The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Sensor Protein CREB3L2 in the Development of Tissues and Tumors

The endoplasmic reticulum plays an extremely important role in the process of cellular protein secretion.The cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3(CREB3)transcription factor family is closely associated with the secretion and transport of proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum.As a member of the CREB3 transcription factor family,cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2(CREB3L2)stands out as a non-classical sensor within the endoplasmic reticulum.CREB3L2 can detect and regulate endoplasmic reticulum pressure,exert control over the processes of protein transport and secretion,participate in the development of tumor cells,and is also closely linked to the development of certain human tissues and organs.This article aims to review the role of CREB3L2 in tissue development and disease,shedding light on the related mechanisms of CREB3L2 in cancer development.The goal is to provide insights and directions for further analysis of CREB3L2.

Experimental Study on the Bed Shear Stress Under Breaking Waves

The object of present study is to investigate the bed shear stress on a slope under regular breaking waves by a novel instrument named Micro-Electro-Mechanical System （MEMS） flexible hot-film shear stress sensor. The sensors were calibrated before application, and then a wave flume experiment was conducted to study the bed shear stress for the case of regular waves spilling and plunging on a 1 ： 15 smooth PVC slope. The experiment shows that the sensor is feasible for the measurement of the bed shear stress under breaking waves. For regular incident waves, the bed shear stress is mainly periodic in both outside and inside the breaking point. The fluctuations of the bed shear stress increase significantly after waves breaking due to the turbulence and vortexes generated by breaking waves. For plunging breaker, the extreme value of the mean maximum bed shear stress appears after the plunging point, and the more violent the wave breaks, the more dramatic increase of the maximum bed shear stress will occur. For spilling breaker, the increase of the maximum bed shear stress along the slope is gradual compared with the plunging breaker. At last, an empirical equation about the relationship between the maximum bed shear stress and the surf similarity parameter is given, which can be used to estimate the maximum bed shear stress under breaking waves in practice.

Experimental Research on Boundary Shear Stress in Typical Meandering Channel

A novel instrument named Micro-Electro-Mechanical System(MEMS) flexible hot-film shear stress sensor was used to study the boundary shear stress distribution in the generalized natural meandering open channel, and the mean sidewall shear stress distribution along the meandering channel, and the lateral boundary shear stress distribution in the typical cross-section of the meandering channel was analysed. Based on the measurement of the boundary shear stress, a semi-empirical semi-theoretical computing approach of the boundary shear stress was derived including the effects of the secondary flow, sidewall roughness factor, eddy viscosity and the additional Reynolds stress, and more importantly, for the first time, it combined the effects of the cross-section central angle and the Reynolds number into the expressions. Afterwards, a comparison between the previous research and this study was developed. Following the result, we found that the semi-empirical semi-theoretical boundary shear stress distribution algorithm can predict the boundary shear stress distribution precisely. Finally, a single factor analysis was conducted on the relationship between the average sidewall shear stress on the convex and concave bank and the flow rate, water depth, slope ratio,or the cross-section central angle of the open channel bend. The functional relationship with each of the above factors was established, and then the distance from the location of the extreme sidewall shear stress to the bottom of the open channel was deduced based on the statistical theory.

Micro thermal shear stress sensor based on vacuum anodic bonding and bulk-micromachining

This paper describes a micro thermal shear stress sensor with a cavity underneath, based on vacuum anodic bonding and bulk micromachined technology. A Ti/Pt alloy strip, 2μm×100μm, is deposited on the top of a thin silicon nitride diaphragm and functioned as the thermal sensor element. By using vacuum anodic bonding and bulk-si anisotropic wet etching process instead of the sacrificial-layer technique, a cavity, functioned as the adiabatic vacuum chamber, 200μm×200μm×400μm, is placed between the silicon nitride diaphragm and glass （Corning 7740）. This method totally avoid adhesion problem which is a major issue of the sacrificial-layer technique.

Transfer Function Relating Compressive Pressure to Interfacial Stress Sensor for Biomedical Applications

To help comfort for an amputee, it is important to understand the load distribution between the residual limb and the prosthetic socket for a prosthetic socket system. An interfacial stress sensor was presented which was capable of measuring compressive pressure and shear stress simultaneously. A mathematical model was built and an experiment was conducted to obtain the transfer function of interfacial stress sensor to compressive pressure. The results show that the sensor is capable of measuring a range of 30-217 kPa compressive pressure with a relative error of 32.15% in lower range and 6.22% in upper range.

Analytical Higher-Order Model for Flexible and Stretchable Sensors

The stretchable sensor wrapped around a foldable airfoil or embedded inside of it has great potential for use in the monitoring of the structural status of the foldable airfoil.The design methodology is important to the development of the stretchable sensor for status monitoring on the foldable airfoil.According to the requirement of mechanical flexibility of the sensor,the combined use of a layered flexible structural formation and a strain isolation layer is implemented.An analytical higher-order model is proposed to predict the stresses of the strain-isolation layer based on the shear-lag model for the safe design of the flexible and stretchable sensors.The normal stress and shear stress equations in the constructed structure of the sensors are obtained by the proposed model.The stress distribution in the structure is investigated when bending load is applied to the structures.The numerical results show that the proposed model can predict the variation of normal stress and shear stress along the thickness of the strain-isolation（polydimethylsiloxane）layer accurately.The results by the proposed model are in good agreement with the finite element method,in which the normal stress is variable while the shear stress is invariable along the thickness direction of strain-isolation layer.The high-order model is proposed to predict the stresses of the layered structure of the flexible and stretchable sensor for monitoring the status of the foldable airfoil.

