Study on strata control by delay grouting in soft rock roadway

The properties of broken rock before and after grouting reinforcement are studied. Testing results show that grouting can raise the residual strength of broken rock, and the broken rockness by grouting can keep the steady supporting capacity within a relatively large deformation range. Revealing of the characteristics of stage deformation and damage process comes to the conclusion that the supporting of soft rock roadway should be analyzed in a dynamic view, and the grouting should be delayed at a proper occasion. Based on the above, the stepwise reinforcement technology characterized by immediate shotcreting, timely bolting and delay grouting is put forward and illustrated with a successful engineering practice.

Characteristics of mining gas channel expansion in the remote overlying strata and its control of gas flow

The technology of pressure relief gas drainage is one of the most effective and economic for preventing gas emissions in underground mines.Based on current understanding of strata breakage and fracture development in overlying strata,the current study divides the overlying strata into the following three longitudinal zones in terms of the state of gas flow:a turbulent channel zone,a transitional circulation channel zone and a seepage channel zone.According to the key strata discrimination theory of controlling the overlying strata,the calculation method establishes that the step-type expansion of the mining gas channel corresponds to the advancing distance of working face,and this research also confrms the expanding rule that the mining gas channel in overlying strata follows the advancing distance of mining working face.Based on the geological conditions of Xinjing Coal Mine of Yangquan,this paper researches the expanding rule of mining gas channel as well as the control action of the channel acting on the pressure relief flow under the condition of the remote protective layer,and got the distance using inversion that the step-type expanding of mining gas channel is corresponding to the advancing distance of working face,which verifes the accuracy and feasibility of theoretical calculation method proposed in this study.The research provides the theoretical basis for choosing the technology of pressure relief gas drainage and designing the parameters of construction.

采动力学与岩层控制关键理论及工程应用

研究岩体采动力学响应和岩层控制技术对促进煤炭安全高效开采、保障能源稳定供给具有重要意义,是实现煤炭资源科学开采的理论基础。矿山岩体灾害(围岩变形、冲击地压等)频发,其形成-演化-发生全过程与采动力演化分布、岩层运动、开采扰动和能量演化密切相关。基于实用矿山压力控制理论,提出并阐述了采场岩层控制进展与控制准则,建立了定量分析的力学模型和设计方法,发展了针对性的岩体灾害控制技术,并创新研制了配套试验研究装备。采动力学与岩层控制理论将岩层控制分为采场岩层控制和巷道围岩控制;提出控制或利用采动岩层运动改变致灾条件,给出“给定变形”和“限定变形”准则;调控“3S”因素准则(围岩应力环境、围岩结构属性、围岩支护结构)改变围岩自稳能力。以岩体灾害控制为目标,提出了以“应力主控”为核心的释能主控技术;建立了岩体灾害控制大小原理和弱面判据(安全系数K、冲击危险性系数U);研发了采场矿压机械模拟试验系统、采动力试验系统和蠕变及动力扰动冲击加载试验系统,实现了实验室尺度还原采动力作用下岩体变形-破裂-运动过程,为研究采动力作用下岩体力学响应提供了试验装备;分别从采场岩层控制、地质软岩巷道控制、工程软岩巷道控制及冲击地压控制4个方向进行了工程案例研究,相关研究成果在工程应用中得到了验证。

Floor heave characteristics and control technology of the roadway driven in deep inclined-strata

Based on in-mine instrumentation and theoretical analysis of the unsymmetrical large-deformation that occurred in the roadway after excavation,Differential Floor Heave(DFH)was found to be the main reason for roadway failure.It needs to be pointed out that the specific roadway was driven in inclined rock strata.In addition,the factors that contribute to the occurrence of DFH are discussed in detail.It is believed that DFH is triggered by the unsymmetrical stress distribution in the floor and the different rock types encountered near the two floor corners.Hence,DFH control should be focused on the left floor corner where shearing failure occurs initially and the left floor surface where tensile failure is more severe.The proposed DFH control strategies include unsymmetrical grouting for the whole roadway,re-design of the roof and ribs support,reinforcement of the weak zones,and release of the concentrated stress in the earlier stage.Meanwhile,it is recommended that in the later stage,both bolts and cable bolts with higher strength and the backfilling technique using the coal measure rocks and concrete should be employed in the reversed-arch floor.The field instrumentation results,after using the proposed control strategies,indicate that large deformation in a DFH roadway has been successfully controlled.

