The Effects of Three Mineral Nitrogen Sources and Zinc on Maize and Wheat Straw Decomposition and Soil Organic Carbon

The incorporation of straw in cultivated ifelds can potentially improve soil quality and crop yield. However, the presence of recalcitrant carbon compounds in straw slow its decomposition rate. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen sources, with and without the application of zinc, on straw decomposition and soil quality. Soils were treated with three different nitrogen sources, with and without zinc： urea （CO（NH2）2）, ammonium sulfate （（NH4）2SO4）, and ammonium chloride （NH4Cl）. The combined treatments were as follows：maize （M） and wheat （W） straw incorporated into urea-, ammonium sulfate-, or ammonium chloride-treated soil （U, S, and C, respectively） with and without zinc （Z） （MU, MUZ, WU, WUZ;MS, MSZ, WS, WSZ;MC, MCZ, WC, WCZ, respectively）;straw with zinc only （MZ, WZ）;straw with untreated soil （MS, WS）;and soil-only or control conditions （NT）. The experiment consisted of 17 treatments with four replications. Each pot contained 150 g soil and 1.125 g straw, had a moisture content of 80%of the ifeld capacity, and was incubated for 53 days at 25°C. The rates of CO2-C emission, cumulative CO2-C evolution, total CO2 production in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer decomposition rates. The total organic carbon （TOC）, labile organic carbon （LOC）, and soil microbial biomass in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer soil quality. All results were signiifcantly different （P〈0.05） with the exception of the labile organic carbon （LOC）. The maize and wheat straw showed different patterns in CO2 evolution rates. For both straw types, Zn had a synergic effect with U, but an antagonistic effect with the other N sources as determined by the total CO2 produced. The MUZ treatment showed the highest decomposition rate and cumulative CO2 concentration （1 120.29 mg/pot）, whereas the WACZ treatment had the lowest cumulative CO2 concentration （1 040.57 mg/pot）. The addition of NH4Cl resulted in the highest total organic carbon （TOC） concentration （11.59 mg kg-1）. The incorporation of wheat straw resulted in higher microbial biomass accumulation in soils relative to that of the maize straw application. The results demonstrate that mineral N sources can affect the ability of microorganisms to decompose straw, as well as the soil carbon concentrations.

The efficiency of long-term straw return to sequester organic carbon in Northeast China＇s cropland

Black soil is one of the most precious soil resources on earth because it has abundant carbon stocks and a relatively high production capacity. However, decreasing organic matter after land reclamation, and the effects of long-term inputs of organic carbon have made it less fertile black soil in Northeast China. Straw return could be an effective method for improving soil organic carbon（SOC） sequestration in black soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether straw return effectively increases SOC sequestration. Long-term field experiments were conducted at three sites in Northeast China with varying latitudes and SOC densities. Study plots were subjected to three treatments： no fertilization（CK）; inorganic fertilization（NPK）; and NPK plus straw return（NPKS）. The results showed that the SOC stocks resulting from NPKS treatment were 4.0 and 5.7% higher than those from NPK treatment at two sites, but straw return did not significantly affect the SOC stocks at the third site. Furthermore, at higher SOC densities, the NPKS treatment resulted in significantly higher soil carbon sequestration rates（CSR） than the NPK treatment. The equilibrium value of the CSR for the NPKS treatment equated to cultivation times of 17, 11, and 8 years at the different sites. Straw return did not significantly increase the SOC stocks in regions with low SOC densities, but did enhance the C pool in regions with high SOC densities. These results show that there is strong regional variation in the effects of straw return on the SOC stocks in black soil in Northeast China. Additional cultivations and fertilization practices should be used when straw return is considered as an approach for the long-term improvement of the soil organic carbon pool.

