Characteristics of B,Zn and Se in stream sediments of Tanzania and their agricultural applications:Based on 1∶1000000 geochemical survey

Tanzania is located in eastern Africa with a predominantly agricultural ecomomy,the potential for developing and utilizing cultivated land are promising,but scientific guidance is required.B,Zn and Se are essential micronutrients for plants and human body with crucial biological functions,in particular,Se is significant for human health and considered as“the king of anti-cancer”.As these elements required by human or plants are mainly absorbed from soil directly or indirectly,therefore,it is important to understand the contents and distributions of them in the soil of cultivated land for guiding agricultural production.In this work,low-density geochemical survey at the scale of 1∶1000000 was carried out in Tanzania,and the results show that the concentrations of B,Zn and Se in stream sediments are low and their distributions are heterogeneous.According to the distributions of geological units,the existing cultivated land resources can be divided into five regions in Tanzania.Compared with the national background values,the concentrations of B,Zn and Se are insufficient overall but enriched locally in these regions.In general,element concentrations in stream sediments and soil have a positive correlation because of their similar sources,which is essential in agriculture application.Based on the information provided by low-density geochemical data and maps,the Se-sufficient and Se-rich regions were delineated in Tanzania,where can be used to develop Se-rich industries.Finally,this paper believes that geochemical survey is a powerful tool for cultivated land evaluation,agriculture management and land development.

Geochemical Stream Sediment Survey in the Wadi Umm Rilan Area,South Eastern Desert,Egypt:A New Occurrence for Gold Mineralization

The present paper investigates the stream sediment geochemistry, behavior of gold and associated elements, delineates Au-anomalous sites and defines related sources in the Wadi Umm Rilan area. Fifty three major and trace elements were analyzed using ICP-MS and treated applying various statistical and mapping techniques. The results showed a significant difference of mean and median Au and most chemical elements in the three portions of the area, and higher values were recorded in the western portion. Furthermore, Au-anomalous sites appeared in upper and lower parts of the Wadi Umm Rilan, along the tributaries of metavolcanic unit and near granitoid contacts. This indicates the main source of Au mineralization is related to emplacement of granitoid plutons and accompanying hydrothermal solutions. There are significant indications for the presence of more than one mineralization event forming a probable single major episode of mineralization in the area, involving Au, Pb and U mineralizations. Geology, geomorphologic aspects and weathering processes could control stream sediment geochemistry, anomalies of Au and associated elements, elemental association and their dispersion patterns. Therefore, the area is fruitful and regarded as a promising target for Au exploration, using Ag, As, Sb, Cd, Cs, and TI as pathfinder elements.

Environmental Geochemistry of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Soil and Stream Sediment in Panzhihua Mining and Smelting Area,Southwestern China

Mining and smelting activities are the main causes for the in creasing pollution of heavy metals in soil, water body and stream sediment. An e nvironmental geochemical investigation was carried out in and around the Panzhih ua mining and smelting area to determine the extent of chemical contamination in soil and sediment. The main objective of this study was to investigate the envi ronmental geochemistry of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn and As in soil and sediment and to assess the degree of pollution in the study area. The data of heavy metal concentrations reveal that soils and sediments in the area have been slightly c ontaminated. Geochemical maps of I\-\{geo\} of each heavy metal show that the co ntaminated sites are located in V-Ti-magnetite sloping and smelting, gangues d am. The pollution sources of the selected elements come mainly from dusts result ant from mining activities and other three-waste-effluents. The area needs to be monitored regularly for trace metal, especially heavy metal enrichment.