Landslide Monitoring Based on High-Resolution Distributed Fiber Optic Stress Sensor

A landslide monitoring application is presented by using a high-resolution distributed fiber optic stress sensor. The sensor is used to monitor the intra-stress distribution and variations in landslide bodies, and can be used for the early warning of the occurrence of the landslides. The principle of distributed fiber optic stress sensing and the intra-stress monitoring method for landslides are described in detail. By measuring the distributed polarization mode coupling in the polarization-maintaining fiber, the distributed fiber stress sensor with stress measuring range 0 to 15 MPa, spatial resolution 10 cm and measuring range 0.5 km, is designed. The warning system is also investigated experimentally in the field trial.

Liquid-liquid phase separation as a major mechanism of plant abiotic stress sensing and responses

Identification of environmental stress sensors is one of the most important research topics in plant abiotic stress research.Traditional strategies to identify stress sensors or early signaling components based on the cell membrane as a primary site of sensing and calcium signal as a second messenger have had only limited successes.Therefore,the current theoretical framework underlying stress sensing in plants should be reconsidered and additional mechanisms need to be introduced.Recently,accumulating evidence has emerged to suggest that liquid-liquid phase separation(LLPS)is a major mechanism for environmental stress sensing and response in plants.In this review,we briefly introduce LLPS regarding its concept,compositions,and dynamics,and then summarize recent progress of LLPS research in plants,emphasizing the contribution of LLPS to the sensing of various environmental stresses,such as dehydration,osmotic stress,and low and high temperatures.Finally,we propose strategies to identify key proteins that sense and respond to environmental stimuli on the basis of LLPS,and discuss the research directions of LLPS in plant abiotic stress responses and its potential application in enhancing stress tolerance in crops.

PVDF/6H-SiC composite fiber films with enhanced piezoelectric performance by interfacial engineering for diversified applications

Piezoelectric silicon carbide(SiC)has been quite attractive due to its superior chemical and physical properties as well as wide potential applications.However,the inherent brittleness and unsatisfactory piezoelectric response of piezoelectric semiconductors remain the major obstacles to their diversified applications.Here,flexible multifunctional PVDF/6H-SiC composite fiber films are fabricated and utilized to assemble both piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)and stress/temperature/light sensors.The open cir-cuit voltage(V_(oc))and the density of short circuit current(I_(sc))of the PENG based on the PVDF/5 wt%6H-SiC composite fiber films reach 28.94 V and 0.24μA cm^(-2),showing a significant improvement of 240%and 300%compared with that based on the pure PVDF films.The effect of 6H-SiC nanoparticles(NPs)on inducing interfacial polarization and stress concentration in composite fiber films is proved by first-principles calculation and finite element analysis.The stress/temperature/light sensors based on the composite fiber film also show high sensitivity to the corresponding stimuli.This study shows that the PVDF/6H-SiC composite fiber film is a promising candidate for assembling high-performance energy harvesters and diverse sensors.

Fiber Bragg Grating （FBG） Sensors Used in Coal Mines

The fiber Bragg grating （FBG） strain sensors were used for on-line monitoring of the stress variation of the lined wall in the gateway retained along the goaf of No. 3203 coal mining face in Dongtan Mine. The results showed that the FBG strain sensor with the wide measuring range could measure the stress variation accurately during the support process of the gateway retained along the goaf and could provide the basis to further optimize the support structure and to determine the support plan of the gateway retained along the goaf. The FBG micro-seismic sensors were used in Xinglong Mine to detect the micro-seismic signal. The signals were well received and analyzed to determine the location and energy level of the source of the micro-seismic event warning. The FBG sensors and detecting system show a significant potential for micro-seismic detection and geological disasters detection.

Visualized Bond Scission in Mechanically Activated Polymers

Visualization and quantitative evaluation of covalent bond scission in polymeric materials are critical in understanding their failure mechanisms and improving the toughness and reliability of the materials. Mechano-responsive polymers with the ability of molecular-level transduction of force into chromism and luminescence have evoked major interest and experienced significant progress. In the current review, we highlight the recent achievements in covalent mechanochromic and mechanoluminescent polymers, leading to a bridge between macroscopic mechanical properties and microscopic bond scission events. After a general introduction concerning polymer mechanochemistry, various examples that illustrate the strategies of design and incorporation of functional and weak covalent bonds in polymers were presented, the mechanisms underlying the optical phenomenon were introduced and their potential applications as stress sensors were discussed. This review concludes with a comment on the opportunities and challenges of the field.