparoscopic resection of an endophytic gastric tumour that turned out to be a leiomyoma.

Extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma of the stomach:A rare case report

BACKGROUND Extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma(EES)is a rare and highly malignant small round cell tumor associated with a poor clinical outcome.Ewing sarcoma(ES)involving the stomach is an uncommon presentation and can be easily confused with other small round cell tumors.We herein present a rare case of ES involving the gastric area.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of gastric ES in a 19-year-old female patient who initially presented with a complaint of a tender epigastric mass for 5 d.Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography revealed a soft-tissue-density mass with a diameter of 8.5 cm between the liver and stomach;the mass was connected to the gastric antrum.Then,the mass was surgically excised completely.Upon histopathological,immunophenotype and molecular analysis,the mass was identified to be a primary gastric ES.CONCLUSION EES is an aggressive tumor with poor prognosis.Therefore,early diagnosis and timely intervention are essential for a good prognosis.It is imperative for us to raise awareness about this rare tumor.Surgical resection is still the best treatment option.

Clinicopathological characteristics of clinical early gastric cancer in the upper-third stomach

AIM: To elucidate the clinicopathological characteristics of clinically early gastric cancer in the upper-third stomach and to clarify treatment precautions.METHODS: A total of 683 patients with clinical early gastric cancer were enrolled in this retrospective study, 128 of whom had gastric cancer in the upper-third stomach(U group). All patients underwent a double contrast barium examination, endoscopy, and computed tomography(CT), and were diagnosed preoperatively based on the findings obtained. The clinicopathological features of these patients were compared with those of patients with gastric cancer in the middle- and lower-third stomach(ML group). We also compared clinicopathological factors between accurate-diagnosis and under-diagnosis groups in order to identify factors affecting the accuracy of a preoperative diagnosis of tumor depth.RESULTS: Patients in the U group were older(P = 0.029), had a higher ratio of males to females(P = 0.015), and had more histologically differentiated tumors(P = 0.007) than patients in the ML group. A clinical under-diagnosis occurred in 57 out of 683 patients(8.3%), and was more frequent in the U group than in the ML group(16.4% vs 6.3%, P < 0.0001). Therefore, the rates of lymph node metastasis and lymphatic invasion were slightly higher in the U group than in the ML group(P = 0.071 and 0.082, respectively). An under-diagnosis was more frequent in histologically undifferentiated tumors(P = 0.094) and in those larger than 4 cm(P = 0.024). The medianfollow-up period after surgery was 56 mo(range, 1-186 mo). Overall, survival and disease-specific survival rates were significantly lower in the U group than in the ML group(P = 0.016 and 0.020, respectively). However, limited operation-related cancer recurrence was not detected in the U group in the present study.CONCLUSION: Clinical early gastric cancer in the upper-third stomach has distinguishable characteristics that increase the risk of a clinical under-diagnosis, especially in patients with larger or undifferentiated tumors.

Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection for neoplasms in the pyloric ring of the stomach: Four case reports

BACKGROUND Tumors located in the pylorus are technically more complex to resect by endoscopic resection,as the anatomical characteristics of this region can affect the adequate assessment of margins and performance of the procedure.We reported the results of underwater endoscopic mucosal resection(UEMR)of benign mucosal neoplasms located in the pyloric ring.CASE SUMMARY This case series describes 4 patients with 4 mucosal neoplasms located in the pyloric ring.The diameter of each neoplasm was less than 15 mm.We performed UEMR for the lesions.Water immersion enabled slight floating of the lesions,resulting in easy identification.We achieved en bloc resection with a snare and electrosurgical unit.All procedure were performed within 3 min without adverse events.Pathologic examination showed low-grade dysplasia with clear resection margins in one case and hyperplastic polyps in three cases.CONCLUSION UEMR can be an effective and safe treatment method for neoplasms in the gastric pyloric ring.

