Development, assessment and implementation of integrated stormwater management plan: a case study in Shanghai

An innovative stormwater master plan based on low impact development LID is proposed.Unlike the traditional urban drainage plan this plan employs a sustainable stormwater management approach in communities utilizing LID practices to reduce runoff and pollution load. An integrated hydraulic model which combines the traditional drainage sewer system with LID practices is adopted to assess the master plan.Through a long-term continuous simulation for 20 years the results reveal that the runoff volume will be reduced by over 80% following full implementation of this plan. Combining with the local conditions technical guidelines are established to provide assistance in implementing the stormwater master plan. Bioretention facilities for three main roads are constructed and other areas of development are being implemented sequentially under the guidance of the plan. This project provides an alternative method of stormwater management through the implementation of LID and it acts as a good example for other developing districts in China.

Construction Approaches of Urban Spongy Park Based on Low Impact Development

Rapid urbanization has brought various water-concerning problems to cities, such as water source scarcity, water pollution, fl ood disaster, and habitat loss of aquatic life, Low Impact Development(LID) is a signifi cant approach of solving these problems. Through sorting out causes and connotations of LID and urban spongy park, this proposed that fl exible design is the core content of spongy park construction, and on this basis analyzed objectives, contents and approaches of urban spongy park construction, put forward strategies suitable for the construction of urban spongy parks in China, in order to instruct future construction of domestic urban spongy parks and promote the development of ecological civilization.

Green Roof Performance for Stormwater Management in Equatorial Urban Areas Using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)

Many Low Impact Developments (LIDs) have recently been developed as a sustainable integrated strategy for managing the quantity and quality of stormwater and surrounding amenities. Previous research showed that green roof is one of the most promising LIDs for slowing down rainwater, controlling rainwater volume, and enhancing rainwater quality by filtering and leaching contaminants from the substrate. However, there is no guideline for green roof design in Malaysia. Hence, Investigating the viability of using green roofs to manage stormwater and address flash flood hazards is urgently necessary. This study used the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to evaluate the effectiveness of green roof in managing stormwater and improving rainwater quality. The selected study area is the multistory car park (MSCP) rooftop at Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus. Nine green roof models with different configurations were created. Results revealed that the optimum design of a green roof is 100 mm of berm height, 150 mm of soil thickness, and 50 mm of drainage mat thickness. With the ability to reduce runoff generation by 26.73%, reduce TSS by 89.75%, TP by 93.07%, TN by 93.16%, and improved BOD by 81.33%. However, pH values dropped as low as 5.933 and became more acidic due to the substrates in green roof. These findings demonstrated that green roofs improve water quality, able to temporarily store excess rainfall and it is very promising and sustainable tool in managing stormwater.

Stormwater management of urban greenway in China

In order to improve the stormwater regulation functions of urban greenways on the basis of literature research and case study the relationships between urban greenway and low impact development LID and green stormwater infrastructure GSI are analyzed. Then the classification system of urban greenways is proposed based on their stormwater regulation function and the suitable technical measures for stormwater management which can be used in different kinds of greenways are selected. According to China’s urban planning system the greenway planning method combined with the urban drainage system is developed and the design methods of the greenway stormwater system and individual stormwater facilities are put forward. The relationships between the greenway stormwater system and other systems are also analyzed in terms of stormwater inlet vertical design and overflow.Finally the waterfront greenway and street greenway demonstration projects in Jiaxing City which adopts the above concept and method are introduced. The results show that the reduction rates of annual total stormwater runoff and average total runoff contaminants TSS of the stormwater system are not less than 30% and 40% respectively.

Feasibility assessment of LID concept for stormwater management in China through SWOT analysis

The strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats SWOT analysis method is applied to assess the feasibility of traditional stormwater management and low impact development LID in China.The results show that traditional stormwater management has many disadvantages e.g.only stormwater collection and discharge or flooding peak-flow regulation is taken into consideration but lack of many important functions such as on-site infiltration non-point pollution control ecological treatment etc.Meanwhile as a new stormwater management concept the LID system has many advantages e.g.LID can not only control rainwater quantity but also effectively prevent non-point pollution. Moreover LID is easy for implementation and cost effective and operation and management can also be done easily.LID has attracted more and more attention from governmental authorities at different levels and the majority of practitioners. Therefore LID has bright prospects for wide applications in China.