我国大倾角煤层开采技术变革与展望

大倾角煤层是我国煤炭资源的主要赋存样式之一。在地域分布上呈现出广泛性与区域性,据不完全统计,全国25个省、自治区、直辖市均涉及该类煤层开采,在中西部地区储量丰富、产量大、生产集中程度高。在赋存条件上呈现出多样性与复杂性,不同区域成煤时期不一,构造控煤过程迥异,形成了多样且复杂的开采条件,催生了不同的开采技术要求。大倾角煤层开采的技术难度大。煤层倾角导致采场围岩运动破坏呈现非对称性显现特征,支护系统稳定性控制与“三机”配套与协同、采准巷道布置与支护、工作面“人-机”环境安全保障等工作的难度显著加剧,严重制约了矿井安全高效开采。大倾角煤层开采的区域经济需求强,该类煤层赋存与生产较集中的区域多见以煤炭工业为主的资源型城市,经济结构相对单一,煤炭资源安全高效开发利用对区域能源保供、民生保障、经济保稳具有兜底作用。长期以来,大倾角煤层开采技术变革聚焦于解决“难”与“需”的矛盾,在采煤方法与工艺、岩层控制理论与技术、成套装备研制与应用3个方面不断完善、创新、发展,实现了由非机械化向机械化开采的转变,安全产效水平大幅提升,人员劳动强度大幅下降,作业环境显著改善。20世纪90年代中期,川煤集团绿水洞煤矿首次成功实现了大倾角中厚煤层长壁综采,冲破了大倾角煤层机械化开采技术“禁区”。在此示范作用下,大倾角厚煤层长壁综放开采、大采高综采、薄煤层伪俯斜长壁综采三项首创性工程实践先后取得成功。这一过程中创新了工作面非线性限位布置与调斜方式,确立了“支架-围岩”系统稳定性多维交互控制模式,研发了工作面成套装备,取得良好收效,综合机械化开采技术适用范围进一步拓宽。与此同时,大倾角煤层开采仍存在许多亟待突破的关键科学问题与技术瓶颈,导致自动化、智能化水平提升与近水平/缓倾斜煤层相较仍存在较大差距。需进一步强化倾斜层状煤系地层煤岩体采动力学行为研究,揭示其对采场围岩灾变的控制机制,并实现量化表征;需进一步阐明岩体承载结构-采场装备群组系统间的多维动态作用过程与规律,完善装备与围岩多维动态多目标协同控制理论与技术基础,实现技术转化应用。在科学问题取得突破的基础上进行采煤方法、回采工艺、岩层控制、成套装备的系统性技术创新与研发,破解大倾角煤层开采安全-产效双提升的制约技术瓶颈,使大倾角煤层综合机械化开采倾角上限在有可靠技术保障的前提下向上延伸(扩展),为实现自动化、智能化开采奠定基础。