Assessment of trace metals contamination in stream sediments and soils in Abuja leather mining, southwestern Nigeria

This study is aimed at determining the level of environmental degradation as well as the concentration of trace elements in soil and stream sediments in order to evaluate the environmental impact of the mining operation.Twenty-five(25) soils and ten(10) stream sediment samples were collected from the study area. The physicochemical parameters were determined using appropriate instrumentation with the aid of a digital p H meter(Milwaukee meter) to measure the p H and electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, moisture content and loss on ignition of the soil and stream sediment samples. The p H of the soil sample ranged from(6.10 to 7.19); Electrical conductivity ranged from(21.3 to 279.4 μS/cm), moisture content varied from(0.60% to 7.20%), and the LOI ranged from(2.03% to 18.62%). The results of the analysis showed that the concentrations of the trace elements in the soils and stream sediment samples were slightly higher than the background values. Plots of the trace elements in stream sediment samples show moderate, consistent decrease downstream except at points where there was mine water discharge into the main river. The pollution levels of heavy metals were examined in stream sediment and soil samples using different assessable indices, such as the enrichment factor, which showed significant-moderate enrichment for Cr, Th, Nb, Zn, Pb, Y and Zr and the geoaccumulation index, which showed practically moderate contamination with Cr, Ni and Sr based on regional background reference values. Geo-accumulation index and contamination index for soils and stream sediment revealed uncontaminated to moderate contamination. Likewise,elements with moderate contamination were Cr, Ni and Sr.The Pearson correlation showed that there were significant positive associations among selected metals in soil and stream sediment samples.

SURVEY ON PCDDs AND PCDFs IN SEDIMENTS AND SOILs IN YA-ER LAKE AREA, CHINA

For the first time in P. R. China, six locations were investigated regarding the impact of poloychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in contaminated sediments and soils in the Ya-Er Lake area . Total concentrations of PCDDs from 70 to 1.6 ×105 ng/kg dw ,median 7.9×104 ng/kg dw and of PCDFs from 1.8 to 1.8 ×104ng/kg dw ,median 9.2 ×103 ng/kg dw were measured . The internaional toxic equivalents (I-TEQ) varied from 0.14 to 8.1×10 2 ng/kg dw,median 4.1×102 ng/kg dw The PCDDs pattern showed that the concentration of OCDD was significantly higher than that of the low chlorinated congeners . The results indicated that parts of Ya-Er Lake are heavily pollutad by there chiorinated compounds. Comparison of our results with the pattern of sediments showed significant differences . The asults are of special importance bocause the pollution that affected Ya-Er Lake may spread to agricultural land and the Changjiang River.

The Effects of Applying the Association of Al,K,and Sn in Stream Sediments for Gold Exploration in Different Landscapes

Geochemical data of altered wall rocks are important for the metallogenic prognosis of hydrothermal gold deposits. Indicator elements of altered wall rocks such as K, AI, As, Sb, and Hg have been successfully used to assess gold anomalies in lithogeochemicai survey. However, such researches have rarely been done in stream sediment survey for the exploration of gold from various landscapes. On the basis of the geochemical analysis of altered wall rocks of gold deposits in the cold desert areas of Gansu （甘肃） Province in Northwest China, it is found that the combination of AI, K, and Sn could serve as an important indicator of hydrothermal gold deposits and can be used to evaluate the metallogenic prospective of gold anomalies in stream sediments. More studies performed in the cold grassland areas and the moderate-low relief mountainous areas showed that, both weak and strong geochemical anomalies can be extracted, if strictly abiding by the ways of calculation and addition of the binary values of the indicator elements with equal weight, and this provides the sound delineation of metallogenic perspective areas.

Factor Analysis of Stream Sediment Geochemical Data from Onyami Drainage System, Southwestern Nigeria

An R-mode quartimax rotated factor matrix was applied to a statistical study of stream sediment geochemical data from Onyami drainage system within Igarra area in southwestern Nigeria. The area is underlain by the gneiss-migmatite complex, the low grade supracrustal schist belts and the Pan-African granitoids which intruded both the gneiss-migmatite complex and the supracrustal units. A four-factor model which accounts for 76.49% of the total variance of the stream sediment geochemical data was established. Factor 1 (Sc-Ga-V-La-Ni-Co-Ag-Bi-Sr-Pb-Hf-Nb-Cu-Cr) probably defines an underlying complex granitic lithology with contributions from mafic and ultramafic rocks. Factor 2 (Th-U) is attributable to a granitic lithology which reflects the parent rock as the influencing factor. Factor 3 (Mo-Nb-Zn) appears to define a minor sulphide mineralization associated with granitic rocks that intruded the schists and granite gneiss in the area. Factor 4 indicates the occurrence of gold and its pathfinder element, As, in the study area. This inference is consistent with the reported occurrence and mining of gold during the colonial era in Dagbala, which lies within the Onyami river catchment area.

