Overlying strata movement rules and safety mining technology for the shallow depth seam proximity beneath a room mining goaf

Aiming at the shallow depth seam proximity beneath a room mining goaf, due to that the shallow depth seam is exploited using the longwall mining and overlain by thin bedrock and thick loose sands, many accidents are likely to occur, including roof structure instability, roof step subsidence, damages of shield supports, and the face bumps triggered by the large area roof weighting, resulting in serious threats to the safety of underground miners and equipment. This paper analyses the overlying strata movement rules for the shallow seams using the physical simulation, the 3DEC numerical simulation and the field mea- surements. The results show that, in shallow seam mining, the overburden movement forms caved zone and fractured zone, the cracks develop continuously and reach the surface with the face advancing, and the development of surface cracks generally goes through four stages. With the application of loose blast- ing of residual pillars, reasonable mining height, and roof support and management, the safe, efficient and high recovery rate mining has been achieved in the shallow depth seam proximity beneath a room min ing goal.

Three-dimensional strata movement around coal face of steeply dipping seam group

Steeply dipping seam group, which has complex occurrence conditions, belongs to the steeply dipping seam. The research on the strata movement around the coal face not only improves safe production technology in practice, but also develops the mining theory. By using physical simulation experiments, numerical simulation and site test, the deformation, failure and movement of surrounding rock in Iongwall working face were analyzed. According to the analysis, characteristics of the seam group were formed which is different from the single seam. Asymmetry mechanics, sequential changes and imbalance of strata movement along the tendency working face were summarized. Furthermore the features of upper and lower seams were different. The mining of the lower seam induced more complex strata movement along the strike. Multi-section mining disturbed surrounding rocks in larger areas than the single section mining did, which had an impact on and dynamic loading function to the support when mining the lower seam, and produced a great influence on the stability of support-rock system.

Overlying strata movement of recovering standing pillars with solid backfilling by physical simulation

To analyze the overlying strata movement law of recovering room mining standing pillars with solid backfilling.Physical simulation experiments with sponge and wood as the backfilling simulation material were tested.The results show that:(i) The covering-rock mechanics of the overly strata comes from "two-arch structures + hinged girder + bend beam" to "backfilling material + hinged girder + bent beam" by increasing the fill ratio from 0%to 85%,the beginning of overlying strata movement appears later and the total duration of subsidence velocity increased from zero to the highest value increases.The trend of "single polarization" of the subsidence velocity curves becomes noticeable and the velocity variation trend becomes stable,(ii) The equiponderate aeolian sand was added to improve the anti-pressure ability of the loess,and the corresponding ground processing & transportation system was designed.

Modeling and simulation of strata movement for protective seam mining with large interburden

Based on simulated material scale modeling and numerical simulation, the protective seam mining method was conducted at one coal mine. After extracting the No.15seam, the overlying strata movement and the deformation of the No.9-10 protected seamwere studied. The experiment results show that it is feasible to destress the protectedseams with large interburden thickness. When the face had advanced 200 m from thesetup room, the No.9-10 seam was fully destressed, resulting in easy gas drainage in thedestressed zone. Recommendations on mining sequence of multiple seams mining in thesame coal areas were made.

SIMULATION OF STRATA MOVEMENTS DUE TO UNDERGROUND MINING USING AN AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR EQUIVALENT MATERIAL MODELING FACILITY

Strata movement simulation was conducted in an equivalent material modeling facility developed by the Department of Mining Engineering, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, under U. S. Bureau of Mines contracts. An innovative displacement measurement system called videogrammetric system was developed and utilized for recording, measuring and analyzing the deformation and failure process of the models. A room and pillar mining and a longwall mining prototypes were studied in the modeling. Study found that weak floor of coal seam plays an important role in pillar stability and therefore the overburden movements.

ANALYTICAL SOLUTION WITH SYSTEM METHOD FOR THE MODEL OF ROCK STRATA MOVEMENT AS COMPLEX LAMINATED PLATES

Starting from the basic equation of elastic mechanics, without any additional hypotheses of displacement or stress model, just introducing state space and state equation, the model of rock strata movement as complex laminated plates is presented. In addition, using displacement as a basic unknown quantity, the accurate analytical series solution for the problem of strata movement induced by extraction of horizontal seam is worked out when crosswise isotropic elastic layers are in sliding contact condition. A new approach is put forward to solve the complicated system of mining subsidence.

