Study Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional of the Stress Concentration of the Traction Arm of the NEW HOLLAND TT75 Tractor in Service in CHAD

The New Holland TT75 tractors currently in service in Chad use a tractor arm with three holes, the middle one of which has recurrent failures due to traction. The purpose of this work is to use a finite element model to provide an improvement by modifying the geometric parameters to avoid premature failure of the tractor arms of the New Holland TT75. The ultimate force formula of Eurocode 3 was used to determine the maximum pressure to be applied and. A comparative traction study between the current arm and the proposed arm was performed, taking into account the variation in hole size, arm width and applied pressure for the determination of the stress concentration factor Kt. With the determination of Kt and for the arm width (w) less than or equal to 85 mm;the results showed that the proposed arm geometry is better.

Influence of Soft Filler on Stress Concentration Factor of Elliptic Holes in a Rectangular Plate

Finite element models were established to analyze the influence of soft filler on stress concentration for a rectangular plate with an elliptic hole in the center. The influence was quantified by means of stress concentration factor (SCF). Seven shape factors of the elliptic hole and three levels of elasticity modulus of the soft filler were considered. The reduction coefficient and sensitivity index of SCF are the two indicators in evaluating the influence of soft filler. It was found that the reduction coefficient of SCF increases significantly as the shape factor and the elasticity modulus of the filler increase, indicating that soft filler can reduce the concentrated stress effectively, especially when the shape factor is great. Analysis for the sensitivity index of SCF indicates that SCF is more sensitive to materials with small elasticity modulus than to materials with large one.

Effect of Surface Topography on Stress Concentration Factor

Neuber rule and Arola-Ramulu model are widely used to predict the stress concentration factor of rough specimens. However, the height parameters and effective valley radius used in these two models depend strongly on the resolution of the roughness-measuring instruments and are easily introduce measuring errors. Besides, it is difficult to find a suitable parameter to characterize surface topography to quantitatively describe its effect on stress concentration factor. In order to overcome these disadvantages, profile moments are carried out to characterize surface topography, surface topography is simulated by superposing series of cosine components, the stress concentration factors of different micro cosine-shaped surface topographies are investigated by finite element analysis. In terms of micro cosine-shaped surface topography, an equation using the second profile moment to estimate the stress concentration factor is proposed, predictions for the stress concentration factor using the proposed expression are within 10% error compared with the results of finite element analysis, which are more accurate than other models. Moreover, the proposed equation is applied to the real surface topography machined by turning. Predictions for the stress concentration factor using the proposed expression are within 10% of the maximum stress concentration factors and about 5% of the effective stress concentration factors estimated from the finite element analysis for three levels of turning surface topographies under different simulated scales. The proposed model is feasible in predicting the stress concentration factors of real machined surface topographies.

Parametric Equation of Stress Concentration Factor for Circular X-Joints Under Axial Loads

In engineering practice, tubular X-joints have been widely used in offshore structures. The fatigue failure of tubular X-joints in offshore engineering is mainly caused by axial tensile stress. In this study, the stress concentration factor distribution along the weld toe in the hot spot stress region for tubular X-joints subject to axial loads have been analyzed by use of finite element method. Through numerical analysis, it has been found that the peak stress concentration factor is located at the saddle position. Thereafter, 80 models have been analyzed, and the effect of the geometric parameters of a tubular X-joint on the stress concentration factor has been investigated. Based on the experimental values of the numerical stress concentration factor, a parametric equation to calculate the stress concentration factor of tubular X-joints has been proposed. The accuracy of this equation has been verified against the requirement of the Fatigue Guidance Review Panel, and the proposed equation is found capable of producing reasonably accurate stress concentration factor values for tubular X-joints subject to axial loads.

Stress concentration factor expression for tension strip with eccentric elliptical hole

Two explicit expressions of the stress concentration factor for a tension finite-width strip with a central elliptical hole and an eccentric elliptical hole, respectively, are formulated by using a semi-analytical and semi-empiricai method. Accuracy of the results obtained from these expressions is better, and application scope is wider, than the results of Durelli＇s photo-elastic experiment and Isida＇s formula. When eccentricity of the elliptical hole is within a certain range, the error is less than 8%. Based on the relation between the stress concentration factor and the stress intensity factor, a stress intensity factor expression for tension strips with a center or an eccentric crack is derived with the obtained stress concentration factor expressions. Compared with the existing formulae and the finite element analysis, this stress intensity factor expression also has sufficient accuracy.