Application of geophysical-geochemical method in verification of stream sediment anomaly in Baoxinggou area of Heilongjiang

Baoxinggou area is located in northern Daxing'anling. In this area,comprehensive use of geophysical and geochemical exploration methods plays an important role in the prospecting,and has yielded some application results so far. Based on the 1 /100 000 stream sediment anomaly survey,the methods of 1 /20 000 soil geochemical measurement,trenching engineering on the earth's surface and 1 /10 000 IP intermediate gradient survey were all used to verify and decompose drainage anomalies,as well as to find and locate ore bodies. In this way,an effective,economical and quick prospecting method was concluded,which focuses on the middle and lower mountain forest swamp landscape in the northern part of Daxing'anling,and provides reference for the prospecting in the area.

重铬酸钾容量法测定地质样品中的有机碳

目前,地质样品中有机碳的测定方法有干烧法(高温电炉灼烧)和湿烧法(重铬酸钾氧化)两大类。干烧法要求实验条件苛刻、操作繁琐、不易掌握、受碳酸盐的干扰,湿烧法虽然操作比较简单,但方法受样品中还原性物质的干扰,如氯根、亚铁等,通过优化熔矿温度、熔矿时间、熔剂浓度的选择,考察氯离子的干扰实验。结果表明,样品中含氯化物低的样品通过加入0.1 g硫酸银消除干扰,样品中含氯化物高的样品通过高温灼烧减量消除干扰。氧化指示剂选用邻菲啰啉或苯二氨基苯甲酸。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.80%~4.4%,准确度(RE)在-3.2%~1.2%,方法适用于土壤、水系沉积物、岩石等地质调查样品中有机碳的测定。通过标准物质验证,方法技术指标满足地质行业规范(DZ/T 0130.4—2006)中有机碳的分析要求,建立了一种简单、快捷、经济、准确的测定地质样品中有机碳的测定方法,满足地球化学调查批量样品生产的需要。

高频燃烧-红外吸收光谱法测定土壤和水系沉积物中总有机碳和有机质的含量

传统重铬酸钾容量法已难以满足测定批量土壤样品中总有机碳和有机质的绿色环保要求,为有效提高检测效率,达到少用或不用有毒、有害试剂的目标,提出了题示方法。取0.050 0 g样品(已于105℃烘2 h)于陶瓷坩埚(已于1 000℃灼烧4 h)中,置于85℃恒温电热板上,滴加体积比1∶5的盐酸-水混合溶液,直至溶液停止冒泡,蒸干后于105℃恒温干燥箱中烘烤2~3 h,取出,加入0.4 g纯铁助熔剂和1.5 g纯钨助熔剂,选择高碳池分析气路,分析时间为30 s,采用高频燃烧-红外吸收光谱法测定其中总有机碳和有机质的含量。结果表明,总有机碳的检出限(3s)为0.012%,有机质的检出限(3s)为0.021%。测定了6种标准物质中总有机碳,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=12)小于5.0%,与认定值基本一致。方法用于分析20个实际样品,测定结果与NY/T 1121.6-2006中传统重铬酸钾容量法进行对比,结果表明两种方法的测定结果具有较好的一致性。

