Samples are often frozen for preservation until needed for use. It has been a common practice to store fresh dairy manure in the freezer until needed for fly development studies. However, conflicting data have suggest...Samples are often frozen for preservation until needed for use. It has been a common practice to store fresh dairy manure in the freezer until needed for fly development studies. However, conflicting data have suggested that freezer temperature and duration of manure may impact fly development studies, and it is likely due to the change in microbial comminutes due to the freezer conditions. In this study manure storage conditions were assessed to ascertain how temperatures impact stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., survival to pupation and determine which bacterial populations impacted fly development using massively-parallel sequencing and 16S metagenomic analysis. Stable fly survival to pupation was greater in manure that was stored warm (27?C) or frozen (-20?C or -80?C) for 24 days as compared to fresh manure samples. Refrigeration (4?C) of the manure for 24 days did not affect fly development and slightly decreased the pupal weights. Over 80 bacterial families were detected by sequencing allowing for a more thorough assessment of changes in bacterial populations. Only minor shifts were observed in bacterial family composition in the manure when refrigerated or frozen for 24 days, but significant population changes were observed when the manure was incubated for 24 days at 27?C. Since it is the temperature and incubation time that yielded the greatest pupation rate, it is hypothesized that the manure microbial community impacts the growth and development of stable flies. This study has determined suggested freezer conditions for the best storage of manure samples to maintain bacterial diversity and retain the closest bacterial populations to freshly collected manure. Although untouched, aged (20 days) manure is best to use to assess fly development, it is not always feasible in laboratory experimentations. This study demonstrates the importance of preservation techniques on manure samples, which could also confer to storage of other biological specimens that contain resident microbes.展开更多
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans （L.） （Diptera： Muscidae）, is a blood-feeding, economically important pest of animals and humans worldwide. Improved management strategies are essential and their development wo...The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans （L.） （Diptera： Muscidae）, is a blood-feeding, economically important pest of animals and humans worldwide. Improved management strategies are essential and their development would benefit from studies on genetic di- versity of stable flies. Especially if done on a global scale, such research could generate information necessary for the development and application of more efficient control meth- ods. Herein we report on a genetic study of stable flies using amplified fragment length polymorphism, with samples of 10-40 individuals acquired from a total of 25 locations in the Nearctic, Neotropic, Palearctic, Afrotropic and Australasian biogeographical regions. We hypothesized that genetic differentiation would exist across geographical barriers. Although Fsx （0.33） was moderately high, the Gsx （0.05; representing genetic diversity between individuals） was very low; Nm values （representing gene flow） were high （9.36）. The mismatch distribution and tests of neutrality suggested population expansion, with no genetic differentiation between locations. The analysis of molecular variance （AMOVA） results showed the majority of genetic diversity was within groups. The mantel test showed no correlation between geographic and genetic distance; this strongly supports the AMOVA results. These results suggest that stable flies did not show genetic differentiation but are panmictic, with no evidence of isolation by distance or across geographical barriers.展开更多
Stable flies are one of the most important arthropod pests of livestock that reduce cattle weight gain and milk production leading to annual economic losses in excess of$2 billion to the US cattle industry.The host-se...Stable flies are one of the most important arthropod pests of livestock that reduce cattle weight gain and milk production leading to annual economic losses in excess of$2 billion to the US cattle industry.The host-seeking behavior is primarily mediated by associated odors from stable fly larval development environments and host animals.The present paper reports the development and evaluation of attractant-impregnated adhesive tapes to reduce stable fly attacks on cattle.Laboratory bioassays showed that only m-cresol impregnated adhesive tapes caught significantly more stable flies(16±1)than the control tape without attractant added(7±1),with a 77%fly recapture rate.Attractant-impregnated adhesive tapes deployed in cattle feedlots showed significant impacts in reducing fly population,with a total of one million stable flies captured over a period of three weeks(mean catches from 57596 to 102088 stable flies per trap per week).It further relieved cattle stress with a significant reduction of biting fly avoidance behavior,(6±0.4 cows observed with tail wagging in control vs.3±0.4 from the trap-deployed).The efficacy of the developed tapes lasted up to 1-week longevity,although 70%of m-cresol was released starting from the second day.The m-cresol impregnated adhesive tape provided an 80%reduction in cattle stress due to stable fly attack.This is the first report of a technology developed by integrating an attractant compound into an adhesive material on a plastic film with demonstrated effectiveness in trapping biting flies that attack livestock animals.展开更多