Influence of geometric parameters on stress concentration factors of undermatched butt joint with single V-groove under three-point bending load

In order to improve the bending load-carrying capacity （BLCC） of undermatched butt joint under three-point bending load, the influence of joint geometric parameters on stress concentration factors （SCF） at the weld bottom center and the weld toe of uudermatched butt joint with single V-groove are studied respectively based on the finite element method in this paper. Results show that the reinforcement height and the cover pass width play decisive role in the BLCC for undermatched butt joint. BLCC of undermatched butt joint can be improved by choosing the appropriate joint geometric parameters.

Analysis of Geometrical Parameters of Tubular TY-Joints on Stress Concentration Factors Due to Axial Loads

In this paper,the influence of geometric parameters on the stress concentration factors due to three different types of axial loading on 81 TY tubular structures is studied.Our results reveal that,geometric parameters have a considerable impact on the variation of stress concentration factors on tubular TY-joints under axial loads.Thus,the highest stress concentration factor values are observed on the vertical brace than on the inclined one.The finite element results of the tubular structures were verified by parametric equations and experimental data.A parametric study was carried out by analyses using the nonlinear regression method to obtain parametric equations.These equations are used to calculate stress concentration factors and to analyse the fatigue resistance of TY-joints due to axial loads.

Three-Dimensional Stress Concentration Factor in Finite Width Plates with a Circular Hole

The three-dimensional stress concentration factor (SCF) at the edge of elliptical and circular holes in infinite plates under remote tension has been extensively investigated considering the variations of plate thickness, hole dimensions and material properties, such as the Poisson’s coefficient. This study employs three dimensional finite element modeling to numerically investigate the effect of plate width on the behavior of the SCF across the thickness of linear elastic isotropic plates with a through-the-thickness circular hole under remote tension. The problem is governed by two geometric non-dimensional parameters, i.e., the plate half-width to hole radius (W/r) and the plate thickness to hole radius (B/r) ratios. It is shown that for thin plates the value of the SCF is nearly constant throughout the thickness for any plate width. As the plate thickness increases, the point of maximum SCF shifts from the plate middle plane and approaches the free surface. When the ratio of plate half-width to hole radius (W/r) is greater than four, the maximum SCF was observed to approximate the theoretical value determined for infinite plates. When the plate width is reduced, the maximum SCF values significantly increase. A polynomial curve fitting was employed on the numerical results to generate empirical formulas for the maximum and surface SCFs as a function of W/r and B/r. These equations can be applied, with reasonable accuracy, to practical problems of structural strength and fatigue, for instance.

STUDY ON STRESS CONCENTRATIONS IN AN INTRAPLY HYBRID COMPOSITE SHEET

A reasonably, simply and accurately modified shear-lag model was proposed. Based on the model, the stress redistributions due to the failure of some fibers in an intraply hybrid composite under tension were analyzed. The results show that the present calculating stress concentration factors very coincide with Fukuda and Chou's results, thus verifying the reasonableness and correctness of the present model and methods.

Numerical Analysis of Stress Concentration in Non-uniformly Corroded Small-Scale Specimens

A numerical evaluation of stress concentrations of corroded plate surfaces of small-scale corroded steel specimens is compared with the experimentally estimated ones.Eleven specimens were cut from a steel box girder,which was initially corroded in real seawater conditions.The surface of all corroded specimens was analysed applying photogrammetry techniques,and a statistical description of an idealised corroded surface of each specimen was established.Fatigue lives of specimens are determined from the fatigue tests.Based on experimentally obtained fatigue lives,the stress concentration factors are calculated concerning the ideally smooth specimens.The correlation between the statistical parameters of the corroded specimen surfaces and the estimated stress concentration factors is analysed.Idealised corroded surfaces,converted in graphical format,are then used for the finite element modelling in ABAQUS software,and stress concentration factors are estimated from the finite element results.A convergence study is performed to determine the appropriate finite element mesh density.Comparison between experimentally obtained and numerically estimated stress concentration factors is performed as well as correlation analysis between actual and finite element predicted crack locations.

