Unit stream power,minimum energy dissipation rate,and river engineering

Unit stream power is the most important and dominant parameter for the determination of transport rate of sand,gravel,and hyper-concentrated sediment with wash load.Minimum energy dissipation rate theory,or its simplified minimum unit stream power and minimum stream power theories,can provide engineers the needed theoretical basis for river morphology and river engineering studies.The Generalized Sediment Transport model for Alluvial River Simulation computer mode series have been developed based on the above theories.The computer model series have been successfully applied in many countries.Examples will be used to illustrate the applications of the computer models to solving a wide range of river morphology and river engineering problems.

The Tidal Stream Power Curve: A Case Study

It is important to understand the relationship between the ambient ebb and flood currents and the electricity generated by tidal stream power generators to minimise investment risk and to optimise power generation for distribution purposes. Such analyses no longer rely on average descriptions of the flow field or on single values for the device efficiency. In the present paper, we demonstrate a new method involving the integration of synthesised long termflow vectors with logistic descriptions of the device power curves. New experiments are then described with the Neptune Proteus vertical axis tidal stream power generator involving tow tests at speeds to 1.5 ms–1 in William Wright Dock on the Humber. The results are used to derive appropriate coefficients in the logisticcurve and to estimate the device’s annual electrical output.

Counter-Rotating Type Horizontal-Axis Bidirectional Propellers for Tidal Stream Power Unit

Tidal stream power units with horizontal-axis propellers are one of promising technologies for generating the renewable green energy. The ebb and flow require that the power unit must operate in bidirectional tidal streams. Hence a tidal stream power unit with counter-rotating type horizontal-axis bidirectional propellers is proposed in this paper. The blades with fully-symmetrical hydrofoils were optimized numerically. The output and flow conditions predicted by the computational fluid dynamics simulations are compared with the results of the wind tunnel experiments at the higher tip speed ratios, which are of expected usual operating conditions of this unit. The numerical and experimental results show good agreements. It is also confirmed that the flow discharged from the counter-rotating type propellers has no swirling component, though the single propeller generates the unacceptable swirling component.

A Numerical Prediction of Tip Vortices from Tandem Propellers in the Counter-Rotating Type Tidal Stream Power Unit

Ocean energy has a potential of providing a large amount of renewable energy around the world. One of the forms of ocean energy, tidal stream power is widely recognized as the continuous, predictable and eco-friendly ocean energy source. Unique tandem propellers that can counter-rotate have been designed to generate electric power effectively from a tidal stream. This type of power unit has several advantages compare to the conventional unit with a single propeller. At the design of the tidal stream power unit, it is important to investigate the structure of the tip vortex tubes shedding to predict the load of the propeller. In this research, we investigated the tip vortex shedding using the CFD method for the conventional single propeller and counter-rotating type tandem propellers and estimated the performance efficiency using RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) model and we confirmed the limitation of RANS model on the calculation of the tip vortex stretching.

CRITICAL UNIT STREAM POWER FOR SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

Yang's (1996) sediment transport theory based on unit stream power is one ofthe most accurate theories, but in his equations the use of product of slope and critical velocityinstead for critical unit stream power is not suitable. Dimensionless critical unit stream powerrequired at incipient motion can be derived from the principle of conservation of power as afunction of dimensionless particle diameter and relative roughness. Based on a lot of data sets,this new criterion was developed. By use of this new criteria, Yang's (1973) sand transport formulaand his 1984 gravel transport formula could be improved when sediment concentration is less thanabout 100 ppm by weight.

Low Power Design of High Speed CMOS Pulse Stream Neuron Circuit

A new pulse stream neuron circuit is presented, which can be obtained in the digital CMOS process and combines both the merits of digital circuits and analog ones. The output is expressed by the frequency of the pulses with transfer characteristic, which is correspondent with the ideal sigmoid curve perfectly. Moreover, the pulse\|active strategy is introduced into the design of this CMOS pulse stream neuron circuit for the first time in order to reduce the power dissipation, which is applicable to the low\|power design of mixed\|signal circuits,too. A simple technical process and compact architecture make this circuit work at a higher speed and with lower power dissipation and smaller area.

Influence of Flow Regime on the Vegetation Zonation along Mountain Streams in the Western Cape, South Africa

Zonation patterns of riparian vegetation have been sampled and described in mountain streams in two catchments in the Hottentots-Holland Mountains, Western Cape, South Africa. Six main vegetation types that differ in structure and species composition, are dominant along these river banks: Aquatic vegetation, Wetbanks, Palmiet, Scrub, Forest and Shrubland(Fynbos). The study aims to correlate the vegetation patterns to flooding patterns, in particular the inundation frequency and stream power. A problem arises: because these catchments are ungauged, like most mountain catchments, with the only weirs at the downstream end of the catchment. Discharge data at the weirs are extrapolated to the sites upstream by multiplication with a factor based on the size of the subcatchment that drains through a sample site. In this way, recurrence intervals for floods in mountain streams are derived. Discharges at sites are also calculated using bed roughness(Manning's n) and slope in straight sections with uniform flow conditions. Stream power is derived from the discharges calculated in this manner. The combination of stream power and recurrence intervals explains the occurrence of most vegetation types occurring on the banks, except for one type: Afromontane Forest. This type is probably more dependent on other factors, such as protection from fire and the depth of the groundwater table.