Low impact development technologies for mitigating climate change:Summary and prospects

Many cities are adopting low impact development(LID)technologies(a type of nature-based solution)to sustainably manage urban stormwater in future climates.LIDs,such as bioretention cells,green roofs,and permeable pavements,are developed and applied at small-scales in urban and peri-urban settings.There is an interest in the large-scale implementation of these technologies,and therefore assessing their performance in future climates,or conversely,their potential for mitigating the impacts of climate change,can be valuable evidence in support of stormwater management planning.This paper provides a literature review of the studies conducted that examine LID function in future climates.The review found that most studies focus on LID performance at over 5 km2scales,which is quite a bit larger than traditional LID sizes.Most paper used statistical downscaling methods to simulate precipitation at the scale of the modelled LID.The computer model used to model LIDs was predominantly SWMM or some hybrid version of SWMM.The literature contains examples of both vegetated and unvegetated LIDs being assessed and numerous studies show mitigation of peak flows and total volumes to high levels in even the most extreme climates(characterized by increasing rainfall intensity,higher temperatures,and greater number of dry days in the inter-event period).However,all the studies recognized the uncertainty in the projections with greatest uncertainty in the LID’s ability to mitigate storm water quality.Interestingly,many of the studies did not recognize the impact of applying a model intended for small-scale processes at a much larger scale for which it is not intended.To explore the ramifications of scale when modelling LIDs in future climates,this paper provides a simple case study of a large catchment on Vancouver Island in British Columbia,Canada,using the Shannon Diversity Index.PCSWMM is used in conjunction with providing regional climates for impacts studies(PRECIS)regional climate model data to determine the relationship between catchment hydrology(with and without LIDs)and the information loss due to PCSWMM’s representation of spatial heterogeneity.The model is applied to five nested catchments ranging from 3 to 51 km2and with an RCP4.5 future climate to generate peak flows and total volumes in 2022,and for the period of 2020–2029.The case study demonstrates that the science behind the LID model within PC stormwater management model(PCSWMM)is too simple to capture appropriate levels of heterogeneity needed at larger-scale implementations.The model actually manufactures artificial levels of diversity due to its landuse representation,which is constant for every scale.The modelling exercise demonstrated that a simple linear expression for projected precipitation vs.catchment area would provide comparable estimates to PCSWMM.The study found that due to the spatial representation in PCSWMM for landuse,soil data and slope,slope(an important factor in determining peak flowrates)had the highest level of information loss followed by soil type and then landuse.As the research scale increased,the normalized information loss index(NILI)value for landuse exhibited the greatest information loss as the catchments scaled up.The NILI values before and after LID implementation in the model showed an inverse trend with the predicted LID mitigating performance.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Low Impact Development Designs in an Urbanizing Watershed

Multi-objective optimization linked with an urban stormwater model is used in this study to identify cost-effective low impact development (LID) implementation designs for small urbanizing watersheds. The epsilon-Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (ε-NSGAII) has been coupled with the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) to balance the costs and the hydrologic benefits of candidate LID solutions. Our objective in this study is to identify the near-optimal tradeoff between the total LID costs and the total watershed runoff volume constrained by pre-development peak flow rates. This study contributes a detailed analysis of the costs and benefits associated with the use of green roofs, porous pavement, and bioretention basins within a small urbanizing watershed inState College,Pennsylvania. Beyond multi-objective analysis, this paper also contributes improved SWMM representations of LID alternatives and demonstrates their usefulness for screening alternative site layouts for LID technologies.

Stormwater Management Practices and Green-Blue Infrastructure in Urban Areas: an Overview

Water quality,flooding risk,and water consumption in urban areas are emerging issues.Urban impervious surfaces increase stormwater runoff,affecting ecosystems and leading to hydrogeological instability and flooding risk.Sustainable urban design strategies can contribute to counteract the negative impact of anthropic activities both at city-scale and global scale.Green and Blue Infrastructure(GBI)approaches,in particular,are an alternative to stormwater traditional management.In Europe,Sustainable Drainage System implementation copes with impervious surfaces to achieve water quality,amenity,and biodiversity increase.Best Management Practices,developed mainly in the USA,focus on specific measures for sustainable stormwater treatment.Water Sensitive Urban Design,spread in Australia and England,also aims to minimise the impact of developed areas preventing flood risk,limiting water consumption and enhancing environmental quality.In the USA and Canada,Low Impact Development offers design strategies to manage runoff and deliver structural practices to mimic predevelopment processes of infiltration,filtration and detention.

Measuring performance of low impact development practices for the surface runoff management