Annual cost of illness of stomach and esophageal cancer patientsin urban and rural areas in China： A multi-center study

Objective： Stomach and esophageal cancer are imposing huge threats to the health of Chinese people whereasthere were few studies on the financial burden of the two cancers.Methods： Costs per hospitalization of all patients with stomach or esophageal cancer discharged betweenSeptember 2015 and August 2016 in seven cities/counties in China were collected, together with their demographicinformation and clinical details. Former patients in the same hospitals were sampled to collect information onannual direct non-medical cost, indirect costs and annual number of hospitalization. Annual direct medical cost wasobtained by multiplying cost per hospitalization by annual number of hospitalization. Annual cost of illness （ACI）was obtained by adding the average value of annual direct medical cost, direct non-medical cost and indirect cost,stratified by sex, age, clinical stage, therapy and pathologic type in urban and rural areas. Costs per hospitalizationwere itemized into eight parts to calculate the proportion of each part. All costs were converted to 2016 US dollars（1 USD：6.6423 RMB）.Results： Totally 19,986 cases were included, predominately male. Mean ages of stomach cancer and urbanpatients were lower than that of esophageal cancer and rural patients. ACI of stomach and esophageal cancerpatients were $10,449 and $13,029 in urban areas, and $2,927 and $3,504 in rural areas, respectively. Greater ACIwas associated with male, non-elderly patients as well as those who were in stage I and underwent surgeries.Western medicine fee took the largest proportion of cost per hospitalization.Conclusions： The ACI of stomach and esophageal cancer was tremendous and varied substantially among thepopulation in China. Preferential policies of medical insurance should be designed to tackle with this burden andfurther reduce the health care inequalities.

Current gene therapy for stomach carcinoma

Gastric cancer is common in China [1-42],and its early diagnosis and treatment in advanced stage are difficult [31-50].In recent years ,gene study in cancer is a hotspot ,and great progress has been achieved [41-80] .Cancer gene therapy has shifted from the imagination into the laboratory and clinical trials.

Intensify standardized therapy for esophageal and stomach cancer in tumor hospitals

INTRODUCTIONCancer treatment situation in tumor hospitals inChina has its own unique characteristics which arenot found in other parts of the world. Because ofthe huge population and high incidence rates ofesophageal and stomach cancer[1-5], the number ofcancer patients waiting for admission isinconceivably large.

Exophytic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the stomach in an adult woman:A rare cause of hemoperitoneum

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor （INT） of the stomach in adults is extremely rare, with unpredictable prognosis. We present a 55-year-old woman with a gastric IMT. She experienced sudden abdominal pain 4 d previously. Physical examination showed mild abdominal tenderness in the hypogastrium, but no palpable abnormal abdominal mass. Abdominal CT showed a mass of approximately 8 cm in the gastrocolic ligament. On laparoscopic exploration, unexpected hemoperitoneum of approximately 1.5 L of blood was found, and an exophytic gastric mass of approximately 10 cm, appeared from the anterior wall of the gastric body along the greater curvature. Laparoscopy further showed that non- clotting blood in the abdominal cavity seemed to be from the gastric tumor. After conversion to open surgery for more precise evaluation of the cause of hemoperitoneum and the large friable tumor, gastric wedge resection, including the tumor, was conducted. The final diagnosis was consistent with IMT that originated from the gastric wall.

Extremely well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features

AIM： Minimal deviation carcinoma of the uterine cervix, otherwise known as extremely well-differentiated adenocarcinoma （EWDA）, is characterized by its benign microscopic appearance in contrast to its aggressive behavior. In order to elucidate the clinicopathological features and biological behavior of the gastric counterpart of EWDA, we, using immunohistochemistry, analyzed nine lesions for the phenotypic expression, proliferative activity, and the expression of oncogene-associated products. METHODS： Clinicopathological features, including preoperative biopsy diagnosis, were reviewed. Using immunohitstochemistry, Ki-67 labeling index and expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 protein in the gastric lesions were detected.RESULT： Locations in the middle or upper third of the stomach and polypoid macroscopic features are characteristic of EWDA of the stomach. Although 4 of the 9 lesions showed only focal lymphatic or venous invasion, lymph node metastasis was not present and none of the patients died of the lesions （mean follow-up period, 56 too）. All 9 cases of EWDA could be classified into gastric phenotype （5 lesions） and intestinal phenotype （4 lesions）. The former resembled gastric foveolar epithelium, mucous neck cells or pyloric glands, but their papillary structures were frequently elongated and the tumor cellsand their nuclei were slightly larger and more hyperchromatic compared to normal epithelium. The latter resembled intestinal metaplasia with minimal nulcear atypia and irregular glands; two of these lesions demonstrated complete intestinal phenotype, while two demonstrated incomplete intestinal phenotype. Ki-67 labeling index was low and none of the cases revealed over-expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 protein. CONCLUSION： Unlike minimal deviation carcinoma of the cervix, these findings suggest that EWDA of the stomach is a lesion of low-grade malignancy. This favorable biological behavior is supported by the data of a low Ki-67 labeling index and a lack of p53 or c-erbB-2 protein over-expression. Because of its resemblance to normal gastric mucosa or mucosa with intestinal metaplasia, EWDA is often misdiagnosed. To prevent the misdiagnosis of such lesions, the clinical and pathologic characteristics should be taken into consideration.

