Enhanced properties of stone coal-based composite phase change materials for thermal energy storage

Phase change materials (PCMs) can be incorporated with low-cost minerals to synthesize composites for thermal energy storage in building applications.Stone coal (SC) after vanadium extraction treatment shows potential for secondary utilization in composite preparation.We prepared SC-based composite PCMs with SC as a matrix,stearic acid (SA) as a PCM,and expanded graphite (EG) as an additive.The combined roasting and acid leaching treatment of raw SC was conducted to understand the effect of vanadium extraction on promoting loading capacity.Results showed that the combined treatment of roasting at 900℃ and leaching increased the SC loading of the composite by 6.2%by improving the specific surface area.The loading capacity and thermal conductivity of the composite obviously increased by 127%and 48.19%,respectively,due to the contribution of 3wt% EG.These data were supported by the high load of 66.69%and thermal conductivity of 0.59 W·m^(-1)·K-1of the designed composite.The obtained composite exhibited a phase change temperature of 52.17℃,melting latent heat of 121.5 J·g^(-1),and good chemical compatibility.The SC-based composite has prospects in building applications exploiting the secondary utilization of minerals.

Stone Materials

Stone materials are one of the major exports of the Beijing Building Materials importand Export Corporation, which boasts advanced production technology and facilities. The materials are of high quality with a magnificent and smooth surface and in a wide range of varieties and specifications.

Application of Stone Landscape Materials in Liberation Park of Wuhan

With the continuous development of landscape design,landscape materials are also constantly enriched.The application and development of stone as an ancient material is constantly developing with the human’s increasing understanding on landscapes.Through investigating the application of stone materials in the landscape industry,this paper finds that the application of stone is mostly in the field of architecture and that the standard reference for the field of landscape garden is not perfect.Therefore,this paper takes Liberation Park in Wuhan for example to investigate and study the application of stone in landscape design,which can provide useful guidance for more scientific and rational selection of stone materials in the process of landscape design and construction.

A Quantitative Study on the Translation Strategy of Material Culture-loaded Words in The Story of Stone by David Hawkes

The culture-loaded word is a symbol of national culture,since national culture with distinctive features is directly or indirectly reflected in its vocabulary.This paper is driven both by qualitative research and by quantitative method through the comparison and analysis of translation strategies involved in the five types of material culture-loaded-words,namely,apparel,diet,equipment,architecture and medicine,in The Story of Stone by David Hawkes.With the final quantitative statistics of the proportion of each translation method,it aims to scrutinize either the broad spectrum or the specific characteristics of those translation strategies so as to provide a perspective for the study of cultural translations.

Artificial Stone in France （1830-1930）： A Materialbetween Modernity and Tradition

1920s and 1930s architecture has often been associated with the use of modern materials, such as reinforced concrete, glass and steel, mainly thanks to the role given them by the historiography of the modern, of presenting a break with former tradition and of spreading the need of architectural renewal. The study of architecture from the point of view of construction techniques evidences, instead, how architectural renewal started earlier, during the 19 century and involved the whole realm of building, even tradition-associated materials, such as wood and stone. Indeed, artificial stone （which appeared in early 19 century） represents--above all in France--a link between traditional construction in stone and the newborn reinforced-concrete technique, so as to underline the gradual shift from 19 century construction codes to the new industrial construction techniques, which in the 1920s and 1930s tend to overlap and blend, in this way determining a material continuity of modern and 19 century architecture.

