Protective effect of electroacupuncture and moxibustion on gastric mucosal damage and its relation with nitric oxide in rats

INTRODUCTION Gastric mucosal injury is one of the common disorders,there are many reports subjicted to its pathogenesis treatment and prevention.We investigated the protective effect

Nervous mechanisms of restraint water-immersion stress-induced gastric mucosal lesion

Stress-induced gastric mucosal lesion(SGML)is one of the most common visceral complications after trauma.Exploring the nervous mechanisms of SGML has become a research hotspot.Restraint water-immersion stress(RWIS)can induce GML and has been widely used to elucidate the nervous mechanisms of SGML.It is believed that RWIS-induced GML is mainly caused by the enhanced activity of vagal parasympathetic nerves.Many central nuclei,such as the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus,nucleus of the solitary tract,supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus,mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus,central nucleus of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex,are involved in the formation of SGML in varying degrees.Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators,such as nitric oxide,hydrogen sulfide,vasoactive intestinal peptide,calcitonin gene-related peptide,substance P,enkephalin,5-hydroxytryptamine,acetylcholine,catecholamine,glutamate,γ-aminobutyric acid,oxytocin and arginine vasopressin,can participate in the regulation of stress.However,inconsistent and even contradictory results have been obtained regarding the actual roles of each nucleus in the nervous mechanism of RWIS-induced GML,such as the involvement of different nuclei with the time of RWIS,the different levels of involvement of the sub-regions of the same nucleus,and the diverse signalling molecules,remain to be further elucidated.

Effect of electroacupunture on gastric mucosal intestinal trefoil factor gene expression of stress-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats

AIM： To investigate electroacupunture（EA） at the acupoints of Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming（SMFY）, Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Yangming（SMFY） on gastric mucosal intestinal trefoil factor （ITF） gene expression detection in stress-induced rats with gastric mucosal lesion, and to explore the regulatory mechanism and significance of EA-related gastric mucosal protective effect. METHODS： Forty rats were randomly divided into 4 groups： Blank group, Model group, Model group＋EA at acupoints of SMFY group（＂SMFY group＂）, and Model group＋EA at acupoints of GMFY group（GMFY group）. All rats （except blank group） were made model by water immersion and restraint stress （WRS）. Then the gastric mucosa tissue in each rat was taken off alter assessment of gastric mucosal lesion index（GUI）, and the expression of ITF mRNA of the tissues was detected by reverse transcdption-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR） method. RESULTS： Compared with Model group（S4.3± 1.34）, the GUI value in SMFY group （31±2.211 decreased significantly（P〈0.01）, so did that in GMFY group （39.8± 1.62, P〈0.05）, meanwhile GUI value in SMFY group was significantly lower than in GMFY group（P〈0.01）. Compared with Model group （0.65±0.01）, EA had a tendency to improve the expression of gastric mucosal ITFmRNA gene： such tendency existed in GMFY group （0.66±0.01） but with no signficant difference（P〉 0.05）, in SMFY group（0.76±0.01） with an extremely obvious difference （P〈0.01）, furthermore the expression in SMFY group was significantly higher than in GMFY group （P〈 0.01）.CONCLUSION： The gastric mucosal protective effect by EA at the acupoints of SMFY and GMFY was related to the expression variance of ITF, indicating certain meridian specificity exists, It could be one proof for the TCM theory ＂Relative pardcularity between SMFY and stomach＂.

Effects of moxibustion pretreatment on extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling transduction pathway in the gastric tissues of rats with gastric mucosal damage

Objective： To observe the effects of moxibustion pretreatment on the protein expressions of epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR）, phosphorylation extracellular signal-regulated kinase I/2 （p-ERKI/2） and activated protein-1 （AP-2）, the key factors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling transduction pathway in gastric tissue of rats with stress-induced gastric mucosal damage, and to discuss the mechanisms of moxibustion therapy in promoting the restoration of damaged gastric mucosa. Methods： Thirty Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, and a moxibustion group using the random digits table, 10 in each group. Except the rats in the normal group, rats in the other two groups were used to make stress-induced gastric mucosal damage model using restraint and cold stress. Before modeling, rats in the moxibustion group were alternately treated with moxibustion a/t Zusanli （ST 36） and Zhongwan （CV 12）, or Pishu （BL 20） and Weishu （BL 22）, once a day, for a total of 8 d. Histolo^cal changes of gastric mucosa were observed under the light microscopy, the expression of gastric tissue p-ERKI/2 was detected by immunohistochemistry assay, and the protein levels of EGFR and AP-I were measured by Western blots. Results： Compared with rats in the normal group, gastric mucosal damage was more serious, and protein expressions of gastric tissue EGFR, p-ERK1/2 and AP-1 increased in the model group （P〈0.01, P〈O.05, P〈0.05）. Compared with rats in the model group, gastric mucosal damage was milder, and protein expressions of gastric tissue EGFR, p-ERK1/2 and AP-1 increased in the moxibustion group （all P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Moxibustion at Zusanli （ST 36）, Zhongwan （CV 12）, Pishu （BL 20） and Weishu （BL 21） could increase EGFR, p-ERK1/2 and AP-1 expression levels in gastric tissue of stress-induced gastric mucosal damage rats, maintain the information transfer function of ERK signaling transduction pathway, and promote restoration of gastric mucosal damage.