从Power理论看中国在跨国供应链中的地位提升

本文尝试运用Power理论,建立了中国提升在跨国供应链中地位的概念模型,提出了提升我国企业在跨国供应链中地位的3个关键因素。

基于Spark Streaming的电力流式大数据分析架构及应用

近年来,为了应对许多业务需求的实时性要求,大数据流计算得到了研究。文章通过使用Apache Hadoop、Spark Streaming、Kafka和NoSQL Cassandra等开源资源,提出了一种用于电力流式大数据分析的通用架构。通过高吞吐量发布-订阅消息传递、实时计算和分布式存储系统的结合有效地解决并发访问数据流的收集、存储、实时分析等问题,从而实现电力行业流数据的实时分析。最后构建用电数据实时异常检测系统验证了其性能。

Extraction of tectonic imprints using geospatial techniques:Evidence from Mandakini River basin,Uttarakhand,India

The existing literature discussed only the aerial aspect and provided a brief description of tectonic-geomorphic correlation with field evidence.In present study we applied power law equations to estimate basin asymmetry factor(AF),Transverse topographic asymmetric factor(T),Hypsometric Integral(HI),longitudinal profile,stream length gradient index(SL),steepness index(Ksn),Chi(χ),and knick point(Kp)analysis to examine the response of tectono-climatic fluctuations in the Mandakini River basin,central Uttarakhand Himalaya.To decouple the causative tectono-climatic factors,we employed geospatial and Stream Power Incision Modeling(SPIM)techniques.SPIM is a globally accepted tool to predict an equilibrium state between fluvial erosion rates and the escalating function of stream power.It is actively applied in modeling the transformation of river systems especially in rugged topographic regions.The present study covers SPIM-based morphometric assessment of the tectonically sensitive Mandakini River basin between Ramgarh Thrust(RT)and Vaikrita Thrust(VT)in the central region of Uttarakhand Himalaya.In the upper reaches of the basin,U-shaped glaciated valleys dominate the landscape,while a rolling topography and deeply incised narrow valleys are depicted towards the downstream.Therefore,to understand the response of active tectonic over geomorphology,the drainage basin has been divided into two separate zones from the confluence point near the Rampur area.The modeling outcomes indicate that the Mandakini drainage basin is in a disequilibrium state where channels are actively incising to bedrock.Overall,AF of 32 and 70 indicate leftward tilting in the upper reaches and rightward tilting in the lower reaches of the basin,respectively.The HI value of 0.38 indicates a stage of maturity,characterized by a concave shape profile.Based on the analysis it may be concluded that the fragile lithology and tectono-climatic fluctuations are dominantly controlling the topography and valley floor morphology of the Mandakini River.

基于电网“Ⅰ区+”的多元协同管控系统研究

结合“双碳”战略目标,分析电力系统“双高”特征问题,对现有调度自动化技术支撑体系整体架构进行梳理与思考。提出基于“Ⅰ区+”建设多元协同管控系统工作思路,通过5G无线通信采集技术拓展调控对象边界,作为Ⅰ区调度自动化系统有线采集的补充,实现分布式电源、地方电厂、电动汽车、智能楼宇等多类型可调节资源的规模化接入、监视与控制。通过开展试点工作,试探多种技术路线,并形成统一推广的研究方案。目前已实现14座10 kV分布式光伏、9座地方电厂、3.6万户低压分布式光伏发电数据可观可测,并实现6座10 kV分布式光伏平滑调节与控制,以及65户低压分布式光伏发电数据可调可控。通过对新型电力系统各类资源的在线感知、智能决策和互动响应,推动现有“源随荷动”向“源网荷储协调互动”调控模式转变,促进新能源消纳,协助电网削峰填谷,提升电网安全高效、清洁低碳经济运行水平。