Inter-annual changes in the aggregate-size distribution and associated carbon of soil and their effects on the straw-derived carbon incorporation under long-term no-tillage

Converting from conventional tillage to no-tillage influences the soil aggregate-size distribution and thus soil organic carbon （SOC） stabilization. However, the dynamics of soil aggregation and the straw-derived carbon （C） incorporation within aggregate fractions are not well understood. An experiment was established in 2004 to test the effects of two treatments, no-tillage with residue （NT） and conventional tillage without residue （CT）, on the soil aggregate-size distribution and SOC stabilization in a continuous maize （Zea mays L.） cropping system located in the semiarid region of northern China. Soil samples were collected from the 0-10 cm layer in 2008, 2010 and 2015, and were separated into four aggregate-size classes （〉2, 0.25-2, 0.053-0.25, and 〈0.053 mm） by wet-sieving. In each year, NT soil had a higher proportion of macroaggregates （i.e., 〉2 and 0.25-2 mm） and associated SOC concentration compared with CT. Additionally, to compare straw-derived C incorporation within NT and CT aggregate fractions, ^13C-labeled straw was incubated with intact NT and CT soils. After 90 days, the highest proportion of 13C-labeled straw-derived C was observed in the 〉2 mm fraction, and this proportion was lower in NT than that in CT soil. Overall, we conclude that long-term continuous NT increased the proportion of macroaggregates and the C concentration within macroaggregates, and the physical protection provided by NT is beneficial for soil C sequestration in the continuous maize cropping system in semiarid regions of northern China.

Effects of straw and biochar addition on soil nitrogen,carbon,and super rice yield in cold waterlogged paddy soils of North China

The additions of straw and biochar have been suggested to increase soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and crop produc- tivity of agricultural lands. To our knowledge, there is little information on the effects of straw and biochar addition on soil nitrogen form, carbon storage, and super rice yield in cold waterlogged paddy soils. We performed field trials with four treatments including conventional fertilization system （CK）, straw amendment 6 t ha^-1 （S）, biochar amendment 2 t ha^-1 （C1）, and biochar amendment 40 t ha^-1 （C2）. The super japonica rice variety, Shennong 265, was selected as the test Crop. The results showed that the straw and biochar amendments improved total nitrogen and organic carbon content of the soil, reduced N2O emissions, and had little influence on nitrogen retention, nitrogen density, and CO2 emissions. The S and C1 increased NH4^＋-N content, and C2 increased NO3^--N content. Both S and C1 had little influence on soil organic carbon density （SOCD） and C/N ratio. However, C2 greatly increased SOCD and C/N ratio. C1 and C2 significantly improved the soil carbon sequestration （SCS） by 62.9 and 214.0% （P〈0.05）, respectively, while S had no influence on SCS. C1 and C2 maintained the stability of super rice yield, and significantly reduced CH4 emissions, global warming potential （GWP）, and greenhouse gas intensity （GHGI）, whereas S had the opposite and negative effects. In summary, the biochar amendments in cold waterlogged paddy soils of North China increased soil nitrogen and carbon content, improved soil carbon sequestration, and reduced GHG emission without affecting the yield of super rice.

Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term(approximately 15 years) field experiment in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed(T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated(TS), no tillage with straw removed(NT) and no tillage with straw retention(NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates(LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates(SA, 250–2000 μm), microaggregates(MA, 53–250 μm), and silt and clay(SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices(including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions(LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices(including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%–56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0–5, 5–10 and 10–30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter(MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates(including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25–6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34–0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.

Adsorption of Phenol by Activated Carbon Prepared from Waste Rice Straw by Chemical Activation with (NH_4)_2HPO_4

Activated carbons,RS-1,RS-2,and RS-3,prepared from rice straw with(NH4)2HPO4 activation were used as adsorbents for removing phenols from aqueous solutions.The maximum adsorption capacities of phenol for RS-1,RS-2,and RS-3 were 163.9,172.9,and 200.0 mg/g,respectively.The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir,Freundlich,and Temkin models.It displayed that Langmuir isotherm fitted to the results best.The dimensionless parameter RL indicated the favorable nature of the adsorption of phenol.Otherwise,the kinetic rates were well explained by pseudo-second-order model.According to the results,activated carbon derived from waste rice straw can be a high-performance adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

Soil organic carbon associated with aggregate-size and density fractions in a Mollisol amended with charred and uncharred maize straw