Organic carbon monoxide prodrug, BW-CO-111, in protection against chemically-induced gastric mucosal damage

Metal-based carbon monoxide(CO)-releasing molecules have been shown to exert antiinflammatory and anti-oxidative properties maintaining gastric mucosal integrity.We are interested in further development of metal-free CO-based therapeutics for oral administration.Thus,we examine the protective effect of representative CO prodrug,BW-CO-111.in rat models of gastric damage induced by necrotic ethanol or aspirin,a representative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.Treatment effectiveness was assessed by measuring the microscopic/macroscopic gastric damage area and gastric blood flow by laser flowmetry.Gastric mucosal mRNA and/or protein expressions of HMOX1,HMOX2,nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,COX1,COX2,iNos,Anxa1 and serum contents of TGFB1,TGFB2,IL1 B,IL2,IL4,IL5,IL6,IL10,IL12,tumor necrosis factorα,interferonγ,and GM-CSF were determined.CO content in gastric mucosa was assessed by gas chromatography.Pretreatment with BW-CO-111(0.1 mg/kg,i.g.)increased gastric mucosal content of CO and reduced gastric lesions area in both models followed by increased GBF.These protective effects of the CO prodrug were supported by changes in expressions of molecular biomarkers.However,because the pathomechanisms of gastric damage differ between topical administration of ethanol and aspirin,the possible protective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of BW-CO-111 may be somewhat different in these models.

黑果枸杞多糖结构表征及对乙醇诱导胃黏膜上皮细胞损伤的影响

采用热水浸提法提取黑果枸杞多糖(Lycium ruthenicum Murr. polysaccharide,LRMP),解析其单糖组成、糖苷键连接方式、链构象等结构参数,并评价其对乙醇诱导胃黏膜上皮细胞(gastric mucosal epithelial cells,GES-1)损伤的保护效果。结果表明,LRMP由阿拉伯糖、木糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、岩藻糖和半乳糖醛酸组成,结构末端主要由阿拉伯糖、木糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖残基组成,在溶液中呈典型的无规卷曲构象,均方半径为(80.4±1.0)nm。LRMP对GES-1细胞无毒性作用,质量浓度600μg/mL LRMP可以显著抑制乙醇对GES-1细胞造成的损伤,同时恢复细胞内超氧化物歧化酶的活性,降低GES-1细胞凋亡率。综上所述,LRMP作为功能性多糖在健康食品开发中具有潜力。

谷氨酰胺、姜黄素组方对酒精性胃粘膜损伤的保护作用

目的:旨在探讨谷氨酰胺、姜黄素组方对乙醇致大鼠胃粘膜损伤的保护作用及机制。方法:将50只SPF级健康SD雄性大鼠随机分为空白组、模型对照组、西米替丁组、高剂量组、低剂量组5组。连续30 d口服灌胃给药后,除空白组外,其余各组均在无水乙醇造模后处死。通过H&E染色观察胃粘膜组织病理学变化情况,采用试剂盒测定血清丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathioneperoxidase,GSH-Px)活性,并测定组织中前列腺素E_(2)(PGE_(2))含量水平和血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)、NADPH醌氧化还原酶(NADPH Quinone Oxidoreductase 1,NQO1)、抗氧化相关基因核因子-E_(2)相关因子2(Nuclear factor-E_(2)related factor2,Nrf2)、丝氨酸蛋白激酶-3β(Glycogen synthase kinase-3β,GSK-3β)的表达情况。结果:西米替丁组、高剂量给药组的胃粘膜出血等损伤情况较模型组(P<0.05)均有所缓解,高剂量给药组的效果更明显。此外,模型组MDA含量和GSH-PX活性明显增加,NO和PGE_(2)含量明显下降(P<0.05),抗氧化相关基因HO-1、NQO1和Nrf2表达受到明显抑制,GSK-3β表达明显增加。与模型组相比,西咪替丁组和高剂量给药组MDA含量和GSH-Px活性显著下降,NO、PGE_(2)含量显著上升(P<0.05),抗氧化相关基因HO-1、NQO1、Nrf2得到显著恢复(P<0.05),GSK-3β被抑制(P<0.05)。结论:组方对乙醇引起的急性胃黏膜损伤有抑制作用,其作用机制推测与Keap1-Nrf2-ARE氧化应激通路有关。