Geotechnical Characterization of Sakakini’s Palace Stones and Other Construction Materials, Cairo-Egypt

The understanding of the geotechnical problems and failure mechanisms of stone structures of Sakakini palace (1897 after century) entails a comprehensive study on the mechanical behaviour of the stones and other construction materials. In addition to micro analysis, geological and geomorphologic interests, several investigations on stone deterioration and engineering geology were performed, First phase included more sophisticated techniques, which provided additional information on particular aspects of site deterioration and it included laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBs), electron probe micro analysis, micro XRD and XRF analyses, scanning electron microscope analysis coupled with EDX probing, transmission electron microscopy and grain size distribution analysis, permeability and pore size distribution of stone, mortars, core binders and other construction materials. Second phase included the determination of mechanical properties of building stones, such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and shear strength. To arrive at reliable values for these properties, a suitable number of samples should be extracted, prepared for testing, and properly tested. The test results are then analyzed to establish the investigated stone properties. The testing program includes extracting seven cylindrical cores from the basement stone walls of Sakakini’s mansion in down townCairo. The cores are extracted using rotary cylindrical diamond blade coring machine. The top and bottom surfaces of every core were prepared to be flat circular surfaces perpendicular to the vertical axis of the core. Because the palace is museum and attractive places for the tourists, core sampling could be carried out only at a limited number of locations under official permission. For the purpose, cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 42 - 44 mm and height of 90 - 100 mm, prepared by the use of a core drilling machine and some collected blocks from the archaeological site under investtigation were taken to determine the bulk structure, physical, short and long-term mechanical properties of the stone and other construction materials in the laboratory. A number of specimens prepared from these blocks were employed for testing. Furthermore, limitation due to the number of blocks was overcome by the determination of the in situ characteristics of the stones by Schmidt hammer tests, geo-tomographic investigations and rock mass classification on some stone rock structures where testing has been permitted. The objectives of the study are to provide a characterization of micro structures and the mechanical properties of the stones of Sakakini’s Mansion;describe the required testing plan;describe the test results and conclude the values of the basic mechanical properties of the building stones. The following sections provide detailed descriptions of the steps taken to achieve the objectives of the study. The purpose of the present research is to provide recommendations regarding the strengthening and the safety of architectural heritage under long and short-term loading. For this purpose, a set of experimental tests and of advanced numerical analyses are to be carried out.

Stonework Crafts in the Construction of Local Architecture——A Case Study of Linfengzhai Village in Pingdingshan Area

Taking the ancient folk houses in Lingfengzhai—a famous historical and cultural village as the example,the structure and tectonic features of the brick-stone wall in this area were analyzed,and the essence of traditional folk houses were demonstrated to readers from the perspective of stonework crafts.

Material research of stone sculpture in installation

As a unique artistic form of both young and old, urban sculpture art plays a finishing touch to the urban image of the new era, gradually becoming the point to enhance the overall image of modem city. For public art sculpture gradually integrates into modem life, the attention of it is also increasing. A city needs good sculpture to heighten the atmosphere and shows cultural deposits, in the meantime, excellent urban sculpture will also greatly enhance the influence of cultural landscape and public art, effectively creating urban culture brand image and enhancing the city＇ s comprehensive charm.

Natural Stone in Jordan： Characteristics and Specifications and Its Importance in Interior Architecture

Architecture in Jordan characterized by using the most basic raw materials in the natural environment （such as stone, straw and mud etc.）. Jordanian designer interacts with natural materials and link these materials to the local environment and the climatic characteristics of the place. This research focuses on the basic material in construction in Jordan, a substance of natural stone, where the researchers studied the historical relationship between architecture in Jordan and natural stone material, and also studied the properties, specifications, types and methods of formation of this natural material. This research aims to shed light on the modern material of architecture in Jordan and how the architects deal with natural stone and other alternative materials where the architects became underestimate the use of natural stone material and use modern materials far from the architectural heritage and which are sometimes not compatible with the construction environment in Jordan. To conclude from this study the importance of maintaining the continuity of the historical relationship between natural stone and Jordanian architecture, where the study recommends to the possibility of development of use this material through using it in interior architecture to conserve on natural stone as a feedstock in the architecture of Jordan.