Straw return has been strongly recommended in China,whereas applying biochar into soil is considered to provide more benefits for agriculture as well as the environment.In this study,a five-year(2011-2015) field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of uncharred maize straw amendment(MS) and charred maize straw amendment(charred MS) on organic carbon(C) contents in bulk soil and in various soil aggregate-size and density fractions.Compared to no amendment(CK),the bulk soil organic C content significantly improved by 9.30% for MS and by 23.4% for charred MS.Uncharred and charred maize straw applied annually at a consistent equal-C dosage resulted in 19.7 and 58.2% organic C sequestration efficiency in soil,respectively,after the five years of the field experiment.The percentages of macroaggregates(>0.25 mm) and occluded microaggregates(0.25-0.053 mm) obviously increased by 7.73 and 18.1% for MS and by 10.7 and 19.6% for charred MS,respectively.Moreover,significant incremental increases of 19.4 and 35.0% in macroaggregate-associated organic C occurred in MS and charred MS,respectively.The occluded microaggregates associated organic C significantly increased by 21.7% for MS and 25.1% for charred MS.Mineral-associated organic C(<0.053 mm) inside the macroaggregates and the occluded microaggregates obviously improved by 24.7 and 33.3% for MS and by 18.4 and 44.9% for charred MS.Organic C associated with coarse particulate organic matter(POM) within the macroaggregates markedly increased by 65.1 and 41.2% for MS and charred MS,respectively.Charred MS resulted in a noteworthy increment of 50.4% for organic C associated with heavy POM inside the occluded microaggregates,whereas charred MS and MS observably improved organic C associated with heavy POM inside the free microaggregates by 36.3 and 20.0%,respectively.These results demonstrate that uncharred and charred maize straw amendments improve C sequestration by physically protecting more organic C in the macroaggregates and the occluded microaggregates.Compared to the feedstock straw amendment,charred maize straw amendment is more advantageous to C sequestration.

The Measuring and Impacting Factors Analysis of Rural Straw Yield-Based on the Perspective of Constructing Low-carbon Agricultural Economy

On the basis of expounding the status quo and using developmental trend of China's straw,4 indices are selected:straw yield,planting area,using amount of fertilizer and effective irrigation area.According to the relevant data of China Statistical Yearbook from 1991 to 2008,by using linear regression model,we calculate China's rural straw yield,analyze the factors impacting straw yield,and point out that the using amount of fertilizer is the important factor impacting straw yield.Based on these,in the perspective of low-carbon agricultural economy,we put forward suggestions of using straw comprehensively from 4 perspectives in order to provide theoretical reference for decision-makers:improve fertilizer dependence;develop straw reuse technology;popularize the technology of straw gasification actively;strengthen farmers' low-carbon awareness.

Preparation and Characterization of Semi-Carbonized Rice Straw Fiber

The semi-carbonization method is a kind of waste treatment to carbonize rice straw fiber at low semi-carbon temperature. The rice straw fiber is carbonized incompletely, which serves as building materials additive. The results reveal that the optimized carbonization condition is at 313 ℃ for 20-40 min with H3PO4 as activator. The structure of semi-carbonized straw fiber displays a large quantity of micropores, with which the wall thickness and the pore diameter are in the range of 1-4 μm, presenting the iodine sorption value of 1 320-1 470 mL/g and the methylene blue sorption value of 1 330-1 460 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the acidic oxygen-containing groups impart the structure higher sorption of polar molecules. The semi-carbonized rice straw fiber with open and closed micro-mesopores demonstrates good hygroscopicity, implying the potential application as a functional additive in building materials.

Liquefaction of Rice Straw with Ethylene Carbonate

In this study,rice straw(RS) was liquefied by ethylene carbonate(EC) using H_2SO_4 as a catalyst.The effects of various process conditions on the liquefaction characteristics were investigated by FT-IR and residue content analysis.The results show that cellulose and lignin are degraded during the liquefaction process and large amounts of groups are generated.In addition,it is difficult to effectively liquefy RS by using EC alone as the liquefying agent without other additives.Compared to water addition on liquefaction,the residue content can be significantly reduced up to 30% by adding H_2O_2.It has also been proved that the liquor ratio(RS/EC,w/v) of 1∶5 with H_2O_2 as an additive at 145℃ for liquefaction time of 60 min in the presence of H_2SO_4 can accelerate the liquefaction process and high liquefaction yield can be obtained.