Effect of lysozyme chloride on betel quid chewing aggravated gastric oxidative stress and hemorrhagic ulcer in diabetic rats

AIM： To evaluate the protective effect of lysozyme chloride on betel quid chewing （BQC） aggravated gastric oxidative stress and hemorrhagic ulcer in rats with diabetes mellitus （DM）. METHODS： Male Wistar rats were challenged intravenously with streptozotocin （65 mg/kg） to induce DM. Rats were fed with regular pellet food or BQC-containing diets. Afcer 90 d, rats were deprived of food for 24 h. Rat stomachs were irrigated for 3 h with normal saline or simulated gastric juice. Rats were killed and gastric specimens were harvested. RESULTS： An enhancement of various gastric ulcerogenic parameters, including acid back-diffusion, mucosal lipid peroxide generation, as well as decreased glutathione levels and mucus content, were observed in DM rats. Afcer feeding DM rats with BQC, an exacerbation of these ulcerogenic parameters was achieved. Gastric juice caused a further aggravation of these ulcerogenic parameters. Daily intragastric lysozyme chloride dose-dependently inhibited exacerbation of various ulcerogenic parameters in those BQC-fed DM rats. CONCLUSION： （1） Gastric juice could aggravate both DM and BQC-fed DM rat hemorrhagic ulcer; （2） BQC exacerbated gastric hemorrhagic ulcer in DM rats via enhancing oxidative stress and reducing defensive factors; （3） lysozyme chloride effectively protected BQC aggravated gastric damage in DM rats.

二肽AQ、SQ和IQ增强GES-1细胞对酒精损伤的抵抗能力

部分食源性二肽具有良好的吸收特性以及生理活性,在功能食品的开发上具有强大的应用前景。该研究旨在阐明二肽AQ、SQ和IQ具有增强GES-1细胞对酒精损伤抵抗能力的作用。首先,该研究对GES-1细胞进行二肽预处理,之后,利用酒精建立细胞损伤模型;通过检测细胞存活率和细胞的乳酸脱氢酶释放量判断模型是否成立,通过检测细胞内ROS含量、抗氧化酶活力和氧化损伤标志物含量,评价二肽对细胞氧化应激的改善作用;通过检测细胞内紧密连接蛋白以及相关损伤标志物的蛋白表达水平,评价二肽对细胞屏障功能的增强作用。结果表明,上述3种二肽可以减轻细胞氧化应激,减少损伤标志物的表达水平并增加紧密连接蛋白的表达水平。该研究证明了上述3种二肽可以增强GES-1细胞抵抗酒精损伤的能力,在修复酒精性胃黏膜损伤,保护胃黏膜屏障功能方面具有一定的应用价值和潜力。

电针足三里对兔胃粘膜损伤细胞保护作用的观察

目的:探讨电针足三里对兔胃粘膜损伤的细胞保护作用。方法:采用无水乙醇灌胃,造成胃粘膜损伤模型,以胃粘膜损伤指数为评定指标,均与足三里旁非穴点进行比较。结果:电针足三里可降低胃粘膜损伤指数,与非穴组比较,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:电针足三里对胃粘膜损伤具有细胞保护作用,足三里与胃密切相关,并具相对特异性。