Dynamic stress concentration of an elliptical cavity in a semi-elliptical hill under SH-waves

The method of wave-function expansion in elliptical coordinates,elliptical cosine half-range expansion and Mathieu function were applied to obtain an exact analytical solution of the dynamic stress concentration factor(DSCF)around an elliptical cavity in a shallow,semi-elliptical hill.An infinite system of simultaneous linear equations for solving this problem was established by substituting the wave expression obtained by the Mathieu function including the standing wave expression of elliptical lining given herein into the boundary condition obtained by the region-matching method.The finite equations system with unknown coefficients obtained by truncation were solved numerically,and the results in the case of an ellipse degenerating into a circle were compared with previous results to verify the accuracy of the method.The effects of different aspect ratios,incident wave angles and aperture ratios on the dynamic stress concentration around the elliptical cavity were described.Some numerical results,when the elliptical hill was changed into a circular one,were analyzed and compared in detail.In engineering,this model can be regarded as a semi-cylindrical hill with an elliptical cylindrical unlined tunnel under the action of SH waves,and the results are significant in aseismic design.

Design equations for maximum stress concentration factors for concrete-filled steel tubular K-joints

Stress concentration factors(SCFs) for welded tubular joints can be decreased by filling the chord with concrete leading to a longer fatigue life. However, there are currently no design formula available in guidelines to predict the SCF of concrete-filled circular hollow section(CFCHS) K-joints, thus limiting their applicability in bridge design. To address this gap,finite element models for CFCHS K-joints were developed and compared against test results to ensure their accuracy. Then, a comprehensive parametric study was conducted to establish relationships between maximum SCFs and four variables: brace-to-chord diameter ratio(β), chord diameter-to-thickness ratio(2γ), brace-to-chord thickness ratio(τ), and the angle between braces and chord(θ). A total of 480 FE models were examined under three loading conditions including brace and chord loading: balanced axial force, chord axial force, and chord bending. Design equations to predict the maximum SCF for CFCHS Kjoints were established by multiple regression analyses of the numerical results. A comparison of maximum SCFs between circular hollow section(CHS) and CFCHS K-joints was made, and it was concluded that average reductions of 42% and 33% in maximum SCFs in CFCHS K-joints at the locations of the chord and brace were found compared to CHS joints for balanced axial force, respectively. Finally, a case study illustrating how to use the proposed equations for fatigue safety verification was presented.

印度梨形孢—紫花苜蓿共生体幼苗对镉胁迫生理特性的响应

为探明印度梨形孢—紫花苜蓿共生体幼苗在镉(Cd)胁迫下生长、生理指标的变化及其对Cd的积累效应,通过水培实验,研究不同质量浓度镉胁迫下(0、5、10、30、50和100 mg/L)印度梨形孢(Piriformospora indica)对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L)幼苗生理特性以及Cd富集和转移的影响。结果表明:1)Cd对紫花苜蓿生长具有“低促高抑”的效应,并且这种效应不受印度梨形孢的影响。在中高质量浓度Cd胁迫下,接种印度梨形孢帮助紫花苜蓿幼苗提高生物量,减少黄叶数,明显改善其生长状况。2)不同质量浓度Cd胁迫下,接种印度梨形孢紫花苜蓿幼苗抗性生理指标显著提升,如可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量以及抗氧化酶活性,且丙二醛含量显著降低。3)接种印度梨形孢增加紫花苜蓿幼苗的生物富集系数,Cd质量浓度为5 mg/L时,生物富集系数较不接种增加86.36%;接种印度梨形孢还能降低Cd在紫花苜蓿幼苗体内的转移系数,Cd质量浓度为10 mg/L时,转移系数较不接种降低68.7%。研究表明印度梨形孢—紫花苜蓿共生体幼苗表现出很强的Cd耐受能力,在Cd胁迫下生长状况和毒性损伤得到明显改善,同时共生体幼苗对Cd具有更好的吸收能力,并且主要积累在根部,抑制Cd上移。结论可为微生物—植物抗逆性研究及其对重金属Cd水土污染的修复提供理论依据,对进一步加强加速水土保持生态修复具有重要意义。