面向新型电力系统的粗糙集和双流网络自动化物联设备故障诊断方法研究

在新型电力系统中,自动化物联设备类型多样,性能参数和状态指标众多,而目前主流基于深度学习的故障诊断方法,也存在参数较多、算法复杂等问题,难以满足实时应用。因此,文中提出一种基于粗糙集(rough set,RS)和双流网络(dual-stream network,DSN)的自动化物联设备故障快速诊断方法。首先构建物联设备故障判定函数,计算高压侧三相电流,针对连续属性和定性属性,采用离散化算法进行约简,输出故障特征集;然后利用卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)和门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)组成的DSN对历史故障信息进行训练,最终实现快速故障诊断。实验证明所提方法能够精准检测新型电力系统的自动化物联设备故障,具有良好的应用性能,和同类深度学习算法相比,精准率平均提升4.35%,时间平均下降14%。

改进型三级串联多股流LNG冷能发电系统性能研究

针对常见的三级串联朗肯循环液化天然气(LNG)冷能发电系统未能有效地利用工质冷量的问题,提出了一种改进型三级串联多股流联合循环(MS-3CC)系统。通过加入多股流换热器,该系统多级利用了LNG和系统内循环工质冷量,有效降低了系统复杂程度,提升了系统热力学性能和经济性。通过遗传算法优化计算,当天然气(NG)排气压力为5.5 MPa、系统内各级循环工质均选取丙烷时,MS-3CC系统的最大净输出功为6027 kW,相比三级串并联合循环(P-3CC)系统和单级联合循环(SCC)系统分别提高了5.4%和80.3%,而其年净收益则分别提高了16.9%和68.0%。比较了64种工质组合,发现采用CH_(2)F_(2)+CH_(2)F_(2)+C_(3)H_(8)时MS-3CC系统的净输出功最高。MS-3CC系统的提出为实际工业中更为有效地多级利用LNG冷量提供了参考。

土壤剥蚀率与水流功率关系室内模拟实验

为了验证土壤剥蚀率模拟公式．系统地研究土壤剥蚀率与坡度和流量、水流功率之间的关系，该文在较大坡度范围（3°～30°）和流量（2．5～6．5L／min）进行了径流冲刷实验，实验结果表明：土壤剥蚀率是坡度和流量的幂函数，随着坡度和流量的增大而增大；坡度和流量与土壤剥蚀率之间呈显著相关关系，流量对土壤剥蚀率的影响明显大于坡度；土壤剥蚀率随着水流功率的增加呈线性增加（R^2=0.945,9°≤S≤24°），当水流功率大于土壤剥蚀临界水流功率0．344N／（m·s）时，土壤发生剥蚀；利用水流功率可以更准确地预测土壤剥蚀率。

工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀水动力学过程

工程堆积体产生的新增水土流失严重威胁工程建设区及其附近区域的生态安全。该文采用野外放水冲刷试验的方法,对神木—府谷高速公路沿线典型工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀水动力过程进行了研究,结果表明,1)水流剪切力、水流功率及径流动能对薄层水流侵蚀土壤剥蚀率的影响皆可用线性方程描述,单位水流功率、过水断面单位能量的影响不显著;2)水流剪切力、水流功率、过水断面单位能量对细沟侵蚀土壤剥蚀率的影响皆可用线性方程描述,单位水流功率的影响可用幂函数方程描述,径流动能的影响可用对数线性方程描述;3)水流功率是与土壤剥蚀率关系最好的水动力学参数,是坡面侵蚀的动力根源;4)发生细沟侵蚀的临界水流功率为3 N/(m·s),细沟可蚀性参数为8×10-3s2/m2。该结果可为工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀模型的建立奠定基础,为生产建设项目区新增水土流失治理提供科学依据。

循化-贵德地区黄河水系河流纵剖面形态特征及其构造意义

青藏高原东北缘循化-贵德地区晚新生代构造活动强烈,同时晚新生代黄河的发育和演化也提供了研究高原构造隆升扩展以及黄河侵蚀下切过程的理想场所。黄河水系通过调整河流纵剖面的形态在垂向上响应不同的构造隆升以及河床岩性的变化。利用数字高程模型数据,提取黄河水系河流纵剖面形态,利用基岩河道河流水力侵蚀模型(stream-power incision model)为依托,尝试揭示晚新生代以来强烈构造活动在黄河水系河流纵剖面形态特征上的表现。分析发现,在循化-贵德地区岩性分布均匀的新生代盆地内部,黄河水系纵剖面在河流水力侵蚀模型坡度-面积双对数图解中大部分表现为上凸特征,即基岩河道的河床随时间的变化为正值,指示了基岩的隆升速率大于河流的下切侵蚀速率。在河流流经盆地内部不同岩性地区,特别是前新生界地层区,河流纵剖面也表现为一定的上凸特征,表明了新生界与前新生界地层岩性差异对河流纵剖面的控制作用。综合来看,青藏高原东北缘循化-贵德地区黄河水系河流纵剖面形态特征是晚新生代强烈构造活动和岩性差异共同控制的结果,揭示了循化-贵德地区造山系统地形发育仍然处于前均衡或接近均衡状态,同时也从侧面表明青藏高原东北缘地区是整个高原隆升扩展的最新和最前缘部位的时空格局特征。

