Street-level bureaucrats are described as public service workers who interact directly with citizens in the course of their work and who have substantial discretion in the execution of their work. This article is a re...Street-level bureaucrats are described as public service workers who interact directly with citizens in the course of their work and who have substantial discretion in the execution of their work. This article is a reflection of the primary author’s doctoral research experience, which investigated the role of nurses in caring for long-term diabetes patients in two selected hospitals in Kuwait. Nurses working in diabetes care in Kuwait were reported to operate under difficult conditions and utilized the tool of discretion to provide patient care, hence were exemplary street-level bureaucrats.展开更多
Dhaka, Bangladesh’s capital, already has a congestion problem to handle the ever-growing demand for traffic. The usage of private cars cannot be stopped by charging and the town is not encouraged by quality public tr...Dhaka, Bangladesh’s capital, already has a congestion problem to handle the ever-growing demand for traffic. The usage of private cars cannot be stopped by charging and the town is not encouraged by quality public transport. It is impossible to enforce congestion prices here in line with traditional cordon pricing systems since the region uses unusual land patterns. However, the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">current project Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Line 6, which will be built by </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2021, provides the prospect of congestion pricing. A price and optimum approach were established for this article. The congestion price is only payable for the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">segments and is accessible for private cars under this system. Two urban </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">street segments along the MRT route were selected for the study and congestion toll for a private car is estimated for each segment separately. The sum of the toll in monetary terms is determined using certain associated parameters from the discrepancy from the actual Level of Service (LOS) travel time and traffic flow to the desired LOS. The outcome has shown that the price per </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">passenger car is $0.3 - $0.44. The price is flexible, which means it will vary</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> b</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ased on traffic volume. The findings for politicians to enforce congestion</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> pricing are viewed as recommendations.展开更多
文摘Street-level bureaucrats are described as public service workers who interact directly with citizens in the course of their work and who have substantial discretion in the execution of their work. This article is a reflection of the primary author’s doctoral research experience, which investigated the role of nurses in caring for long-term diabetes patients in two selected hospitals in Kuwait. Nurses working in diabetes care in Kuwait were reported to operate under difficult conditions and utilized the tool of discretion to provide patient care, hence were exemplary street-level bureaucrats.
文摘Dhaka, Bangladesh’s capital, already has a congestion problem to handle the ever-growing demand for traffic. The usage of private cars cannot be stopped by charging and the town is not encouraged by quality public transport. It is impossible to enforce congestion prices here in line with traditional cordon pricing systems since the region uses unusual land patterns. However, the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">current project Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Line 6, which will be built by </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2021, provides the prospect of congestion pricing. A price and optimum approach were established for this article. The congestion price is only payable for the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">segments and is accessible for private cars under this system. Two urban </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">street segments along the MRT route were selected for the study and congestion toll for a private car is estimated for each segment separately. The sum of the toll in monetary terms is determined using certain associated parameters from the discrepancy from the actual Level of Service (LOS) travel time and traffic flow to the desired LOS. The outcome has shown that the price per </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">passenger car is $0.3 - $0.44. The price is flexible, which means it will vary</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> b</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ased on traffic volume. The findings for politicians to enforce congestion</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> pricing are viewed as recommendations.