广东离子吸附型稀土矿床特征及找矿预测

稀土是我国的优势矿种,尤以华南地区离子吸附型稀土矿产资源最为突出,广东省内的风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿床主要分布在韶关、河源、梅州、清远、潮州、揭阳、肇庆和茂名等地。水系沉积物地球化学异常是圈定矿床找矿远景区最有效且快速的一种手段,本次研究以广东省1∶20万水系沉积物地球化学数据为基础,将镧(La)和钇(Y)分别作为轻稀土(LREE)和重稀土(HREE)的特征元素,选取了34处稀土异常调查区(其中LREE异常区15处,HREE异常区19处),通过对人工剥土和人工冲击钻采样分析,初步评估了相应的稀土成矿潜力。139件样品分析结果显示,114个样品达到边界品位(≥0.02%),占送样总数的82.0%;71个样品达到工业品位(≥0.04%,最高可达0.27%),占送样总数的51.1%,新发现韶关乳源、潮州钱东、汕尾碣石、河源东源和河源龙川5个找矿远景区。为了更有效地圈定离子吸附型稀土矿床,结合稀土矿床找矿预测的标志,建议在1∶20万水系沉积物稀土元素地球化学异常区的基础上,开展低密度不规则网土壤地球化学测量,进一步浓缩异常范围并圈定离子吸附型稀土矿床找矿远景区,系统建立稀土资源潜力评价体系。

地球化学测量在黑龙江省宝泉铜矿勘查中的应用及找矿效果

宝泉铜矿位于黑龙江省黑河市附近,是黑河-嫩江铜金成矿带内近年来新发现的中型铜矿床。在该矿床的发现及勘查过程中,不同比例尺的地球化学测量工作均起到了至关重要的作用。研究表明,该矿床具有明显的地球化学异常特征,异常的主成矿元素均为Au、Ag、Cu、Mo,其中与矿体高度吻合的1∶5万辰-06-Hs-1和1∶1万Ⅳ-15Ht-4号组合异常综合排序均为第一,异常面积分别达39.3 km^(2)和3.42 km^(2),且浓集中心明显,异常强度较高且重现性较好,与铜矿体相吻合的Cu-20号土壤异常具内带,极大值为501.5×10^(-6),平均值为129.2×10^(-6)。工程揭露发现铜矿体的赋存部位、空间展布及规模产状均与各元素的异常特征高度吻合。从异常分布上来看,铜元素沿正南及北东向具有一定的延伸,经后期钻孔验证后,与铜矿体产状一致,证明异常对找矿有明显效果。该方法为区域异常圈定和控制矿体的延深、延展提供理论依据。

Using two contrasting methods with the same tracers to trace the main sediment source in a mountainous catchment

Assessing the contribution of sediments from different sources is essential to understand erosive processes and formulate further soil conservation strategies to address environmental problems.In this study,we combined the source fingerprinting approach with geochemistry,including comparison of potential sources,and distribution pattern of major elements,to estimate the different land-use relative contributions to streambed sediment in the Luowugou catchment(13.5 km^2)located on the Heishui River,the first branch of the Jinsha River,China.A total of 57 samples from stream bank,cropland,grassland,forest land,and sediments were collected,and then,15 elements were analyzed foreach sample.The fingerprinting results demonstrated that the stream bank(62.4%)had the greatest relative contribution to the bed sediment yield,while cropland,grassland,and forest land contributed 18.6%,14.9%,and 4.1%to the bed sediments,respectively.In comparison to the fingerprinting method,even though the results upon geochemistry only provide a qualitative assessment,the ranking of sediment contributions based on geochemistry was consistent with the sediment fingerprinting ranking,that is,stream bank>cropland>grassland>forest land.Our findings suggest that the focal point for sediment control practices should be the stream bank rather than cropland in the region.Geochemistry can result in an important means in validating the fingerprinting results.