Numerical calculation for gas and strata movement law caused by protection layer mining

According to the problem during mining coal seam with high gas and its control, the theory numerical calculation of gas and strata movement law caused by protection layer mining was studied, with the background of Snake Mountain coal mine. First of all, the basic principle of fluid(gas)-solid coupling was briefly described, and a three dimensional model was established by FLAC software. Secondly, the calculation parameters of fluid-solid coupling were obtained based on the measured data, and the numerical calculation of sublevel mining was carried out in turn. Lastly, initial stress state, gas movement law, deformation law of pore pressure and movement characteristics of rock strata were studied, respectively. The results show that the gas and pressure were greatly reduced with the advance of 4 coal seam working surface, as well as the constant increase of area of goaf. Facilitating gas and the stress were gradually penetrated and released to goaf during the whole process of mining. The gas pressure, the aggregation degree and the surrounding rock pressure of the 1 coal seam and the 3 coal seam were greatly reduced.

Research on the relation between rock burst and movement of strata and surface

Large-scale bed separation in bending strip upside cranny strip was brought by un-consistency of overlying strata subsidence movement due to under surface mining. Different characteristic of movement and deformation of overlying strata and surface include periodic caving of bed separation interspaced along with work face mining. Conglomerate rock layer movement is the main power fountain of rock burst on the basis of locale observation. And rock burst moves periodically adapted to movement of deep conglomerate rock layer which had similar characteristic with main roof. Practice indicates this method that forecasting and prediction using correlation information of movement of strata and surface is feasible and has reference meaning for similar stope.

Movement scope of strata based on fuzzy BP neural network in underground metal mines

A prediction method of strata movement in underground metal mines is put forward, in which fuzzy BP neural network is applied. The results show that there is a strong nonlinear relation between the selected factors and strata movement angle, the anticipant and the actual output results are very similar. It is proved that the numerical value of movement angle is correlated with the selected factors in theory. The scope of strata and surface movement due to mining can be predicted. This research provides a thought to study the movement scope of strata due to mining.

Mining-induced movement properties and fissure time-space evolution law in overlying strata

Mining-induced fracture zone will be produced in the overlying strata after the coal was mined.In this article,the mining-induced deformation of overlying strata and the time-space evolution law of fissure were studied by the methods of physical simulation and field measurement.The results show that bed separation fissure and vertical fissure will appear in the overlying strata above mining face,which form the wedge-shaped fissure zone.The open degree of fissure depends on the size of uncoordinated deformation between neighbor layers,and the absolute strata sinking controls both the width of bed separation zone and the open degree of vertical breakage fissure.At last,the calculating formula was deducted based on theoretical analysis.

Movement and deformation laws of the overlying strata in paste filling stope

We combined the similar simulation with numerical simulation to analyze the movement and deforma- tion features of overlying strata caused by paste backfill mining, study the movement and deformation laws of the overlying strata in paste backfill mining, structural movement of the stope strata as well as the stope stress distribution laws. Furthermore, authors also explored the key factors to the movement and deformation of the overlying strata in paste backfill mining. The results indicate that a caving zone existed in the bending zone only in the overlying strata of the paste backfill mining. Compared with the roof caving mining, the degree of stress concentration and area of influence in the paste filling stope were apparently smaller. And the degree of destruction and area of the overlying strata decreased prominently. Also, there was no apparent strata behavior in the working face. Lastly, the filling ratio was the key to control the movement and deformation of the overlying strata. Combined with a specific engineering example, the author proved the reliability of the simulation results and provided a theoretical basis for the further extension of the paste backfill mining.

Law governing strata and ground movement due to sub-critical extraction

The strata movement induced by sub-critical extraction is a problem not receiving due attention because of its relatively small magnitude of deformation. However, with the increase of mining depth, sub-critical extraction has become a general phenomenon. This calls for an in-depth investigation into the characteristics of ground movements observed under different extents of sub-critical extraction, so as to determine the appropriate mining technique for use. Following a discussion of the factors influencing the extent of super-critical extraction, the super-critical extraction extent evaluation criteria was presented, the characteristics and laws of the strata and ground movements caused by such an extraction condition were systematically analyzed, and the mechanism of surface subsidence induced by sub-critical extraction was revealed. The result of study may serve as a basis for the development of the strata and ground movement prediction model and the mining techniques appropriate for use at depth beneath surface structures and buildings.