超深地层井壁失稳理论与控制技术研究进展

超深地层是我国油气勘探开发的重要领域,但因超深地层复杂地质环境导致的井壁失稳已经成为制约超深地层油气资源动用的重大技术难题之一。为此,从地质和工程2个方面系统总结分析了超深地层井壁失稳机理,进而分析了超深地层岩石物理力学实验及本构方程、地应力测量与地层压力预测等地质力学参数评价技术,并探讨了超深地层井壁稳定性评价理论与控制技术的研究进展,最后提出了促进超深地层钻井理论技术发展的建议。研究结果表明:①加强还原超深地层环境的岩石物性、力学和物理模拟实验研究,耐高温高压地应力和井筒压力测量仪器研发,是认识超深地层极端环境下岩石与地质力学特性的关键;②高温高压条件下的多场耦合岩石力学理论是构建超深地层井壁稳定性评价技术体系的基础;③攻关融合超深地层钻井的大尺寸多开井身结构设计、抗高温高压钻井液体系、防漏堵漏工艺与材料、精细控压钻井理论与工具等井壁稳定控制技术是实现超深井钻井提质增效的前提。结论认为,超深地层井壁失稳理论与控制技术的发展不仅推动了我国油气钻探朝着超深地层进军,还有力推动了深地工程科学考察、超深层油气勘探开发理论与装备的迭代与升级。

基于“扩缝串洞”理念的超深层小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层改造数值模拟

随着四川盆地和塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探开发逐渐迈向超深层领域,受地质条件影响,储层由大型缝洞向以厘米—毫米级小缝洞群转变,以往针对大型缝洞储层改造的酸压技术系列难以适应小缝洞群储层。为充分释放超深层小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层的天然气产能潜力,基于小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层特征,构建了多尺度离散缝洞方法,建立了考虑岩石变形、裂缝延伸、酸液流动反应、温度变化的热流固化多场耦合数值模型,最后提出了以多级转向扩面积、精准控黏串缝洞、定点生酸扩缝长为核心的“扩缝串洞”缝控改造理念,并对小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层“扩缝串洞”缝控改造方式进行了优化分析。研究结果表明:①多级交替注入形成的黏性指进现象可以促进缝控改造面积的增加和裂缝非均匀刻蚀,从而提高改造后的产能,且缝控改造效果最佳;②酸液注入黏度比增加,缝控改造无因次产能指数呈现先增大后减小的规律,当黏度比超过30,缝控改造无因次产能指数开始迅速减小,缝控改造中酸液交替黏度比需控制在25~35区间;③酸液用量越大,缝控改造面积及改造后无因次产能指数越大,但对于一定地层参数和单井控制面积的缝控改造存在极限酸液用量,超过该酸液用量后缝控面积趋于极限值,而无因次产能指数仍随酸液用量的增加而稳定增大。结论认为,提高缝控改造面积和激活动用小缝洞群是小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层提产的关键,该认识为超深层小缝洞群碳酸盐岩气藏的高效开发提供了理论指导。

顶板水平井分段分簇压裂治理掘进巷道瓦斯模式研究

为了解决淮南矿区碎软低渗煤层掘进巷道瓦斯抽采效率低的问题,提出了煤层顶板水平井分段分簇压裂瓦斯治理模式。运用数值模拟方法和物理相似模拟方法研究了煤层顶板水平井水力压裂裂缝扩展过程;运用产能模拟的方法研究了分段分簇压裂的产气效果,对分簇压裂和不分簇压裂进行了剩余瓦斯含量对比分析。裂缝扩展数值模拟结果表明:煤层顶板水平井内的裂缝能够扩展至煤层,将煤层全部压开,且由于煤层的塑性大于顶板砂质泥岩,煤层形成比顶板更为宽泛的压裂缝。裂缝扩展物理相似模拟结果表明:在考虑了泥岩伪顶发育的条件下,水平钻孔布置在碎软煤层顶板的砂岩内,在合理的垂直距离和大排量压裂液施工的环境下,若煤层发育有较薄的泥岩伪顶,裂缝能沿着射孔孔眼穿过直接顶−伪顶界面(粉砂岩−泥岩界面)和伪顶−煤层界面(泥岩−煤层界面),扩展至下伏煤层内,裂缝延伸形成1条弯曲不规则的阶梯型裂缝,能实现对碎软煤层的压裂改造目标。但是,当煤层发育有较厚的泥岩伪顶时,泥岩对水力压裂产生了阻挡作用,导致裂缝难以压开下伏煤层。产能模拟结果表明:在相同的地层环境和施工条件下,经过3 a的抽采,单段不分簇压裂能够产生更大的瓦斯抽采影响范围,但不能均匀降低掘进巷道的瓦斯含量,压裂段之间出现了瓦斯抽采空白带,分簇压裂产生的瓦斯抽采影响范围小,却能够更均匀的降低掘进巷道的瓦斯含量。经过在淮南地区潘谢煤矿的工程验证,在10 m^(3)/min的施工排量下,裂缝长度最长可以达到193.8 m,最大缝高27.0 m,单井日产气量最高达到1490 m^(3)/d,2 a的瓦斯抽采量达到31×10^(4) m^(3),说明煤层顶板水平井分段分簇压裂技术是淮南地区碎软低渗煤层掘进巷道瓦斯高效抽采的有效模式。