Continuous urbanization over the last few years has led to the increase in impervious surfaces and stormwater runoff.Low Impact Development(LID)is currently receiving increased attention as a promising strategy for surface runoff management.To analyze the performance of LID practices for surface runoff management,a longterm hydrological modeling from 2001 to 2015 along with a cost-effectiveness analysis were carried out on a campus in Dresden,Germany.Seven LID practices and six precipitation scenarios were designed and simulated in a Storm Water Management Model(SWMM).A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted by calculating the lifecycle costs and runoff removal rate of LID practices.Results demonstrated that the LID practices significantly contributed to surface runoff mitigation in the study area.The LID performance was primarily affected by the length of the precipitation scenarios and LID implementing schemes.The runoff removal rate of the LID practices fluctuated significantly when the rainfall scenario was shorter than 12 months.When the rainfall scenario exceeded 1 year the effects on the runoff removal rate was constant.The combination of an infiltration trench,permeable pavement,and rain barrel(IT+PP+RB),was the best runoff control capacity with a removal rate ranging from 23.2% to 27.4%.Whereas,the rain barrel was the most cost-effective LID option with a costeffectiveness(C/E)ratio ranged from 0.34 to 0.41.The modeling method was improved in this study by conducting long-term hydrological simulations with different durations rather than short-term simulations with single storms.In general,the methods and results of this study provided additional improvements and guidance for decision-making process regarding the implementation of appropriate LID practices.

BMP decision support system for evaluating stormwater management alternatives

Prince George’s County,Maryland,in the Washington D.C.metropolitan area has developed a best management practice decision support system(BMPDSS)to support analysis and decision making for stormwater management planning and design at both the site scale and the watershed levels.This paper presents a detailed description of the BMPDSS.A case study that demonstrates the application of the system is also included.The case study involves a Green Highway project located in a highly urbanized area within the Anacostia River watershed of the county.Several best management practices(BMP)such as bioretention,filter vegetative swale,porous paving,and landscape infiltration are proposed for reducing highway runoff and improving water quality.The BMPDSS is used to identify and evaluate various alternatives to determine the most costeffective types and combinations of BMPs that minimize the highway runoff pollution.

A critical literature review of bioretention research for stormwater management in cold climate and future research recommendations

Bioretention is a popular best management practice of low impact development that el/ecUvely restores urban hydrologic characteristics to those ofpredevelopment and improves water quality prior to conveyance to surface waters. This is achieved by utilizing an engineered system containing a surface layer of mulch, a thick soil media often amended with a variety of materials to improve water oualitv, a variety of vegetation, and underdrains, depending on the surrounding soil characteristics.Bioretention systems have been studied quite extensively for warm climate applications, but ctata strongly supporting their long-tema efficacy and application in cold climates is sparse. Although it is apparent that biorelention is an effective stormwater management system, its design in cold climate needs further research. Existing cold climate research has shown that coarser media is required to prevent concrete frost from forming. For spring, summer and fall seasons, if sufficient permeability exists to drain the system prior to freezing, peak flow and volume reduction can be maintained. Additionally. contaminants that are removed via filtration are also not impacted by cold climates. In contrary, dissolved contaminants, nutrients, and organics are significantly more variable in their ability to be removed or degraded via bioretention in colder temperatures. Winter road maintenance salts have been shown to negatively impact the removal of some contaminants and positively impact others, while their effects on properly selected vegetation or bacteria health are also not well understood. Research in these water quality aspects has been inconsistent and therefore requires further study.

LID理念下的韩国绿色基础设施建设实践与启示——以德津湖流域为例

韩国德津湖流域因水质恶化被指定为优先治理水域。近些年,该流域通过水生态修复项目,重获可持续的生态安全城市面貌和水友好型城市宜居环境。以德津湖流域为研究区域,梳理和介绍了其水生态修复过程中关于“德津湖流域LID-绿色基础设施建设项目”的实施背景、相关政策、技术方法、实践应用及其产生的协同效益,进而分析总结出其水生态修复实践的方法和具体策略,以期从低影响开发、多组织协作和多目标统筹3个方面为中国城市水生态修复建设提供借鉴与启示。

基于SWMM的东平县中心城区低影响开发设施规模量化与布局

低影响开发设施可有效应对全球极端气候和城市化进程带来的城市内涝问题,目前,在城区尺度进行低影响开发设施规模量化与布局的研究还不多见。文章提出系统的LID规模量化和空间布局的方法,并以东平县中心城区为例进行实证研究,通过构建SWMM模型进行验证。以中心城区年径流总量控制率75%为目标,共布局LID面积984.25hm^(2),主要分布于96处内涝易发点。其中,雨水花园、绿色屋顶、透水铺装和下沉绿地建设面积分别为107.60hm^(2)、7.50hm^(2)、660.96hm^(2)和208.19hm^(2),总调蓄容积为670590m^(3)。经模型模拟验证,东平县中心城区年径流总量控制率提升至75.72%,达到预期目标。老城区、东平经济开发区、滨河新区、白佛山组团和大清河组团的最大峰值径流量分别削减56.65%、55.36%、53.02%、48.60%和2.90%。研究可为城区尺度LID布局设计提供理论支撑和科学依据。