Effects of San Qi on Gastric Secretion and Protective Factors of Gastric Mucosa in the Rat with Precancerous Lesion of Stomach

In the model rat with precancerous lesion of stomach induced by the combined method of insertion of a spring into the pylorus and high salt hot paste,effects of San Qi (三七 Radix Notoginseng) on gastric secretion and protective factors of stomach were investigated.The results indicated that gastric secretion,gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) and aminohexose content lowered significantly,and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly (P<0.01) in the model group as compared with the normal group;after treatment with San Qi Powder for 12 weeks,both gastric secresion and GMBF increased,and MDA content decreased as compared with the negative control group (P<0.01),with no significant increase of aminohexose content.It is suggested that San Qi (三七 Radix Notoginseng) may improve gastric secretion,and that increase of GMBF and antagonism against the lesion of oxygen free radicals are possibly one of its mechanisms.

Incidence and survival of stomach cancer in a high-risk population of Chile

AIM:To study the incidence and survival rate of stomach cancer(SC)and its associated factors in a high risk population in Chile. METHODS:The population-based cancer registry of Valdivia,included in the International Agency for Research on Cancer system,covers 356 396 residents of Valdivia Province,Southern Chile.We studied all SC cases entered in this Registry during 1998-2002 (529 cases).Population data came from the Chilean census(2002).Standardized incidence rates per 100 000 inhabitants(SIR)using the world population, cumulative risk of developing cancer before age 75, and rate ratios by sex,age,ethnicity and social factors were estimated.Relative survival(EdererⅡmethod) and age-standardized estimates(Brenner method) were calculated.Specific survival rates(Kaplan-Meier) were measured at 3 and 5 years and survival curves were analyzed with the Logrank and Breslow tests. Survival was studied in relation to demographics, clinical presentation,laboratory results and medical management of the cases.Those variables significantly associated with survival were later included in a Cox multivariate model. RESULTS:Between 1998 and 2002,529 primary gastric cancers occurred in Valdivia(crude incidence rate 29.2 per 100000 inhabitants).Most cases were male(69.0%), residents of urban areas(57.5%)and Hispanic(83.2%), with a low education level(84.5%<8 school years). SC SIR was higher in men than women(40.8 and 14.8 respectively,P<0.001),risk factors were low education RR 4.4(95%CI:2.9-6.8)and 1.6,(95%CI:1.1-2.1) for women and men respectively and Mapuche ethnicity only significant for women(RR 2.2,95%CI:1.2-3.7).Of all cases,76.4%were histologically confirmed,11.5% had a death certificate only(DCO),56.1%were TNM stageⅣ;445 cases(84.1%)were eligible for survival analysis,all completed five years follow-up;42 remained alive,392 died of SC and 11 died from other causes. Specific 5-year survival,excluding cases with DCO,was 10.6%(95%CI:7.7-13.5);5-year relative survival rate was 12.3%(95%CI:9.1-16.1),men 10.9%(95%CI: 7.4-15.2)and women 16.1%(95%CI:9.5-24.5).Fiveyear specific survival was higher for patients aged<55 years(17.3%),with intestinal type of cancer(14.6%), without metastasis(22.2%),tumor size<4 cm(60.0%), without lymphatic invasion(77.1%),only involvement of the mucous membrane(100%).Statistically significant independent prognostic factors were:TNM staging, diffuse type,metastasis,supraclavicular adenopathy, palpable tumor,and hepatitis or ascites. CONCLUSION:Social determinants are the main risk factors for SC,but not for survival.An advanced clinical stage at consultation is the main cause of poor SC survival.