多孔秸秆碳磺酸催化纤维素水解研究

以玉米秸秆为原料、NaOH为造孔剂,采用碳化-活化制备多孔秸秆碳磺酸(PSCSA),用于纤维素的水解。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、N_(2)吸脱附分析(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对PSCSA进行表征分析,表明PSCSA为不定形碳结构并有部分微弱的石墨结晶,含有羟基(-OH)、羧基(-COOH)、磺酸基(-SO_(3)H),且表面为多孔形貌。在多孔秸秆碳磺酸添加量为2.5g·g^(-1)(纤维素)、底物纤维素浓度为3mg·mL^(-1)、190℃水解1h的条件下,多孔秸秆碳磺酸催化纤维素水解还原糖得率可达60.61%。

玉米秸秆还田下深松年限对土壤有机碳含量及胡敏酸结构特征的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田结合耕作措施下土壤有机碳组分的变化特征,基于6 a秸秆还田长期定位试验,利用三维荧光光谱技术,对CK(不深松+不秸秆还田)、NFG(不深松+每年秸秆还田)、EFG(隔一年深松+每年秸秆还田)、TFG(隔两年深松+每年秸秆还田)和SFG(连年深松+每年秸秆还田)处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)含量及胡敏酸(HA)结构特征进行分析。结果表明:与CK相比,EFG处理0~10 cm土层的SOC、HA含量和PQ值分别显著增加25.23%、16.19%和4.27%,FA含量降低4.55%。10~20 cm土层,EFG处理的SOC含量最高,较CK增加13.18%;SFG处理的HA和FA含量较CK提高最多,增幅分别为13.27%和32.74%。通过HA三维荧光图谱发现,与CK(Ex/Em=270/455,270/460)相比,EFG(Ex/Em=280/455,270/465)处理下0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层中的HA荧光峰波长均有红移现象。土壤胡敏酸中包含两个组分,C1(Ex/Em=270/280)和C2(Ex/Em=440/515)同为类腐殖酸物质,胡敏酸整体腐殖化程度较高,结构较为复杂;其中EFG和TFG处理的C2组分所占比例最高,分别为28.59%和31.38%。各处理的C1和C2组分F_(max)值均较CK有所增加,即腐殖化程度增加。综上所述,EFG处理(隔一年深松+每年秸秆还田)通过提升土壤有机碳及腐殖酸类物质含量,增加腐殖化程度,加强了土壤的供肥能力,为黑龙江黑土区较佳的耕作技术措施。

不同秸秆还田模式对冬小麦土壤活性有机碳库的影响

为探寻最适宜小麦种植的秸秆还田模式,优化土壤结构、提升土壤质量,采用根箱培养,以不施肥(CK)为对照,设置不同秸秆还田方式配施化肥共6个处理,即秸秆还田(SF)、秸秆生物炭还田(BF)、秸秆配施腐熟剂还田(SDF)、秸秆配施纳米载体腐熟剂还田(SNDF)以及单施化肥(F).结果表明:所有处理在不同时期的土壤活性有机碳库组分质量分数基本表现为随土层的加深而降低,SNDF处理在小麦成熟期的表层土壤总有机碳(SOC)、土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)质量分数分别为36.40 g/kg、491.56 mg/kg、273.10 mg/kg,土壤碳库管理指数为225.7%,SDF在小麦成熟期的土壤活性有机碳(LOC)质量分数为7.79 g/kg,SOC、土壤DOC、土壤MBC、土壤LOC和碳库管理指数之间均存在极显著的正相关性(P<0.01).研究发现SNDF处理对冬小麦土壤有机碳组分及土壤碳库管理指数的改善效果最好,该结果为秸秆还田与化肥配施在农业生产上的应用提供了理论依据和研究基础.