基于SWMM模型的雨水径流模拟与LID改造研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市雨水径流问题日益严重,不仅对城市生态环境造成负面影响,还可能对城市排水系统造成巨大压力。本文以昆明理工大学呈贡校区憬园为例,采用SWMM模型对雨水径流进行模拟,并针对低影响发展(LID)技术进行改造研究。首先,通过对研究区域进行实地调查和资料收集,建立SWMM模型,然后对现有排水系统进行模拟,分析其存在的问题。其次,在其基础上引入LID技术对排水系统进行改造,通过增加雨水花园、植草沟、透水铺装等绿色设施,降低雨水径流对城市的影响。最后,通过模拟分析,验证了改造后的排水系统在减轻雨水径流、降低洪峰流量等方面取得了良好的效果,为校园雨水管理和雨水花园景观设计提供了理论支持和实践借鉴。

工业厂区海绵城市建设方案模型模拟与优化——以青岛市某厂区为例

工业厂区建筑密度大,绿地率低,场地综合径流系数较高,海绵城市建设与改造的难度较高。以青岛市某工业厂区为例,构建SWMM对海绵厂区建设项目雨水系统方案进行全面评估,对海绵厂区项目建设前、建设后,以及采用海绵设施后雨水系统在设计降雨和多年降雨条件下的雨水控制利用效果进行系统评价。结果表明:在添加海绵设施后,各排口流量均有削减,蓄水池服务面积对应的排水口峰值削减达30.28%,排放流量削减率达17.84%,但场地总年径流总量控制率仅为45.05%。根据模拟结果对厂区雨水系统方案进行优化,调整管径、增加下凹式绿地面积以及提高蓄水池容积,进一步提高了厂区对屋面及地面径流的控制效果,年径流总量控制率达到75.05%,为今后同类型海绵厂区的规划设计提供参考和依据。

基于NSGA-Ⅲ算法的低影响开发措施规划设计

为完善海绵城市建设的整体规划设计,基于东南亚某经济开发区,结合雨洪管理模型(storm water management model,SWMM)和第三代非支配排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅲ,NSGA-Ⅲ)建立了一个四目标优化模型,以地表径流系数、管道过载时间、节点溢流量等3个城市内涝指标和总投资成本作为优化目标进行求解.结果表明:该优化模型可实现多目标同步优化,获得效益较高的低影响开发(low impact development,LID)措施的设计方案,优化后地表径流系数为0.309~0.355,管道过载时间为23.834~27.967 h,节点溢流量为10477~21802 m^(3),工程总投资成本为7.479亿~9.593亿元.研究结果可为未来海绵城市内涝控制设计提供技术参考.

基于城市规划维度的海绵城市实践——以汉中市兴汉新区为例

针对国内近年海绵城市建设中的弊端,本文从城市规划的角度阐释了海绵城市的理念、目标和实现路径以及技术措施,特别从水资源角度阐述了径流总量控制指标,并对其分解落实的方法提供了参考。

浅谈对广元市山地海绵城市建设的若干思考

海绵城市的建设工作在平原地带已经有了丰富的实践经验,各个地区也制订了相关图集和规范,但在山地海绵城市建设还缺少相关经验。四川省的一众城市都是山地、丘陵为主的地貌。广元市有着山地河谷类型为主的主城区地势,借由建设海绵城市示范城市为契机打造山地河谷型海绵城市。本文通过梳山理水、结合山地地势,探讨适用于山地城市的径流控制措施,强调海绵城市建设与城市更新、城市公园建设、建设生态护岸等行动结合,从而为全国山地海绵城市建设工作提供参考。

基于低影响开发理念的给水厂设计

为应对因雨水径流量改变而导致的水安全问题,以合肥某给水厂为例,探讨利用低影响开发技术调节厂区径流的可能性,并建立基于SWMM的水文模型,校核调控效果。结果表明:分散式布设下凹式绿地、雨水花园、绿色屋顶、透水铺装4种LID措施,在5 a重现期内,厂区地表径流削减率平均值达到61.95%,地表下渗率平均提高36.90%,洪峰流量平均减小73.59%,节点积水量平均减少79.74%,年径流总量控制率达到77.27%,比目标年径流总量控制率提高2.27%,降低了厂区内涝风险,为安全生产提供了保障。

SWMM模型耦合MOPSO算法优化配置大型城市绿地海绵设施

本研究以水文-成本综合效益为目标,探讨在城市绿地中,如何优化海绵设施布局,使其在较少投资成本下实现较高年径流总量控制率(α)的目标。以济南市凤凰湖公园为研究对象,根据海绵城市规划及容积法,确立LID规模与预布局。在α与成本目标约束下,通过Python运行MOPSO算法调用SWMM模型,求解LID布局最优方案,利用GIS实现LID空间落位。研究结果显示:现状方案的α=67.32%,在以实现α=85%为优化目标的情况下,最优方案可使α=94%,地表径流减少42.76%,同时建设成本节省约1653.12万元。MOPSO有助于提高LID优化效率,可为LID设施综合效益评估及海绵公园建设提供科学依据。