文摘Samples are often frozen for preservation until needed for use. It has been a common practice to store fresh dairy manure in the freezer until needed for fly development studies. However, conflicting data have suggested that freezer temperature and duration of manure may impact fly development studies, and it is likely due to the change in microbial comminutes due to the freezer conditions. In this study manure storage conditions were assessed to ascertain how temperatures impact stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., survival to pupation and determine which bacterial populations impacted fly development using massively-parallel sequencing and 16S metagenomic analysis. Stable fly survival to pupation was greater in manure that was stored warm (27?C) or frozen (-20?C or -80?C) for 24 days as compared to fresh manure samples. Refrigeration (4?C) of the manure for 24 days did not affect fly development and slightly decreased the pupal weights. Over 80 bacterial families were detected by sequencing allowing for a more thorough assessment of changes in bacterial populations. Only minor shifts were observed in bacterial family composition in the manure when refrigerated or frozen for 24 days, but significant population changes were observed when the manure was incubated for 24 days at 27?C. Since it is the temperature and incubation time that yielded the greatest pupation rate, it is hypothesized that the manure microbial community impacts the growth and development of stable flies. This study has determined suggested freezer conditions for the best storage of manure samples to maintain bacterial diversity and retain the closest bacterial populations to freshly collected manure. Although untouched, aged (20 days) manure is best to use to assess fly development, it is not always feasible in laboratory experimentations. This study demonstrates the importance of preservation techniques on manure samples, which could also confer to storage of other biological specimens that contain resident microbes.
文摘The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans （L.） （Diptera： Muscidae）, is a blood-feeding, economically important pest of animals and humans worldwide. Improved management strategies are essential and their development would benefit from studies on genetic di- versity of stable flies. Especially if done on a global scale, such research could generate information necessary for the development and application of more efficient control meth- ods. Herein we report on a genetic study of stable flies using amplified fragment length polymorphism, with samples of 10-40 individuals acquired from a total of 25 locations in the Nearctic, Neotropic, Palearctic, Afrotropic and Australasian biogeographical regions. We hypothesized that genetic differentiation would exist across geographical barriers. Although Fsx （0.33） was moderately high, the Gsx （0.05; representing genetic diversity between individuals） was very low; Nm values （representing gene flow） were high （9.36）. The mismatch distribution and tests of neutrality suggested population expansion, with no genetic differentiation between locations. The analysis of molecular variance （AMOVA） results showed the majority of genetic diversity was within groups. The mantel test showed no correlation between geographic and genetic distance; this strongly supports the AMOVA results. These results suggest that stable flies did not show genetic differentiation but are panmictic, with no evidence of isolation by distance or across geographical barriers.
文摘Stable flies are one of the most important arthropod pests of livestock that reduce cattle weight gain and milk production leading to annual economic losses in excess of$2 billion to the US cattle industry.The host-seeking behavior is primarily mediated by associated odors from stable fly larval development environments and host animals.The present paper reports the development and evaluation of attractant-impregnated adhesive tapes to reduce stable fly attacks on cattle.Laboratory bioassays showed that only m-cresol impregnated adhesive tapes caught significantly more stable flies(16±1)than the control tape without attractant added(7±1),with a 77%fly recapture rate.Attractant-impregnated adhesive tapes deployed in cattle feedlots showed significant impacts in reducing fly population,with a total of one million stable flies captured over a period of three weeks(mean catches from 57596 to 102088 stable flies per trap per week).It further relieved cattle stress with a significant reduction of biting fly avoidance behavior,(6±0.4 cows observed with tail wagging in control vs.3±0.4 from the trap-deployed).The efficacy of the developed tapes lasted up to 1-week longevity,although 70%of m-cresol was released starting from the second day.The m-cresol impregnated adhesive tape provided an 80%reduction in cattle stress due to stable fly attack.This is the first report of a technology developed by integrating an attractant compound into an adhesive material on a plastic film with demonstrated effectiveness in trapping biting flies that attack livestock animals.