Study of the Productive Chain of Stone Facings in Contemporary Buildings in Sao Paulo, Brazil

This article presents, based on field survey and in the consulted literature, the main procedures for fixing of claddings with plates of rocks, adopted in the city of Sao Paulo for buildings and contemporary urban works. There was an increase in the quality of these claddings in the last decades due to several factors, such as the adoption of technological innovations in the extraction process of the rocky material and in the productive chain and, also, the use of most modem procedures for projects in which are incorporated new knowledge for better use of the rocky material and reduction of waste, due to greater demands of the market in the sector of omamental stones.

一种改进的基于Kogge-Stone结构的并行前缀加法器

基于并行前缀算法的Kogge-Stone结构,通过改进其结构层次上的逻辑电路,提出一种改进的并行前缀加法器.与传统电路相比,该加法器不仅可以减小面积、功耗和延时,而且随着位宽的加大其优势更加明显,是适用于宽位的并行前缀加法器.

Suitability of Suluu-Terek Basalt Deposits for Stone Casting

This article is presenting history of stone casting and analysis of basalt raw materials assessment from other countries for stone casting technology and various basalts compositions were considered. Analytical methods for calculating composition of charge require a long calculation time and plotting diagrams, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. As a research significance, we have proposed an experimental calculation method for calculating raw materials after charging. Analysis of the composition, structure of basalts and charging materials were used in the stone casting technology. According to the comparison method, the required amount of charging materials was calculated for the Suluu-Terek 1, Suluu-Terek 2 and Berestovetsk deposits. The calculated data was confirmed by experimental melts in the process of stone casting.

Preparation and photo-catalytic activity of TiO_2-coated medical stone-based porous ceramics

Medical stone-based porous ceramics as a carrier were prepared by ultra-fine grinding and low-temperature sintering method. Nano-TiO~ thin films were loaded on the carrier by chemical liquid deposition method using titanium tetrachloride as a precursor. The micro-morphology and microstructure of the synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry, and mercury injection method. The photo-catalytic activity of the TiO2 thin films was investigated by degrading formaldehyde. The main crystalline phase in the TiO2 thin films calcined at 550~C is anatase with the average particle size about 10 nm. The specific surface area of the carrier-coated nano-TiO2 increases from 3.68 to 5.32 m2/g. The formaldehyde removal rate of the TiO2/medical stone-based porous ceramics irradiated under an ultraviolet lamp for 120 min reaches 85.6%.

Mixed Stone-timber Masonry in Traditional Construction: Structural, Architectural and Anti-seismic Features across Europe

This paper investigates the stone masonry with timber reinforcement through the European traditional and historical architecture.It is a remarkable practice consisting of combining different materials to build up a masonry.This technology shows a wide variety of typological,formal,and technological types of buildings across Europe as it is strongly influenced by the nature and availability of local materials,the cultural aspects of the various communities,and the soils geological nature.As a consequence,the same constructive typology is based on different premises and leads to many interesting results.In this paper the various uses of such a mixed stone-timber masonry are shown in relation to the above mentioned factors.One of the most interesting aspect is the use of such a mix stone-timber as an anti-seismic device,especially in the Southern and Mediterranean countries,giving evidence to a great sensibility of the ancient builders to very specific topics.It is also important to stress that this traditional technology is also highly contemporary being exploited in many countries,especially in the far northern ones.Furthermore,novel regulations have been issued in order to regulate such a discipline,especially the use of timber for large structure and infrastructure.Finally,as a very common constructive technology,many historical buildings present such a mixed structural configuration,independently from the generating factors.In such a perspective,this study aims to describe the most common constructive features,as well as develop guidelines for preservation,whereas the typology is present,or design criteria for consolidation and structural improvement,whereas necessary.