采动岩层整体移动“类双曲线”理论模型及验证——从二维“类双曲线”到三维“类双曲面”模型

煤炭开采会引起上覆岩层自下而上变形、破断及移动,并导致地表沉陷等问题,其本质是一个力学过程,故亟需发展基于岩层破断力学机理的移动理论模型。首先简要回顾了国内外岩层移动理论模型,然后重点介绍了本团队近年来在岩层整体移动理论模型方面的研究进展。基于不同层位岩层的破断形态的力学分析和相似模拟试验结果,提出了采动覆岩整体移动“类双曲线”模型,其顶点大约位于上覆岩层主关键层的层位。进而建立了岩层移动内外“类双曲线”整体模型,给出了采动覆岩内外整体移动表达式及物理意义参数体系。针对不同覆岩和煤层赋存条件,分析了岩层整体移动“类双曲线”模型的演化规律。在此基础上,进一步将二维“类双曲线”拓展到三维“类双曲面”模型,建立了采动覆岩全空间“类双曲面”立体移动模型,该模型包含“类单叶”和“类双叶”双曲面。该理论模型是在我国很多前辈及学者的研究基础上,从系统科学的角度考虑岩层的整体移动规律,初步形成了采动覆岩整体移动“类双曲线(面)”理论模型框架,希望能为我国煤炭科学开采提供理论指导。

基于IFM-KS模型的多层煤开采上覆岩层移动模型

双系煤层条件下的重复开采使得单层开采后已经趋于稳定的岩层再次“活化”,加剧了变形破坏的影响。因此,对煤层重复开采后引起的覆岩移动规律进行研究具有十分重要的意义。基于“力学模型+几何方法”融合的IFM-KS模型,提出了适用于多层开采条件下的岩层移动计算模型,揭示了煤层重复开采情况下岩层二次扰动后的移动变形规律。通过理论计算及UDEC数值计算方法验证了双系煤层开采情况岩层移动新模型的预测准确性。结果表明,理论计算的岩层位移结果与采用数值模拟得到的结果整体呈相同的沉降趋势,平均误差率约为15%。结合岩层移动模型计算结果,层间及上覆岩层空隙率的相关计算,与单层煤开采相比,双系煤层开采后造成的采空区空隙率变化剧烈,岩层破坏更加严重,上下采空区可通过裂隙沟通形成漏风通道。该计算模型能为类似采动件下岩层变形预计、采空区空隙率分布等提供一定的参考。

基于非线性弹性地基梁的地下矿山充填开采覆岩移动规律研究

为了研究地下金属矿充填开采覆岩移动规律,以盘龙铅锌矿采场作为研究对象,建立非线性弹性地基梁力学模型,开展了不同采场结构参数、顶板厚度、原岩应力及充填体配比对于覆岩移动的影响研究。研究发现5个因素对于覆岩移动的影响从强到弱依次为充填体配比、采场结构参数、顶板厚度、原岩应力,提高充填体配比是控制覆岩位移的关键。通过采用Flac3D数值模拟方法计算不同充填体配比下覆岩移动值,将数值模拟分析结果与力学理论计算结果进行对比,二者差异率在3%~9%之间,从而验证了力学模型计算结果的可靠性。基于研究结果,提出地下矿山充填开采覆岩沉降控制技术,并将其应用于工业试验。研究成果可为类似矿山进行岩层控制提供借鉴。

覆岩隔离注浆充填技术实践与研究展望

煤层开采后覆岩关键层失去下部支撑,在地层压力作用下断裂沉降是导致一系列采动损害与环境问题的根源,通过充填阻止关键层破断是减少环境损害的源头绿色开采技术。目前我国煤矿充填开采技术得到长足发展,但井下充填采煤存在效率相对较低、成本较高等问题,限制了其推广应用。而创新研发的覆岩隔离注浆充填技术,建立了地面钻孔“一注式减损”高效绿色开采新模式,突破了井下充填效率低的技术瓶颈。覆岩隔离注浆充填是基于采动覆岩卸荷膨胀累积效应对离层产生抑制作用,通过地面钻孔向关键层下进行高压注浆的充填,产生“压下托上”作用,将关键层下方碎胀岩体压实形成支撑体,在采空区形成压实承载结构,阻止关键层断裂。该技术解决了离层注浆充填量少、减沉率低的技术难题,可用于综采、综放工作面,以及单一煤层与多煤层开采;目前该技术已在全国推广应用,解决了东部矿区建筑物压煤开采难题,并在矸石减排、“减震防冲”“减漏保水”等方面开展了工程试验与实践。介绍了“双碳”背景下,针对煤矿充填材料不足问题,进一步研发“煤基固废+CO 2”覆岩隔离注浆充填绿色开采新技术构想,该技术可取得减沉、减漏、减震、减排、减碳等“一注五减”效果,实现煤炭资源的绿色开采与低碳利用。