POTENTIATION OF DOCETAXEL ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY BY BATIMASTAT AGAINST MOUSE FORESTOMACH CARCINOMA

Objective . To improve the treatment of tumors, we studied the combined effects of docetaxel and batimastat (BB 94) on mouse forestomach carcinoma (MFC), and compared them with doxorubicin. Methods and results. In vitro, growth curve analysis, MTT assay and clonogenic assay used to determine the cytotoxic effect of docetaxel or/and BB 94 on MFC cell showed that docetaxel but not BB 94 had a significant cytotoxicity, and the effect of docetaxel wasn’t enhanced by BB 94. In early stage MFC tumor model, obvious antitumor effect of docetaxel or doxorubicin given i.v. at maximum tolerated dose (MTD, docetaxel: 20mg/kg; doxorubicin: 6mg/kg) every 4 days for 3 injections (q4d×3), even that of BB 94 (30mg/kg i.p. qd×20) was observed. Tumor growth inhibition was greater for docetaxel batimastat (96.0%) than for doxorubicin-batimastat (88.0%), docetaxel (89.0%), doxorubicin (68.0%) and BB 94 (33.0%), and the effect of docetaxel could be potentiated by BB 94. Docetaxel also showed activity against advanced stage MFC tumor in dose-dependent manner, and was more effective at MTD than doxorubicin with 4/5 regressions, 46.5 days tumor growth delay and 2.8log10 tumor cell kill. Conclusion. Our results suggest that in the MFC model with dose and schedule used, docetaxel is an effective cytotoxic new drug against MFC tumor and BB 94 enchances the antitumor activity of docetaxel.

Diagnostic value of conventional endoscopic ultrasound for lymph node metastasis in upper gastrointestinal neoplasia:A metaanalysis

BACKGROUND Upper gastrointestinal neoplasia mainly includes esophageal cancer and gastric cancer,both of which have high morbidity and mortality.Lymph node metastasis(LNM),as the most common metastasis mode of both diseases,is an important factor affecting tumor stage,treatment strategy and clinical prognosis.As a new fusion technology,endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)is becoming increasingly used in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive system diseases,but its use in detecting LNM in clinical practice remains limited.AIM To evaluate the diagnostic value of conventional EUS for LNM in upper gastrointestinal neoplasia.METHODS Using the search mode of“MeSH+Entry Terms”and according to the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria,we conducted a comprehensive search and screening of the PubMed,EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases from January 1,2000 to October 1,2022.Study data were extracted according to the predetermined data extraction form.The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool,and the results of the quality assessment were presented using Review Manager 5.3.5 software.Finally,Stata14.0 software was used for a series of statistical analyses.RESULTS A total of 22 studies were included in our study,including 2986 patients.The pooled sensitivity,specificity,positive likelihood ratio,negative likelihood ratio,diagnostic score and diagnostic odds ratio of conventional EUS in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal neoplasia LNM were 0.62[95%confidence interval(CI):0.50-0.73],0.80(95%CI:0.73-0.86),3.15(95%CI:2.46-4.03),0.47(95%CI:0.36-0.61),1.90(95%CI:1.51-2.29)and 6.67(95%CI:4.52-9.84),respectively.The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.80(95%CI:0.76-0.83).Sensitivity analysis indicated that the results of the meta-analysis were stable.There was considerable heterogeneity among the included studies,and the threshold effect was an important source of heterogeneity.Univariable meta-regression and subgroup analysis showed that tumor type,sample size and EUS diagnostic criteria were significant sources of heterogeneity in specificity(P<0.05).No significant publication bias was found.CONCLUSION Conventional EUS has certain clinical value and can assist in the detection of LNM in upper gastrointestinal neoplasia,but it cannot be used as a confirmatory or exclusionary test.