水稻秸秆碳组分对土壤有机碳激发效应的影响机理

秸秆还田显著影响土壤有机碳激发效应,秸秆不同碳组分对土壤有机碳激发效应影响的方向和强度尚不明确,作用机理仍不清楚。本研究以淮北平原的黄潮土为研究对象,以13C标记的水稻秸秆的水溶性碳、脂溶性碳、残余碳组分和全秸秆碳作为外源碳,利用微宇宙培养方法,研究秸秆不同碳组分添加对土壤有机碳激发效应的影响及作用机理。结果表明,添加秸秆不同碳组分土壤CO_(2)-C排放累积量中,添加水溶性碳处理土壤CO_(2)-C排放速率最高,为29.60 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),而添加脂溶碳、残余碳和秸秆碳之间差异不显著。添加水溶性碳和全秸秆两种外源碳为正激发效应,分别为11.16%和13.39%,而添加脂溶碳和残余碳则表现为负激发效应,分别为-17.04%和-3.06%。相关分析表明,土壤酶活性与秸秆碳组分的TN呈显著正相关(r=0.768**),与C/N呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.776**)。正激发效应与秸秆碳组分的TN和土壤酶活性呈显著正相关关系,负激发效应与秸秆碳组分的TC和TN呈正相关关系,与C/N呈显著负相关。综上,秸秆碳组分与土壤自身有机碳分解的“共代谢理论”是产生正激发效应的主要作用机理,秸秆碳组分C/N的“化学计量比理论”是产生负激发效应的主要作用机理。

化肥减量配施生物炭和秸秆对砂姜黑土区水稻产量、养分吸收和土壤碳的影响

为探讨砂姜黑土区养分资源高效管理和秸秆资源化利用方式,采用田间定位试验,连续2 a研究化肥减量配施生物炭和秸秆对该区域水稻产量、养分吸收和土壤碳的影响。试验设5个处理:①不施肥(CK);②常规施肥(100%NPK);③化肥减量20%(80%NPK);④化肥减量20%+秸秆(80%NPK+S);⑤化肥减量20%+生物炭(80%NPK+B),测定并分析水稻籽粒产量、地上部生物量、植株氮、磷、钾养分含量、土壤总有机碳(TOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)。结果显示,化肥减量20%配施生物炭或秸秆均有利于提高水稻产量和地上部生物量,且生物炭较秸秆的效果更为显著。化肥减量20%配施生物炭(80%NPK+B)处理的水稻产量和地上部生物量较100%NPK处理分别增加5.2%和4.7%,较80%NPK处理分别增加7.9%和7.2%;化肥减量20%配施秸秆(80%NPK+S)较100%NPK处理的水稻产量和地上部生物量分别增加3.4%和3.0%;80%NPK与100%NPK处理的籽粒和地上部生物量无显著差异;化肥减量20%配施生物炭显著提高了水稻地上部N、P_(2)O_(5)和K_(2)O养分累积量,较100%NPK处理分别提高了10.4%、7.2%和20.0%;化肥减量20%配施秸秆可显著提高氮、钾养分累积量,但却同时显著降低了磷素累积量;化肥减量20%配施生物炭或者秸秆,均有利于改善土壤总有机碳的累积,并且显著提高了土壤微生物量碳的含量,其中生物炭提高土壤总有机碳含量效果优于秸秆,而秸秆提高土壤微生物量碳含量效果优于生物炭。综合来看,在沿淮砂姜黑土区,化肥减量20%配施生物炭或者氮钾减量20%配施秸秆可增加或维持水稻产量,提高水稻对养分的吸收能力,利于固碳培肥。