不同破断距下开采覆岩裂隙网络分形特征研究

为研究神东矿区不同破断距下开采覆岩裂隙网络分形特征,分析了基本顶周期破断距影响因素,选取大柳塔煤矿52505和上湾煤矿12401工作面进行物理相似模拟实验,探究了不同破断距影响下覆岩裂隙网络分布特征,借助Matlab软件获取不同覆岩裂隙网络分布分形维数,定量描述了覆岩裂隙发育特征,进一步探讨了覆岩裂隙传播影响下不同岩层沉降规律。研究结果表明:影响基本顶周期破断距主要因素包括基本顶厚度、抗拉强度以及承载载荷;大柳塔52505工作面、上湾12401工作面模拟开采平均破断距分别为20和30.4 m;不同破断距下覆岩裂隙网络的分形维数随煤层工作面推进呈现阶梯形增长态势,分形维数可较好地表征覆岩裂隙分布。两工作面最高离层裂隙发育高度与分形维数变化趋势均近似呈非线性正相关;不同破断距对覆岩整体裂隙发育扩展趋势影响显著,工作面回采前期大柳塔52505工作面分形维数相对较低,回采中后期则相反,破断距小,覆岩整体裂隙发育程度相对较高;两工作面覆岩沉降曲线呈“凸”型,近似以采空区中部对称。

巨厚弱胶结覆岩深部开采大能量事件与地表沉陷关系研究

陕蒙矿区是我国重要的煤矿开采基地,区域侏罗系煤层覆岩中普遍存在巨厚弱胶结覆岩,虽然覆岩岩性总体呈中硬偏软弱,但实测地表下沉相对较小,且伴随频繁的大能量事件发生,给工作面安全高效开采带来了较大安全隐患。为研究巨厚弱胶结覆岩深部开采大能量事件与地表沉陷的关系,对石拉乌素煤矿1203工作面与1208工作面进行了地表沉陷实测与矿震资料分析,获得了该地区地表移动变形规律和矿震数据,通过对比分析研究发现:巨厚弱胶结覆岩地表移动变形下沉分布集中,最大下沉处均位于工作面中部偏向已采工作面侧,整体地表下沉盆地形态及下沉增加过程与中东部相似,但在未达到充分采动时,西部巨厚弱胶结矿区地表下沉值相比中东部明显偏小;巨厚弱胶结矿区煤层回采过程中均存在微震事件的活跃期,该阶段微震事件的能量和次数较高,同时伴随着105 J≤E的大能量事件发生,105 J≤E的矿震事件虽然频次较低,但在能量释放上占据重要地位;弱胶结矿区地表沉陷与能量事件之间存在着关联性,随着工作面的推进,最大下沉值突变往往伴随着大能量事件的发生。

单双目近景摄影测量联合监测弱胶结覆岩叠合式相似材料模型研究

相似材料模型是研究矿山开采岩层运动的重要手段,随着采深的增大,多采区采动联合影响的区域变形响应问题逐渐成为关注的焦点。为了克服常规相似材料模型研究深部开采问题的结果失真,以及常规监测技术在观测相似材料模型整体动态变形及任意点动态变形的不足,本文提出叠合式相似材料模拟的新思路,并采用单双目近景摄影测量联合监测新技术研究弱胶结覆岩运动规律。实验结果表明,叠合式相似材料模拟充分考虑了相似原理及覆岩中的关键层结构,研究结果更加可靠,基于等距虚拟面的数字摄影技术监测精度达到0.12 mm,能够满足大几何相似比物理模型的监测精度。通过研究深部矿区覆岩破坏规律发现,宽深比为0.85是白垩系砂岩的临界破坏点,采空区面长大于临界尺寸时将导致显著的冲击地压甚至矿震。单双目近景摄影测量联合监测新方法为研究深部开采区域性岩层移动响应过程提供了技术支持。

大采高工作面覆岩运动与煤壁片帮规律

为探究大采高工作面顶板运动规律及煤壁破坏机理,建立3种不同采高的UDEC数值模型,分析采高和支架护帮板位置对顶板垮落步距、形态及煤壁破坏深度的影响,建立煤壁滑移破坏力学模型。研究结果表明:初次来压步距受采高的影响较小,均为45 m,周期来压步距随着采高的增大而减小;大采高工作面由于垮落矸石无法充满采空区,顶板易形成悬臂梁结构;采高增大会增大煤壁片帮的风险。计算得出了大采高工作面煤壁能承受的最大顶板压力,给出了煤壁滑移破坏判据。通过建立不同护帮板位置的数值模型,确定了8.8 m大采高工作面的护帮板最佳支护位置。提出了增加护帮板水平推力和支护面积的煤壁控制方法,现场应用该方法使煤壁稳定性得到了有效提升。