基于上覆岩层应力场和裂缝场演化的采动井套管破断特征及防控对策

准确确定出煤矿采动井套管破断特征并提出相应的防控对策,能为井筒长期稳定提供重要保障。以平顶山矿区的二1煤层及上覆岩层为研究对象,采用理论计算与数值模拟软件模拟方法,确定出上覆岩层离层段应力和位移分布规律,分析了上覆岩层高度、距工作面水平距离与应力、位移的相关性,拟合出上覆岩层高度、距工作面水平距离与应力、位移的关系式;根据研究区采动井的实际开发经验,确定出最佳布井区域下的套管主要破断类型,结合常用套管力学参数,得出“两场”演化下的套管破断位置及长度等特征;对常用的采动井局部防护技术进行总结,并提出对应的防控对策。结果表明:工作面推进过程中,上覆岩层应力呈现出“波动-线性降低”的变化规律,位移呈现出“几乎未发生变化-类双曲线型”的变化规律。最佳布井区域下的采动井套管主要以拉伸缩径和剪切破断为主,选择施加套管加强件对采动井套管进行加固。研究区地面采动井三开段采用N80套管时,需在煤层上部46 m亚关键层处、54 m软硬互层处分别加设抗拉伸套管加强件和抗剪切加强件;采用P110套管时,需在煤层上部46 m亚关键层处加设抗拉伸加强件。建议研究区地面采动井三开段均采用P110套管,增加采动井的井筒稳定性。该研究成果为平顶山矿区及相似条件下采动井预防套管破断提供了理论指导。

Fundamentals of modern ground control management in Australian underground coal mines

Underground coal mining is inherently hazardous,with uncontrolled ground failure regarded as one of only several critical risks for multiple fatality events.Development,implementation and management of overarching systems and procedures for maintaining strata control is an important step to mitigating the impact of ground failure hazards at a mine site operational level.This paper summarised the typical pro-active ground control management system(PGCMS)implemented in various Australian underground coal mines.Australia produces approximately 100 million tonnes a year of metallurgical and thermal coal from approximately 30 of the world’s safest longwall mines operating in New South Wales and Queensland.The increased longwall productivity required to achieve both high levels of safety and profitability,places significant emphasis on the reliability of pro-active ground control management for longwall mining operations.Increased depths,adverse geological conditions,elevated variable stress regimes and weaker ground conditions,coupled with an industry wide need for increased development rates continue to make ground control management challenging.Ground control management is not only about ground support and pillar design though but also a structured process that requires a coordinated effort from all levels of the workforce to both minimise the occurrence of adverse geotechnical events and mitigate the potential risks when they do occur.The PGCMS presented in this paper is proven to provide both a safer and more productive mine environment through minimisation of unplanned delays.The critical elements of the method are presented in detail and demonstrate the utility and value of a ground control management system that has potential for implementation in underground coal mining globally.