东北半干旱黑土区玉米秸秆还田方式对土壤水溶性有机碳含量及其组分的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田方式下土壤有机碳组分的变化特征,基于6 a秸秆还田长期定位试验,利用三维荧光光谱技术,对无秸秆还田(CK)、秸秆覆盖还田(FG)、秸秆翻埋还田(FM)处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)含量及水溶性有机碳(WSOC)含量及其结构特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,FM处理0~40 cm土层SOC含量提高7.87%~29.54%,FG处理0~30 cm土层SOC含量增加1.91%~18.61%,30~40 cm土层SOC含量降低7.67%;FM和FG处理0~40 cm土层土壤WSOC含量分别提升13.42%~39.42%和0.28%~26.34%。(2)通过WSOC三维荧光光谱发现,各土层CK(Ex/Em=300/34、Ex/Em=300/340、Ex/Em=240/340、Ex/Em=300/340)处理WSOC荧光特征峰为溶解性微生物代谢产物和类色氨酸蛋白质物质荧光峰;FM(Ex/Em=340/430、Ex/Em=340/430、Ex/Em=340/435、Ex/Em=340/435)和FG(Ex/Em=270/440、Ex/Em=270/435、Ex/Em=340/435、Ex/Em=340/430)处理为类腐殖酸类物质荧光特征峰,腐殖化程度较高,结构较为复杂;荧光区域积分表明,FM和FG处理类腐殖酸类物质(Ⅴ)和富里酸类物质(Ⅲ)的积分百分比分别较CK增加12.18%~27.39%、11.98%~30.72%和3.96%~5.73%、2.99%~5.40%。(3)土壤WSOC包含两个组分,C1(Ex/Em=340/435,270/435)组分为类腐殖酸类物质,C2(Ex/Em=290/345,240/345)组分为溶解性微生物代谢产物和类色氨酸蛋白质物质;F max值结果表明,0~40 cm土层的C1组分相对含量表现为FM>FG>CK,表明秸秆翻埋还田更有助于土壤中营养物质含量增加和形成更高分子量的有机物。综上,不同秸秆还田方式均可提升SOC和土壤WSOC含量,增加腐殖化程度,加强土壤的供肥能力,翻埋还田处理提升作用更为显著。

水分及秸秆覆盖对夏玉米土壤呼吸及碳平衡的影响

【目的】充分发挥秸秆覆盖与适宜灌溉对作物增产及土壤固碳减排的各自优势及二者协同效应,建立减排增产节水的高效农田管理模式。【方法】以豫东地区夏玉米为研究对象,设置覆盖方式(秸秆覆盖(S)和无覆盖(N))和灌水控制下限(田间持水率(FC)的50%(W1)、60%(W2)、70%(W3)、80%(W4))两因素试验,系统研究水分及秸秆覆盖对土壤碳排放总量、土壤微生物异氧呼吸碳释放量和农田净初级生产力固碳量影响。【结果】秸秆覆盖和灌水增加了土壤呼吸、农田净初级生产力固碳量和土壤微生物异氧呼吸碳释放量,其中SW4处理均最高,与SW3、NW4处理差异不显著。SW3处理净生态系统生产力(NEP)和碳排放效率均最高,分别较其他处理高3.99%~245.74%和2.35%~138.80%。与SW4处理相比,SW3处理在节约灌水的前提下,农田净生态系统生产力提高2.99%,碳排放效率提高2.35%。【结论】综合考虑农田净生态系统生产力和碳排放效率,SW3处理(灌水控制下限为70%FC+秸秆覆盖)可以作为节水、减排、增产的农田管理模式。

玉米芯与秸秆作为缓释碳源的改性研究

目的 为解决低C/N污水中碳源不足的问题,探究以玉米芯与秸秆作为固体缓释碳源的可能性。方法 分别使用NaOH溶液、H2O2溶液及NaOH与H2O2的混合液对玉米芯与秸秆进行改性,通过静态试验测定改性后固体碳源的质量变化,分析改性后固体碳源的浸出液中COD、NH_(4)^(+)-N、TN、TP的释放规律,对改性后固体碳源的可生化性能进行研究。结果 经过预处理后的固体碳源释碳能力均有不同程度的提升,经过碱处理组的质量减少最为明显,经过碱处理后的玉米芯具有良好、持久的释碳能力,氮磷的释放量几乎可忽略不计,经过碱处理后的玉米芯和秸秆的可生化性均有所提高,玉米芯的可生化性能增强更明显,更适合微生物的生长繁殖。结论 经过碱性溶液处理后的玉米芯更适于作为固体缓释碳源应用于低C/N污水的脱氮除磷。