Microsatellite instable double primary cancers of the colorectum and stomach exhibit less favorable outcome

AIM: To ascertain the adequacy of the microsatellite instability (MSI) as a prognostic indicator by assessing MSI status of patients with double primary gastric and colorectal cancer (DPGCC).METHODS: Sixteen patients were studied, all of whom exhibited sporadic DPGCC, and had no family history of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, according to the Amsterdam criteria. A total of 32 cancers from 16DPGCC patients, and 216 single primary CRC, were assessed for MSI in 5 microsatellite loci, BAT25, BAT26,D2S123, D5S346, and D17S250.RESULTS: MSI was observed in 6 (37.5%) of 16 GC and 4 (25.0%) of 16 CRC. Thirty tumors (13.9%) out of 216single primary CRC and one tumor (16.7%) out of 6 double primary CRC were found to be microsatellite unstable. Of the 6 GC with MSI in DPGCC, 5 (31.3%) were MSI-high and one (6.3%) was MSI-low. In 5 of 16 DPGCC patients,the cancer recurred in or adjacent to the anastomosis or metastasized to the kidney or lung. The MSI-high DPGCC cases were associated with a younger age of onset (47.5 years vs 62.5 years), higher frequency of lymph node metastasis (100% vs 25%), and advanced Dukes stage (C, 100% vs 41.7%), as well as a higher frequency of recurrence or metastasis (100% vs 8.3%). Only recurrence or metastasis showed statistical significance by Fisher's exact test.CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that MSI may play an important role in the development of DPGCC, and that it may be used clinically as a molecular predictive marker for recurrence or late metastasis of DPGCC.

CLINICAL STUDY ON ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT OF STOMACH CARCINOMA PAIN

Clinical observation on 48 cases of stomach carcinoma pain indicated that acupuncture including filiform needle group and point-injection group had better therapeutic effects in treatment of stomach carcinoma pain when patient's mind was concentrated at the site of disease. After treatment for 2 months, the long-term effective rates of analgesia in both the filiform needle group and the point-injection group were similar to that in the western medicine group, all being about 81%. While the long-term markedly effective rates in the two groups were superior to that in the western medicine group. Life quality of the patients in all the groups were improved. The toxic action and side effects caused by chemotherapy were prevented, the high viscous state showed by indexes of blood rheology was improved, and the lowered Cu-Zu-SOD activity in erythrocytes in patients of stomach carcinoma was increased in the filiform needle group and the point-injection group. Based on the results of clinical study, we consider that acupuncture analgesic effect on stomach carcinoma is related to the increase of PLEK, improvement of cellular immune function and the elevation of life quality after acupuncture.

Inhibitory effects of RRR-α-tocopheryl succinate on benzo (a) pyrene (B (a) P)-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in female mice

AIM To study the inhibitory effects of VES( RRR-α-tocopheryl Succinate, VES ), aderivative of natural Vitamin E, on benzo (a)pyrene (B (a) P)-induced forestomach tumor infemale mice.METHODS The model of B (a)P-inducedforestomach tumor was established according tothe methods of Wattenberg with slightmodifications. One hundred and eighty femalemice (6 weeks old) were divided into six groupsequally; negative control (Succinic acid),vehicle control ( Succinate + B (a) P), positivecontrol(B(a) P), high VES(2.5g/kg. b. w + B(a)P), Iow VES(1 .25 g/kg. b. w + B(a) P) ig as wellas VES by ip (20 mg/kg, b. w + B(a) P). Exceptthe negative control group, the mice wereadministrated with B(a)P ig. and correspondingtreatments for 4 weeks to study the anti-carcinogenetic effect of VES during the initiationperiod. The experiment lasted 29 weeks, inwhich the inhibitory effects of VES both ontumor incidence and tumor size were tested.RESULTS The models of B (a)P-inducedforestomach tumor in female mice wereestablished successfully. Some werecauliflower-like, others looked like papilla, evena few were formed into the ulcer cavities. VES at1.25 g/kg. b. w, 2.5 g/kg. b.w. by ig and 20 mg/kg. b. w. via ip could decrease the number oftumors per mouse (1.7 ± 0. 41, 1.6 ± 0.34 and 1.1±0.43), being lower than that of B(a)P group(5.4 ± 0.32, P＜0.05). The tumor incidence wasinhibited by 18.2%, 23.1% and 50.0%. VES at1.25g/kg.b.w., 2.5 g/ kg.b.w. by ig and20 mg/kg. b.w. via ip reduced the total volumeof tumors per mouse (54.8 ± 8.84, 28.4 ± 8.32and 23.9± 16.05), being significantly lower thanthat of B(a)P group (150.2±20.93, P＜0.01).The inhibitory rates were 63.5%, 81.1% and84.1%, respectively.CONCLUSION VES has inhibitory effects on B(a) P-induced forestomach carcinogenesis infemale mice, especially by ip and it may be apotential anti-cancer agent in vivo.