Coupling control on pillar stress concentration and surface cracks in shallow multi-seam mining

In order to ensure safe mining and reduce surface damage in shallow multi-seam mining,the failure characteristics of interburden strata with different coal pillars offset distances between pillars in the upper and lower seams,the distribution characteristics of stress concentration in coal pillars,and the development characteristics of stratum cracks and subsidence were investigated by physical and UDEC2D simulation.Meanwhile,the effect of different coal pillar offset distances on stress concentration of coal pillar and development of stratum cracks were studied.Based on those results,a formula for safe mining and reducing surface damage was established,which provided a theoretical basis for safe and environmentally friendly mining in shallow multi-seam.According to the results,the optimal coal pillar offset distance(the side to side horizontal distance of the upper and lower coal pillars)between the upper and lower coal seams was developed to reduce the stress concentration of coal pillars and surface damage.The results of this study have been applied in Ningtiaota coal mine and have achieved good results in safe and environmentally friendly mining.

Time-domain characteristics of overlying strata failure under condition of longwall ascending mining

Ascending mining is one of the most effective ways to solve problems of water inrush, gas outburst and rock burst in coal seams mining. In order to reveal the law of motion and spatiotemporal relationship of overlaying strata, field measurement has been done in a mine. Long distance drillings were constructed from 4# coal seam to 6# coal seam at several certain typical positions, and movement and failure law of overlying strata after mining was analyzed by drilling video and observing the fluid leakage. Besides, we also analyzed the spatiotemporal development law of overlying strata failure with different mining heights and time intervals in the lower coal seam. The results show that: ascending mining is significantly affected by time-domain characteristics of overlaying strata failure after the lower coal seam's mining, height equations of caving zone and fractured zone are given in this paper, and the feasibility of ascending mining was compartmentalized concretely according to the spatiotemporal relationship. Research methods and conclusions of this paper have certain referential significance for the study of ascending mining, mining under water, mining under building, mining under railway and stress-relief mining.

震动波CT成像技术在《矿山压力与岩层控制》教学中的应用实践

基于新常态和新工科背景下采矿工程和智能采矿工程专业的人才培养要求,文章分析了《矿山压力与岩层控制》课程传统教学模式中存在的问题,以课程回采工作面采动应力场分布教学为例,通过引入震动波CT成像新技术,提出并采用课堂理论教学+案例实践教学相融合的教学模式,转变“被动灌输”为“主动学习”,提高学生学习参与度和教学效果,增强学生对专业知识学习研究兴趣,为未来从事专业科学研究和工程项目技术管理奠定坚实基础。

浅埋极软地层超大直径盾构隧道施工期上浮控制措施及实测数据分析

管片上浮控制是极软地层超大直径盾构隧道施工控制的关键难题。为了研究极软地层超大直径盾构隧道施工期管片上浮特征及其影响因素,本文依托珠海隧道工程,制定4种抗浮措施,比较分析了不同措施的抗浮效果,优选了抗浮措施。本文基于实测数据,研究管片上浮过程变化特征,揭示了施工期管片上浮变化规律;利用散点图进一步分析了管片错台量、掘进总推力、隧道埋深等因素与管片上浮量的相关性。

宽煤柱窄条带点柱式充填开采技术与实践

针对某煤矿地下水保护的需要,提出一种宽煤柱窄条带点柱式充填开采技术。为成功实现条带式保水煤层开采,首先,分析条带开采时煤柱的留设;其次,分析了充填方法后,结合煤矿的充填材料来源,提出膏体充填工艺及流程;最后,对充填效果评价指标接顶率分析,提出点柱式充填加强支护效果。开采块段采用单翼长壁法布置充采双工作面,并形成全风压通风系统,在工作面内平行于切眼方向划分数量不等的宽煤柱,每个宽煤柱安排不同轮次的窄条带进行回采。条带开采后实施沿空留巷,采空区(回采后的窄条带)实行点柱式充填法与完全充填法相间的方法处理,第一轮与第二轮采用点柱式充填法、第三轮与第四轮采用全部充填法管理顶板。采用数值模拟分析,对充填后地表最大下沉量进行了预判与分析,地表最大下沉量发生在采区中部,为106mm,现场地表沉降监测数据和理论计算结果相吻合。研究成果在煤矿现场得到了应用,实现了地下水资源保护性采煤,提高资源回收率,降低充填成本,减少地表沉降。