浅埋滴灌下玉米秸秆不同还田年限土壤有机碳固存特征及其影响因素

外源有机物(秸秆)添加直接影响耕层土壤有机碳的周转,研究浅埋滴灌条件下玉米秸秆持续还田土壤有机碳固存及其影响因素对西辽河平原灌区玉米可持续生产与耕地地力提升具有重要意义。本文基于连续7年的田间定位试验,设置玉米连作秸秆连年全量还田0年(0a)、3年(3a)、5年(5a)和7年(7a)4个处理,探讨玉米秸秆不同还田年限对土壤结构、胞外酶活性、有机碳组分含量、碳储量、固碳量和碳库管理指数的影响。与0a处理相比,0~30 cm土层3a、5a和7a广义土壤结构指数分别增加1.65%、1.99%和3.33%,土壤三相结构距离分别降低5.55%、6.65%和12.7%;0~30 cm土层3a、5a和7a土壤β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性分别提高4.34%、13.0%、15.9%和12.1%、16.3%、20.9%,土壤纤维素酶和土壤蔗糖酶活性分别提高5.86%、13.4%、19.2%和12.6%、21.3%、34.1%;不同处理间几何平均酶活性和总体酶活性差异显著,0~30 cm土层3a、5a和7a几何平均酶活性和总体酶活性较0a分别提高8.63%、15.90%、22.25%和9.12%、17.19%、25.09%。土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量及其储量均表现为3a、5a和7a显著高于0a,0~30 cm土层3a、5a和7a土壤有机碳和土壤易氧化有机碳含量较0a分别提高13.4%、32.7%、42.7%和17.5%、27.5%、42.5%,土壤水溶性有机碳和土壤微生物量碳含量较0a分别提高13.2%、18.5%、28.5%和33.9%、45.3%、56.1%;同时0~30 cm土层3a、5a和7a土壤有机碳和易氧化有机碳储量分别提高11.6%、29.5%、36.2%和14.9%、23.8%、35.5%,土壤水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳储量分别提高10.7%、15.2%、22.3%和31.0%、41.0%、48.5%。0~30 cm土层5a和7a土壤固碳量均显著高于3a;0~30 cm土层各处理碳库指数和碳库管理指数差异显著,5a和7a较3a分别提高17.0%、26.1%和7.00%、19.9%。土壤结构稳定性、胞外酶活性与土壤固碳量和碳库管理指数的相关分析和冗余分析结果表明,土壤β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性、液相体积分数、三相结构距离、纤维素酶活性和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性是影响玉米秸秆不同还田年限土壤有机碳固存的主要因素,其解释率分别为76.0%、4.10%、3.30%、1.70%和3.40%。浅埋滴灌下玉米秸秆连续还田7年改善了土壤结构的稳定性,提高了与土壤碳素相关的土壤胞外酶活性,进而提升了土壤有机碳固存和碳库指数。

半干旱地区秸秆还田对土壤有机碳组分及产量的影响

为了探索半干旱区玉米秸秆还田对土壤有机碳组分和产量的影响,以黑龙江省农业科学院齐齐哈尔分院秸秆长期定位试验田为研究对象,对CK(常规种植)、FM(秸秆翻埋还田)和FG(秸秆覆盖还田)3种处理下土壤颗粒有机碳、水溶性有机碳含量及玉米产量进行分析。结果表明:不同处理各土层均是黏粒(<0.053μm)有机碳含量最高。FM处理4个土层砂粒(>0.250μm)和黏粒(<0.053μm)有机碳含量平均值分别提高了21.78%和20.51%,FG处理分别提高了25.87%和13.52%。FM处理在各土层水溶性有机碳含量最高,在0~10和>10~20 cm土层中顺序为FM>FG>CK,其中FM处理分别较CK增加22.73%和38.25%,FG处理分别较CK提高2.48%和26.32%。在>20~30和>30~40 cm土层中,土壤水溶性有机碳含量依次为FM>CK>FG,其中FG降低幅度分别为14.55%和9.41%,而FM处理增加幅度分别为10.68%和17.85%。不同处理之间穗长、穗粗和穗行数差异不明显。穗粒数顺序为FM>FG>CK,籽粒含水量顺序为FG>CK>FM;产量顺序为FM>FG>CK,FM和FG处理分别较CK增产5.20%和3.20%。