含椭圆孔有限大二十面体准晶板平面弹性问题的边界元分析

基于扩展的Stroh方法,对含椭圆孔有限大二十面体准晶板平面弹性问题进行边界元分析.首先利用扩展的Stroh方法,研究了二十面体准晶的Green函数,得到了含椭圆孔无限大二十面体准晶平面弹性问题位移和应力的基本解.利用该基本解,通过加权余量法建立了区域内积分方程和边界积分方程,并采用线性插值函数及Gauss积分对含未知量的边界积分方程和区域内积分方程分别进行离散,得到了离散格式.进一步,对椭圆孔的孔边应力进行了数值求解,并将有限大板的数值结果与无限大板的解析解进行了对比验证,说明当板与椭圆孔尺寸之比小于某下限值时,不能用无限大板的解析解对有限大板进行分析.最后,分析了在垂向拉伸作用下,板的大小、孔口尺寸及倾斜角度对孔边应力的影响.结果表明:板的尺寸沿垂直拉伸方向变化对孔边应力的影响更明显;随着椭圆孔尺寸的增加,孔边应力集中现象越明显;若长轴垂直拉伸方向,椭圆孔倾斜会减缓孔边应力集中程度.

锆合金管塞结构压力电阻焊接头的应力集中系数及影响因素

采用Abaqus有限元分析软件建立了锆合金管塞结构压力电阻焊接模型与应力集中系数计算模型,通过与热模拟试验得到的挤出金属高度进行对比,对焊接模型进行验证,模拟分析了内部挤出金属过渡角、端塞行进量和包壳管内壁倒角对接头应力集中系数的影响。结果表明:内部挤出金属高度模拟结果和试验结果的相对误差为9.58%,外部挤出金属高度的相对误差为6.65%,说明建立的焊接模型准确;随着内部挤出金属过渡角增加,接头应力集中系数先降低,当过渡角增大至60°后增加,增大至120°时又下降;随着端塞行进量的增加,内部挤出金属过渡角降低,应力集中系数增加,接头熔合线长度增大;与未倒角接头相比,包壳管内壁倒角深度不大于0.50 mm时应力集中系数降低,最大降低了16.00%,倒角深度大于0.50 mm时应力集中系数增大,最大提高了91.49%。

带椭圆孔有限大二维八次对称准晶问题的应力分析

首先,利用扩展的Stroh方法,研究含椭圆孔无限大八次对称二维准晶板的格林函数,得到边界元法求解含椭圆孔有限大八次对称二维准晶板所需的基本解。其次,利用加权余量法,建立边界积分方程,采用线性插值函数及高斯积分对含未知量的边界积分方程进行离散并重新组织离散格式,形成变量统一的线性方程组。最后,对椭圆孔的孔边应力进行数值求解,并将有限大板的数值结果与无限大板的解析解进行对比验证,说明边界元法的有效性。进一步分析在垂向拉伸作用下,板材的尺寸、孔口的大小及倾斜角度对孔边应力的影响。数值实例结果表明,随着椭圆孔尺寸的增加,孔边应力集中现象越明显。若长轴垂直拉伸方向,椭圆孔倾斜会减缓孔边应力集中程度。而裂纹尖端的应力强度因子随着裂纹的增长而增加。

缺口对34CrNi3Mo合金钢的扭转疲劳性能的影响

以船舶主轴为实验对象,研究34CrNi3Mo合金钢作为船舶主轴时法兰与主轴连接处的疲劳寿命.利用实验将法兰与主轴连接处简化成带U型缺口的扭转疲劳试样,基于小样本量中值S-N实验法对应力集中系数为1.45的34CrNi3Mo合金钢在扭转荷载作用下进行疲劳分析,测定其在不同应力幅值下的疲劳寿命并绘制S-N曲线,估算其疲劳极限.将绘制出的S-N曲线与光滑试样的S-N曲线进行对比,结果发现疲劳寿命差别较大.利用ABAQUS软件和Fe-safe软件进行数值模拟,将试验结果与所绘的S-N曲线对比表明,S-N曲线的方程与试验结果很接近,验证了所建立的数值模型的正确性.