大采高工作面覆岩运动与煤壁片帮规律

为探究大采高工作面顶板运动规律及煤壁破坏机理,建立3种不同采高的UDEC数值模型,分析采高和支架护帮板位置对顶板垮落步距、形态及煤壁破坏深度的影响,建立煤壁滑移破坏力学模型。研究结果表明:初次来压步距受采高的影响较小,均为45 m,周期来压步距随着采高的增大而减小;大采高工作面由于垮落矸石无法充满采空区,顶板易形成悬臂梁结构;采高增大会增大煤壁片帮的风险。计算得出了大采高工作面煤壁能承受的最大顶板压力,给出了煤壁滑移破坏判据。通过建立不同护帮板位置的数值模型,确定了8.8 m大采高工作面的护帮板最佳支护位置。提出了增加护帮板水平推力和支护面积的煤壁控制方法,现场应用该方法使煤壁稳定性得到了有效提升。

马厂地区东孙家铜矿成矿模式研究

马厂地区是庐江-滁州成矿带是一个典型地段,地表有数十个古采坑,找矿潜力巨大。东孙家铜矿作为该地区开采中的矿山,研究其成矿模式为马厂地区的成矿模式研究提供指导意义。通过对马厂地区地质特征进行研究,对东孙家铜矿勘探成果分析总结,结合前人的一些研究成果,提出东孙家铜矿新的成矿模式。结果表明,东孙家铜矿的主要成矿模式为层控矽卡岩型和多成因U型,对马厂地区乃至滁州—花山—黄栗树—马厂成矿带寻找铜、金矿床具有指导意义。

大直径顶管机接收关键技术

顶管机接收是水利工程顶管施工的关键环节。以福建省漳州台商投资区高干渠生态补水工程输水顶管为例,在大直径顶管施工中,采用高压旋喷桩加固地层,设置降水井,控制顶速,控制姿态,解决了大直径顶管机接收时洞门塌方和管道下沉的技术问题。

Strata反射裂缝应力吸收层混合料配合比设计及施工技术

汉宜高速公路沥青加铺工程中,大面积应用了Strata系统,Strata应力吸收层是一种延缓和防止反射裂缝的新型结构材料。在湖北汉宜高速公路沥青加铺工程Ⅻ合同工程实践中,对Strata混合料配合比设计、施工方法及质量控制进行了研究与应用,并取得了很好的效果。

迎采动宽煤柱承载特性及矿压显现规律研究

单翼开采矿井为解决采掘接替紧张的问题,常会出现迎采对掘的情况,而迎采动掘巷期间,矿压显现规律和煤柱宽度的确定是巷道掘进及安全回采的关键。以炭窑坪煤业100303运输巷迎采掘巷期间为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场监测等方法,对煤柱的合理宽度及迎采期间的矿压显现规律进行研究分析。主要结论有:通过理论计算,煤柱在受到掘进扰动和工作面采动的双重影响下,确保煤柱不完全发生塑形破坏且存在弹性核的宽度至少为30 m。数值模拟发现,掘进迎头至相遇位置前方20~30 m时,围岩变形开始增大,煤柱帮和回采帮变形量均超过0.5 m。当掘进至采空区后方一定距离后,围岩因同时受掘进扰动与采空区侧向支承应力的叠加影响,变形增幅加快,煤柱帮变形严重,最大变形量超1 m。提出100303运输巷掘进距100302综采工作面70 m时,停止掘进,在迎采扰动范围内,优化支护参数,提高煤柱承载能力。现场监测表明,巷道顶底板和两帮均变形较小均在可控范围内,有效控制了迎采动工作面掘巷的围岩变形。