全自动石墨消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤和水系沉积物中稀土元素

稀土元素由于化学性质稳定,均一化程度高,常作为地球化学示踪剂,为揭示岩石、矿物成因、成岩成矿的地球化学条件以及物质来源和岩浆分异演化等提供重要信息,因此,建立快速、准确地测定地质样品中稀土元素含量的方法非常重要。地质样品因基体复杂,大部分的样品前处理需要酸溶,酸溶试剂用量大,溶样过程中产生的酸雾易对实验人员造成伤害,且批量样品前处理劳动强度大。基于此,本文建立了以全自动石墨消解仪消解样品,“加酸—消解—赶酸—定容—摇匀”全程用软件控制,以Rh和Re为内标,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤和水系沉积物中La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Y等15个稀土元素的方法。通过12个土壤和水系沉积物国家一级标准物质对消解程序、消解混合酸及方法精密度、准确度和检出限进行研究。结果表明:按照优化后的消解程序消解土壤和水系沉积物,混合酸用量为4mL,稀土各元素测定值与标准值一致,相对误差(RE)绝对值在0~6.67%之间,ΔlgC绝对值在0~0.028之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.97%~4.62%之间。全自动石墨消解因自动化操作,操作条件一致,温度均匀,精度更高,各元素的RSD值均小于电热板消解的元素RSD值。本方法精密度、准确度和检出限满足《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》的要求,混合酸用量远低于常用的电热板消解法,相应的环境污染也减少;方法精密度优于常用的电热板消解法。前处理时只需要称样后将消解管置于石墨消解仪中,溶样全过程自动完成,自动化程度高,适用于批量样品的测试。

X射线荧光光谱法同时测定土壤和水系沉积物中23种主次痕量组分

提出了X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)同时测定土壤和水系沉积物中Br、Cl、Al_(2)O_(3)、CaO、Cr、Cu、Fe_(2)O_(3)、Ga、K_(2)O、MgO、Mn、Na_(2)O、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Rb、SiO_(2)、Ti、Zn、Zr、V、Y等23种主次痕量组分的方法。利用粉末压样机将样品压制成圆形样片后,按照仪器工作条件进行测定。以120个国家标准物质为校准样品绘制校准曲线,采用经验系数法和康普顿散射内标法校正基体效应,研究了Pb对Ga、Br测定结果的影响。结果表明:高含量Pb会对Ga、Br产生谱线重叠干扰,因此选择Pb为Ga、Br谱线重叠干扰的校正元素,并将Br的校正系数由负值-0.000 48调整为正值0.000 48;23种组分检出限为1~1 000μg·g^(-1);以两个未参与曲线校正的土壤和水系沉积物标准物质进行方法验证,所得测定值与认定值基本一致,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=12)均小于10%,符合DZ/T 0258-2014要求。

库仑滴定法测定土壤及水系沉积物中硫含量

为提高土壤及水系沉积物中全硫含量测定结果准确度,提出了库仑滴定法进行全硫量测定的方法优化,探究了称样量、炉温、载气流量和催化剂种类等不同因素影响对土壤及用水系沉积物中硫含量的测定准确度的影响。测试结果表明:库仑滴定法测定土壤及水系沉积物中硫含量的最佳工作条件为炉温1200℃,称样量0.1000 g,载气流量1.0 L/min;纯铁催化剂对于极高或极低硫值样品的测定结果稳定度更高,WO3催化剂具有更高的性价比;库仑滴定法相较于燃烧-碘量法和高频红外法对低硫含量样品测定更准确。相较于燃烧-碘量法和高频红外法,库仑滴定法对低硫含量样品测定更准确。

河北赤城县北沟掌金多金属矿区地球化学特征及找矿前景分析

北沟掌勘查区位于华北克拉通北缘中段,区内地层出露简单,北西向断裂构造发育,化探异常明显,1∶50000水系沉积物测量与1∶10000土壤测量异常套合好,Ag、Pb、Zn、Au、Mo等元素异常重现性较好,异常浓集中心明显,峰值高,与区内的蚀变带相耦合,区内已圈定12条蚀变带与4条矿化体,化探异常、蚀变带与矿化体郡守北西向断裂构造控制,经研究认为,该区有较大找矿潜力。