土壤结皮坡面流水动力学特征

为了深入探讨土壤结皮对侵蚀的影响机制以及两者之间的关系,以10°坡为例,在变流量(1.0,1.4,2.0,2.4和2.8 L/min)条件下进行室内冲刷试验,研究土壤结皮坡面径流水动力学特征(平均流速、平均径流深度、雷诺数、水流剪切力、水流功率、阻力系数)并分析坡面流水动力学参数与土壤侵蚀量的关系。结果表明,土壤结皮对坡面流水动力学参数影响显著。土壤结皮坡面雷诺数始终小于500,坡面流流态为层流;土壤结皮坡面具有较大坡面流流速,较小径流深度、水流剪切力和水流功率。结皮坡面的土壤侵蚀量明显低于无结皮坡面的土壤侵蚀量。土壤侵蚀量与坡面水动力学参数相关关系显著(相关系数R>0.90),土壤侵蚀量与雷诺数呈线性正相关,与水流剪切力、水流功率的对数呈线性正相关,与阻力系数呈线性负相关。因此,在本研究中,单纯从径流冲刷侵蚀的角度土壤结皮的存在有利于减小坡面土壤侵蚀量。由于降雨因素对土壤结皮的侵蚀效应影响较大,将雨滴打击与径流冲刷相结合才能更好地研究土壤结皮对侵蚀的影响机制。

天山北麓河流纵剖面与基岩侵蚀模型特征分析

本文提取分析天山北麓10条河流的纵剖面,通过函数拟合纵剖面形态特征,同时运用基岩侵蚀力模型来研究河流纵剖面形态的发育演化过程,来揭示河流纵剖面的发育与构造活动之间的内在关系。研究表明:天山北麓河流地貌地形发育阶段处于河流侵蚀作用强烈的前均衡状态时期。塔西河的纵剖面凹曲度最大,向东西两侧河流凹曲度依次降低,乌鲁木齐河与四棵树河凹曲度最小,河流的凹曲度(θ)和河道坡度(KS)的数值分布规律与所对应构造部位晚更新世以来的抬升速率和地壳缩短速度相一致,排除时间、气候因素和基岩性质影响因素后,发现晚更新世以来天山北麓河流纵剖面形态变化主要受构造抬升作用的影响。

黄土坡面片蚀过程动力学机理试验研究

片蚀是坡面侵蚀演变的初始形态,揭示片蚀动力学机理,找出与片蚀关系最密切的水动力学参数对有效防治片蚀具有重要意义。该文采用人工模拟降雨方法,对黄土坡面片蚀过程动力学机理进行了研究,结果表明:1)一次降雨过程的黄土坡面片蚀模数对水动力学参数平均值响应关系的相关系数大小顺序为平均断面单位能量>平均水流功率>平均单位水流功率>平均水流切应力;2)降雨过程中黄土坡面片蚀率对水动力学参数瞬时值响应关系的相关系数大小顺序是断面单位能量>水流功率>单位水流功率>水流切应力;3)水流断面单位能量是与试验条件下黄土坡面片蚀动力学过程关系最密切的水动力学指标,是描述试验条件下片蚀动力学过程最好的动力学参数。试验条件下黄土坡面片蚀动力学过程的发生发展根源于坡面片蚀中水流断面单位能量的动力作用。

不同降雨强度下土壤结皮强度对侵蚀的影响

为定量分析土壤结皮对坡面侵蚀的影响,该文选择塿土、黄绵土、黑垆土和黄墡土4类土壤,分析其在3种雨强(60、90、120 mm/h)下的结皮强度变化规律。结果表明,当土壤含水率高于30%时,不同降雨强度下结皮强度差异不显著(P>0.05),当含水率小于30%时,结皮强度随降雨强度增大而增强。以杨凌塿土10°坡面为例,进行坡面人工模拟降雨试验,分析计算不同强度结皮坡面的侵蚀产沙、径流剪切力、阻力系数以及流速,结果表明:结皮对坡面产流的影响并不显著,但其存在有效地减少坡面的侵蚀产沙量。结皮存在能有效地减少坡面产沙量,无结皮坡面的产沙量是结皮坡面产沙量的1.24~8.72倍。相同降雨条件下,结皮强度越大,其产沙量越小。进一步通过灰色关联分析得出:随着坡面结皮强度增加,水流功率对坡面侵蚀的作用效益不断减小,而阻力系数的作用效益增加,即水流增加产沙的正效应不断减弱;另一方面,结皮强度增大使得坡面土壤抗蚀性增强,因此,结皮强度越大,坡面侵蚀量将大幅度减少。研究可为准确有效预报坡面土壤侵蚀提供重要依据。