Ti6Al4V钛合金周铣加工表面应力集中系数预测研究

Ti6Al4V钛合金因优异的力学性能被广泛应用于航空、航天等领域。为了实现材料的抗疲劳加工,从应力集中的角度研究了周铣加工表面形貌对Ti6Al4V钛合金疲劳行为的影响。利用所建立的三维表面形貌预测模型生成铣削表面特征,将从表面形貌预测模型得到的表面粗糙度数据分别集成到Arola-Ramulu模型和有限元模型,计算得到不同加工表面的应力集中系数。结果表明,预测和实测的表面形貌在纹理和剖面上显示出良好的一致性,Ti6Al4V钛合金周铣加工表面的应力集中系数与每齿进给量和径向切削深度呈正相关,与切削速度呈负相关,且对每齿进给量的变化最敏感。

30CrMo钢裂尖应力诱导氢扩散影响因素数值模拟研究

低合金钢在应力集中和高压氢气的交互作用下通常会产生以氢致开裂(HIC)为代表的环境致裂(EAC)现象。文章旨在研究高压储氢压力容器常用材料30CrMo钢在高压氢环境下的断裂力学行为,采用Abaqus/Explicit有限元软件建立30CrMo钢紧凑拉伸试样有限元模型,分析了应力强度因子及缺陷裂纹长度对裂纹尖端力学场、氢浓度场分布状态的影响。结果表明:裂尖应力强度因子的增大为裂纹扩展行为提供更大的驱动力;此外,在恒定外载条件下裂纹在扩展过程中裂尖驱动力呈逐渐增大的趋势。而裂尖所产生的奇异场将抑制可扩散氢在裂尖的最终分布状态。除去裂尖奇异场,裂尖氢浓度场随着应力强度因子的增加、裂纹长度的增加呈增大的趋势。

浓缩生长因子在促进下颌阻生第三磨牙拔除后创面愈合及术后反应中的应用

目的:探究浓缩生长因子(concentrated growth factor,CGF)在促进下颌阻生第三磨牙拔牙创面愈合中的疗效,及对第二磨牙远中骨缺损深度(osseous defect depth,ODD)、临床附着水平(clinical attachment level,CAL)及疼痛应激指标的影响。方法:选择2022年1月至2022年12月于我院拔除下颌阻生第三磨牙的患者共96例,按照随机数表法将患者随机分为研究组(n=48)及对照组(n=48)。对照组在拔牙后不填入任何植入物,研究组填入CGF凝冻物。比较2组患者的术后视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分、面部肿胀情况、疼痛应激指标[5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、半乳糖胺(galactosamine,Gal)、降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene related peptide,CGRP)]含量、ODD、CAL及术后生活质量[术后症状严重程度(postoperative symptom severity,PoSSe)量表]。结果:术后1、3 d,研究组的VAS评分分别为(3.72±0.56)、(2.94±0.43)分,均显著低于对照组的(4.81±0.61)、(3.86±0.57)分(P<0.001);术后研究组的面部肿胀度为(2.79±0.64)mm,低于对照组的(5.46±1.22)mm(P<0.001);2组术后3 d的5-HT、Gal、CGRP水平均高于术前,研究组分别为(2.46±0.68)ng/mL、(9.56±1.42)nmol/mL、(1.76±0.52)ng/mL,均低于对照组的(3.15±0.46)ng/mL、(13.19±1.08)nmol/mL、(2.89±0.44)ng/mL(P<0.001);术后6个月,2组的ODD、CAL水平均低于术后1周,研究组分别为(4.21±0.87)、(0.48±0.12)mm,均低于对照组[(5.75±0.61)、(0.73±0.19)mm,P<0.001];研究组的各项PoSSe评分均低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:CGF可降低下颌阻生第三磨牙拔牙后患者术后疼痛应激指标水平,改善其拔牙后的疼痛及面部肿胀情况,提高患者术后生活质量。