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林某些沉积元素转移过程中的浓度分析

对鼎湖山大气降水、季风常绿阔叶林林冠穿透水、土壤水 ( 30 cm和 80 cm深 )以及溪水中某些沉积元素进行了系统连续的观测研究 ,从沉积元素的转移过程阐明了鼎湖山自然保护区和季风常绿阔叶林所承受的环境压力 ,通过分析沉积元素在这些水文学过程中的浓度变化和相互联系 ,试图揭示该生态系统相应功能过程变化的规律。得到如下结果 :( 1 )大气降水中的 Pb含量远远高于穿透水、土壤水 ( 30 cm和 80 cm深 )以及溪水中的含量 ,随着水分由输入向输出流动 ,Pb的浓度逐渐降低 ;( 2 )在大气降水、林冠穿透水、土壤水 ( 30 cm和 80 cm深 )以及溪水中 ,Al离子的浓度逐步增加 ;( 3)除 Pb外 ,所有其他元素 ( Al、Mn、Sr、Mg、Na、K和 Ca)在土壤溶液中的浓度都高于 5个水文过程的平均值 ;( 4 ) Mn、K、Ca的输入和输出的浓度都不高 ;( 5 ) Na和 Mg在土壤水和溪水中的浓度超过 5个水文过程的平均值。这表明 :( 1 )鼎湖山的大气具有高浓度的 Pb含量 ,而且 Pb在季风常绿阔叶林系统中处于一个持续的积累过程 ;( 2 )酸性降水不仅活化了土壤中的 Al元素 ,对各个水文学过程中的离子浓度也有增大的作用 ;( 3) Na和 Mg在当前的大气环境下有可能加速地从季风常绿阔叶林生态系统中淋洗出来。总之 ,由于酸雨和大气污染的影响 。

近50年黄河中游流域水沙过程及对退耕的响应

为明确黄河中游地区水土流失综合治理、退耕还林(草)政策的水沙效应问题,选择黄河中游风沙-丘陵过渡区、典型丘陵区以及土石山林区5条典型流域,用降雨及面积对水文站实测径流量、输沙量数据进行处理,探讨了近50a来流域水沙及其关系的演变过程。结果表明:5条流域标准化年径流量、标准化年输沙量均表现出显著减少趋势,且两者发生跃变时间基本一致。时段频率上的河流输沙量减少程度较径流量大,零输沙天数逐时段增加。植被覆盖度低的风沙-黄土丘陵过渡区流域,较植被覆盖度高的土石山林区流域,径流量和输沙量年均变化斜率大,跃变时间早。5条流域汛期径流量和输沙量的关系表明,植被覆盖度低的风沙-黄土丘陵过渡区流域的输沙量分布域较植被覆盖度高的土石山林区流域大一个数量级,其产沙动力也最强。近50a来,5条流域的水沙动力系数均呈现逐时段降低趋势。20世纪70～80年代水土流失综合治理使5条流域水沙动力系数平均降低24.5%,1999年后的退耕还林(草)工程则使其平均降低70.6%。流域水沙拟合线性关系常数项绝对值,以及流域冲淤平衡时的径流量呈现随时段减小趋势,进一步说明水土流失治理及退耕还林(草)措施对流域水沙动力关系的削弱效应。

X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和水系沉积物等样品中碳、氮、氟、氯、硫、溴等42种主次和痕量元素

采用粉末压片制样,用X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤、水系沉积物等样品中C、N、F、S、Cl、Br、Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、K、Ca、Ti、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ga、As、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Th、U、Ba、La、Ce、Nd、Ge、Yb、W、Hf、Sc、Sn、Mo、Cs等42种元素。着重研究了C、N、F、S和Cl等元素的测量条件和存在问题;并研究了痕量元素的背景选择和谱线重叠校正的问题。方法的检出限,精密度和准确度绝大多数能满足覆盖区多目标地球化学调查样品的质量要求。