水解小麦蛋白肽对大鼠急性酒精性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用

目的:研究水解小麦蛋白肽对大鼠急性酒精性损伤模型胃黏膜损伤的保护作用。方法:将60只Wistar大鼠随机分成空白对照组、胃黏膜损伤模型对照组、水解小麦蛋白肽低、中、高剂量组(剂量分别为167、333、667 mg/(kg·d)(以体质量计,下同))、阳性对照组(甲氰咪胍组65 mg/(kg·d)),每组各10只。采用酒精灌胃致胃黏膜损伤,给予水解小麦蛋白肽30 d后,观察胃黏膜组织的大体变化和病理组织学改变,测定大鼠血清丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、血小板活化因子(platelet-activating factor,PAF)、表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)、前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E-2,PGE2)、白细胞介素8(interleukin-8,IL-8)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活力,大鼠胃组织半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase 3)、表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)表达水平。结果:水解小麦蛋白肽能明显改善胃黏膜组织损伤,降低损伤积分(P<0.05),提高损伤抑制率;各剂量组均能提高大鼠血清PGE2含量、EGF含量、SOD活力及胃组织EGFR表达水平,降低大鼠血清MDA含量、IL-8含量及胃组织Caspase 3表达水平(P<0.05),低、中剂量组能降低血清PAF含量(P<0.05)。结论:水解小麦蛋白肽对大鼠急性酒精性胃黏膜损伤具有一定保护作用,其机制可能与增强胃黏膜保护因子、提高抗氧化、抗炎及抗凋亡等作用有关。

黄连厚朴丸对实验性胃黏膜损伤、腹泻和呕吐的影响

目的:观察黄连厚朴丸对实验性胃黏膜损伤、腹泻和呕吐的影响。方法:采用盐酸乙醇、氢氧化钠、吲哚美辛致大鼠急性胃黏膜损伤模型、小鼠番泻叶致泻模型和家鸽呕吐模型。结果:黄连厚朴丸不同剂量均有抗盐酸乙醇、氢氧化钠、吲哚美辛致大鼠胃黏膜损伤的作用;促进小鼠小肠水分吸收,明显减少番泻叶致小鼠腹泻的湿粪数;并能明显减少硫酸铜致家鸽呕吐次数。结论:黄连厚朴丸有保护胃黏膜损伤、止泻和止呕作用。

胶原蛋白预防盐酸胃粘膜损伤与表皮细胞生长因子及洛塞克的比较

应用胶原预防盐酸引起大鼠的胃粘膜损伤，证明胶原对胃粘膜有保护作用，表现为胃粘膜损伤指数减少、胃粘膜细胞中ｃＡＭＰ减少和ｃＧＭＰ增加、ｃＧＭＰ／ｃＡＭＰ比值显著高于表皮细胞生长因子（ＥＧＦ）组和洛赛克组（Ｐ＜０．０１），说明胶原对胃粘膜的保护作用和促进胃粘膜细胞修复增殖作用比ＥＧＦ或洛赛克好。

中药胃康胶丸对急性胃损伤大鼠胃黏膜血流的影响

目的:观察中药胃康胶丸对大鼠急性胃损伤后黏膜血流的影响。方法:采用寒冷应激法诱发急性胃损伤大鼠模型,给药7 d后,用激光多普勒血流仪测定胃黏膜血流。结果:胃康胶丸组大鼠胃黏膜血流明显高于模型组,胃组织损伤评分均明显低于模型组。与其他给药(L-谷氨酰胺、枸橼酸铋钾、金银花)组比较,胃康胶丸组的作用更明显(P<0．01)。结论:胃康胶丸可以增加胃黏膜血流量,促进修复。

艾灸对脾虚胃溃疡模型大鼠MT及HSP 70影响

目的:观察艾灸对脾虚胃溃疡模型大鼠血清金属硫蛋白(MT),胃黏膜组织热休克蛋白70(HSP 70)的影响。方法:将50只健康SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、四君子汤组、艾灸非穴位组和艾灸组,采用大黄法建立大鼠脾虚模型,在此基础上运用无水乙醇灌胃制备脾虚胃溃疡大鼠模型,按Guth法计算胃黏膜损伤指数(UI),光镜下观察大鼠胃黏膜组织学改变,酶联免疫附法(ELISA)检测血清中MT的含量,免疫组化法测胃黏膜细胞HSP 70的表达。结果:艾灸足三里、中脘等穴能使胃黏膜损伤大鼠UI明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),血清MT含量明显升高(P<0.01),胃黏膜组织HSP 70的表达增多(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:艾灸能促进脾虚胃溃疡大鼠胃黏膜损伤的修复,这一作用可能是通过促进内源性保护蛋白MT的含量及HSP 70的表达而实现的。