Detection of early gastric cancer using hydro-stomach CT:Blinded vs unblinded analysis

AIM:To evaluate the difference in diagnostic performance of hydro-stomach computed tomography(CT) to detect early gastric cancer(EGC) between blinded and unblinded analysis and to assess independent factors affecting visibility of cancer foci.METHODS:Two radiologists initially blinded and then unblinded to gastroscopic and surgical-histological findings independently reviewed hydro-stomach CT images of 110 patients with single EGC.They graded the visibility of cancer foci for each of three gastric segments(upper,middle and lower thirds) using a 4-point scale(1:definitely absent,2:probably absent,3:probably present,and 4:definitely present).The sensitivity and specificity for detecting an EGC were calculated.Intraobserver and interobserver agreements were analyzed.The visibility of an EGC was evaluated with regard to tumor size,invasion depth,gastric segments,histological type and gross morphology using univariate and multivariate analysis.RESULTS:The respective sensitivities and specificities [reviewer 1:blinded,20%(22/110) and 98%(215/220);unblinded,27%(30/110) and 100%(219/220)/reviewer 2:blinded,19%(21/110) and 98%(216/220);unblinded,25%(27/110) and 98%(215/220)] were not significantly different.Although intraobserver agreements were good(weighted κ = 0.677 and 0.666),interobserver agreements were fair(blinded,0.371) or moderate(unblinded,0.558).For both univariate and multivariate analyses,the tumor size and invasion depth were statistically significant factors affecting visibility.CONCLUSION:The diagnostic performance of hydrostomach CT to detect an EGC was not significantly different between blinded and unblinded analysis.The tumor size and invasion depth were independent factors for visibility.

Study on the pathogenetic effect of salted pork from a high risk area of stomach cancer in China

AIM To study the pathogenetic effect of salted pork (SP) (special food in Zhuanghe City, a high risk area of stomach cancer in northern China) on stomach cancer, and provide scientific basis for primary prevention of stomach cancer in this high risk area. METHODS The study consisted of three parts. The first part was to study the mutagenicity of SP. The Ames test and micro nuclei assay of V 79 cell were employed in this part. The second part was to study the effect of SP on the gastric mucosa of residents in Zhuanghe area who had consumed SP for more than 10 years and the dose effect relations between SP and pathological changes of gastric mucosa. A total of 300 cases were analysed. The third part was to study the mucosal lesions of experimental dogs by gastroscopy and mucosal biopsy. Six healthy male dogs were chosen, three were fed with SP, and the others served as control. RESULTS In this study, the results showed that the extract of SP could lead to mutation of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and induce the increase of micro nuclei rate (MNR) and micro nuclei cell rate (MNCR) of V 79 at a dose range of 20～80μl/ml. There were dose effect relations between SP, MNR, MNCR. Pathological changes of gastric mucosa of local residents who had consumed SP showed significant difference from those of the control group. In people who had consumed SP for 10 years, mucosal lesions including necrosis and erosion were found; in those who consumed SP for 10～20 years, hyperplasia and dysplasia were also seen besides the above lesions and those for 20～30 years, severe dysplasia and even malignant changes could be observed. SP had damaging effect on the gastric mucosa of dogs fed with SP. The mucosal lesions became more severe with increasing feeding time. CONCLUSION SP is a strong mutagen and long term exposure to SP may result in repeated gastric mucosal damage and repair, and finally leading to severe dysplasia and malignancy.