Coating of microbially produced calcium carbonate onto stone materials

The coatings of microorganism-induced calcium carbonate onto the stone surface carried out by using both of the immersion method and coating method were investigated. Various analysis and testing techniques such as scanning electron micrograph （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） were used to characterize the deposited mineral layer. The adhesive property, acid re- sistance, frost resistance, light and aging resistance, water adsorption and permeability were investigated in detail. The results showed that both immersion method and coating method could produce calcium carbonate granules with sizes ranging from 1 to 10 pm and form a layer of dense mineralization membrane which is about 50 to 100 pm thick. Immersion method was more efficient than coating method. The large cohesive force between calcium carbonate layer and stone materials could improve the acid rain resistance as well as excellent heat tolerance, frost resistance and light aging resistance. The coating process could not only help the stone materials maintain its original permeability with the aid of calcium carbonate layers but also improve the penetration resistance significantly. Therefore, this type of technology shows a great potential in the protection of stone relics.

Other Mountain Stones Can Attack Jade: The 5-Steps Rule

Since the 5-steps rule was proposed in 2011, it has been widely used in many areas of molecular biology, both theoretical and experimental. It can be even used to deal with the commercial problems and bank systems, as well as material science systems. Just like the machine-learning algorithms, it is the jade for nearly all the statistical systems.

Preparation of rare-earth-modified medical stone powders and their application as conductive fillers

Traditional metal conductive fillers are expensive and prone to oxidation. Thus, the development of new conductive powders as fillers is urgently needed. A novel gaseous penetration technology was adopted to prepare La-doped medical stone powders(La-MSPs), which are inexpensive mesoporous materials, as a new kind of conductive filler material. The prepared La-MSPs attained a resistivity of 450 ?·m and were used as a filler to prepare conductive coatings with epoxy resin as the resin matrix. The influence of the La-MSPs dosage on the resistance and hardness of the coatings was also determined. The resistance and the hardness both decreased with increasing filler dosage. Finally, the optimum recipe of the conductive coatings with the most suitable fillers dosage(55 wt%) was obtained. The hardness and resistance of the coatings with 55 wt% La-MSPs were HV 4 and 5.5 × 10~7 ?, respectively.

Sustainable materials in Fujian vernacular residential architecture

Cases abound in Fujian province of applying sustainable materials in the construction of traditional residential buildings, which demonstrate the skills and creative techniques of local builders, reflecting their wisdom in molding and adapting to the environment. This paper probes into the utilization of locally available resources in Fujian traditional residential architecture from the perspective of the characteristics of "reduction, recycling and reuse" of sustainable materials, and puts forward the view that sustainability study of contemporary architecture should be approached from the relationship between man and environment and that inspiration can be drawn from the creative and innovative ideas of the folk residential builders.

Stone Culture Landscapes in Changyudongtian from the Perspective of World Heritage

Stone cultural landscape is a heritage type that is less involved in the world heritage list, which has unique value and cultural significance in the cultural landscape heritages. Changyudongtian, which demonstrates unique and harmonious stone culture landscapes characterized by its special geological structure, distinctive quarrying technology, long history of quarrying, harmonious rural folk cultures and interaction between man and nature with coexistence and prosperity, is based on the quarry remains with a history about 1,500 years, villages with lots of slate houses and local folk cultures. This article introduced landscape elements and features of Changyudongtian, and compared it with other similar world heritage sites, then with other famous domestic quarries, to explore the world heritage criteria that it may meet. And in addition to exploring its potentials to become world heritage, this article also put forward specific advices to better protect and utilize this heritage resource.

Numerical and Experimental Investigation on Physical Properties of Some Stones Existing in Several Regions of Turkey

Some of natural stones, which have various physical properties, are being used as building mate- rials all over the world for ages. Although, it is sometimes by the reason of necessity, mostly the stone buildings have been preferred, because it is accepted as an indication of prosperity. In fact, the heat and mechanical features of these stones in relation to the seasonal comfort conditions have not been searched yet. In present study, some of physical properties of some stones existing in Eastern Turkey are held under microscope. A numerical analysis has been performed by using ANSYS software, which uses finite element methodology. By numerical method, it is aimed to show the transient heat transfer from the stones when they are used as a building material in a selected region in Turkey. Only winter case has been handled to show the usability of each stone.