加味升降散对急性胃黏膜损伤大鼠6-keto-PGF_(1α),TXB_2,TNF-α和EGF含量的影响

目的研究中药加味升降散对胃黏膜攻击因子、保护因子的调节作用。方法随机对照吲哚美辛所致胃黏膜急性损伤大鼠,对比加味升降散、丽珠得乐以及模型和空白组在血栓素B2(TXB2)、血小板活化因子(PAF)、6-酮-前列腺素F1α(6ketoPGF1α)、表皮生长因子(EGF)的含量的差别。结果加味升降散能够降低实验性胃黏膜急性损伤大鼠血浆的TXB2,PAF含量,升高6ketoPGF1α,EGF的含量。结论加味升降散可通过削弱攻击因子和增强保护因子两个环节发挥细胞保护作用,从而保护胃黏膜免遭损伤。

应激性胃黏膜损伤发病机制的研究进展

应激性胃黏膜损伤(stress-induced gastricmucosal lesions)是由于手术创伤、休克、烧伤等应激引起胃黏膜保护机制与损伤机制发生失衡而出现的以溃疡或糜烂为特征的严重并发症.其病理表现为胃黏膜广泛而表浅的糜烂,发病机制复杂,尚未完全阐明.目前认为是由神经内分泌失调、胃黏膜保护屏障受损、损伤因子增强、细胞凋亡等多因素共同作用的结果.本文对此作一简要综述.

荆花胃康胶丸对阿司匹林致小鼠胃黏膜损伤的修复作用

目的:探讨中药荆花胃康胶丸对阿司匹林所致小鼠胃黏膜损伤的修复作用。方法:建立阿司匹林所致小鼠急性胃黏膜损伤模型,观察中药荆花胃康胶丸(30mg·kg^(-1),ig)与胶体果胶铋胶囊(130mg·kg^(-1) ,ig)对胃黏膜损伤的修复作用,计算溃疡指数和溃疡抑制率。结果:中药荆花胃康胶丸能明显缩小阿司匹林烧灼引起的溃疡面积,溃疡指数较单纯损伤组显著降低(P<0.05);与胶体果胶铋组比较,胃黏膜溃疡指数和溃疡抑制率无明显差异,保护作用相当。结论:中药荆花胃康胶丸对阿司匹林所致的小鼠胃黏膜损伤有较好的修复作用。

电针足阳明经穴对大鼠胃黏膜损伤修复机制的研究

目的比较电针足阳明、足少阳经穴对实验性胃溃疡大鼠胃黏膜损伤修复作用的异同,探讨足阳明经与胃相关的特异性及电针足阳明经穴对胃黏膜损伤细胞修复作用的可能机制。方法将40只大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、胃经组、胆经组。造模采用水浸束缚法。实验结束后取血清及胃黏膜组织,采用放射免疫分析法测定表皮生长因子(EGF)、转化生长因子α(TGF-α)含量,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR法)分析胃黏膜EGFRmRNA表达。结果电针足阳明经穴均能使胃黏膜损伤指数显著降低,能显著升高胃黏膜EGF、TGF-α含量;电针上调EGFRmRNA在胃黏膜的表达水平,其中以足阳明经穴组作用最强,与足少阳经组比较差异显著。结论电针足阳明经穴对大鼠胃黏膜损伤的细胞修复作用是通过促进EGF、TGF-α等相关因子的合成、分泌与释放实现的;增强EGFRmRNA在胃黏膜局部的表达,可能是电针足阳明经穴对大鼠胃黏膜损伤修复作用的另一机制;足阳明经与胃具有相对的特异性。

不同方药对大鼠急性酒精性胃黏膜损伤炎性因子的影响

目的研究中医不同治法及复方对大鼠急性酒精性胃黏膜损伤的预防和治疗效果。方法建立酒精所致大鼠急性胃黏膜损伤的模型,用ELASE法测定胃黏膜组织匀浆后的白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)以及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)含量的变化。结果柴胡疏肝散组、保和丸组、黄芪建中汤组分别能升高15、30及60 min大鼠胃液中IL-2含量。保和丸组30 min时大鼠胃液中IL-6含量最高。黄芪建中汤组和丹参饮合失笑散组均能显著降低酒精作用15 min后大鼠胃液IL-10含量。酒精损伤30及60 min时,各个方药组大鼠胃液中IL-10含量均显著降低,其中作用最强的是丹参饮合失笑散组。酒精作用15、30及60 min时各个方药均能使大鼠胃液TNF含量显著降低,其中15 min时黄芪建中汤组作用最强,30 min时丹参饮合失笑散组作用最强,60 min时黄芪建中汤组作用最强。结论不同方证中药在抗炎、降低炎性介质等方面均可起到有效作用,其结果的不同可为临床治疗急性酒精性胃黏膜损伤性疾病提供科学的选药组方规律以及指导意义。