Gauss-Bonnet solution with a cloud of strings in de Sitter and anti-de Sitter space

In this study,we investigate exact spherically symmetric Gauss-Bonnet black hole solutions surrounded by a cloud of string fluid with the cosmological constant in D>4 dimensions.Both charged and uncharged cases are considered.We focus on the de Sitter solutions in the main text and provide the anti-de Sitter solutions in the appendix.We analyze the features of event horizons and thermodynamic properties of the black hole solutions.The mass,Hawking temperature,thermal stability,and phase transitions are discussed.Moreover,the equation of state and critical phenomena associated with these solutions are explored.

Test particles and quasiperiodic oscillations around Kiselev black hole with cloud of strings

In the present study,we investigate the dynamics of test particles around a Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by quintessence and immersed in a scalar string cloud field.We start our study by defining the possible values of the quintessence and cloud of string parameters corresponding to the existence of the black hole horizon for fixed values of the parameters of the equation of state for dark energy.We also study the effects of the effective potential on the circular motion,energy,and angular momentum of the test particles together with the innermost stable circular orbits(ISCOs).We investigate the fundamental frequencies in the particle oscillations along stable circular orbits.We relate the stability of the orbits to the Lyapunov exponent,and the chaotic behavior is studied graphically.Finally,we apply the fundamental frequencies to describe quasiperiodic oscillations(QPOs)and find that,in the presence of both fields,low-frequency twin-peak QPOs are not observed.In addition,we obtain the constraint values for the string cloud parameter and mass of the black hole candidates located in the center of the microquasars GRO J1655-40 and GRS 1915+105 as well as the Milky Way galaxy.

Weak deflection angle and shadow cast by the charged-Kiselev black hole with cloud of strings in plasma

In this study,the gravitational deflection angle of photons in the weak field limit(or the weak deflection angle)and shadow cast by the electrically charged and spherically symmetric static Kiselev black hole(BH)in the string cloud background are investigated.The influences of the BH charge Q,quintessence parameterγ,and string cloud parameter a on the weak deflection angle are studied using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem.in addition to studying the influences on the radius of photon spheres and size of the BH shadow in the spacetime geometry of the chargedKiselev BH in string clouds.Moreover,we study the effects of plasma(uniform and non-uniform)on the weak deflection angle and shadow cast by the charged-Kiselev BH surrounded by the clouds of strings.In the presence of a uniform/nonuniform plasma medium,an increase in the string cloud parameter a increases the deflection angleα.In contrast,a decrease in the BH charge Q decreases the deflection angle.Further,we observe that an increase in the BH charge Q causes a decrease in the size of the shadow of the BH.We notice that,with an increase in the values of the parametersγand a,the size of the BH shadow increases,and therefore,the intensity of the gravitational field around the charged-Kiselev BH in string clouds increases.Thus,the gravitational field of the charged-Kiselev BH in the string cloud background is stronger than the field produced by the pure Reissner-Nordstrom BH.Moreover,we use the data released by the Event Horizon Telescope(EHT)collaboration,for the supermassive BHs M87*and Sgr A*,to obtain constraints on the values of the parametersγand a.

Shadow and photon sphere of black hole in clouds of strings and quintessence

In this study,we investigate the shadow and photon sphere of the black bole in clouds of strings and quintessence with static and infalling spherical accretions.We obtain the geodesics of the photons near a black hole with different impact parameters b to investigate how the string cloud model and quintessence influence the specific intensity by altering the geodesic and the average radial position of photons.In addition,the range of the string cloud parameter a is constrained to ensure that a shadow can be observed.Moreover,the light sources in the accretion follow a normal distribution with an attenuation factorγ,and we adopt a model of the photon emissivity j(v_(e))to obtain the specific intensities.Furthermore,the shadow with static spherical accretion is plotted,which demonstrates that the apparent shape of the shadow is a perfect circle,and the value ofγinfluences the brightness of the photon sphere.Subsequently,we investigate the profile and specific intensity of the shadows with static and infalling spherical accretions,respectively.The interior of the shadows with an infalling spherical accretion will be darker than that with the static spherical accretion,and the specific intensity with both static and infalling spherical accretions gradually converges.

Quasinormal modes of Bardeen black holes with a cloud of strings

We investigate the quasinormal mode and greybody factor of Bardeen black holes with a cloud of strings via the WKB approximation and verify them using the Prony algorithm. We find that the imaginary part of the quasinormal mode spectra is always negative, and the perturbation does not increase with time, indicating that the system is stable under scalar field perturbation. Moreover, the string parameter a has a dramatic impact on the frequency and decay rate of the waveforms. In addition, the greybody factor increases when a and λ increase and when q and l decrease. The parameters λ and l have a significant effect on the tails. In particular, when l=0, a de Sitter phase appears at the tail.

Shadows and gravitational weak lensing by the Schwarzschild black hole in the string cloud background with quintessential field

In this study,we observe that,in the presence of the string cloud parameter a and the quintessence parameterγ,with the equation of state parameter,ω_(q) = -2/3the radius of the shadow of the Schwarzschild black hole increases as compared with that in the pure Schwarzschild black hole case.The existence of both quintessential dark energy and the cloud of strings increases the shadow size;hence,the strength of the gravitational field around the Schwarzschild black hole increases.Using the data collected by the Event Horizon Telescope(EHT)collaboration for M87*and Sgr A*,we obtain upper bounds on the values of a andγ.Further,we see the effects of a andγon the rate of emission energy for the Schwarzschild black hole.We notice that the rate of emission energy is higher in the presence of clouds of strings and quintessence.Moreover,we study the weak deflection angle using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem.We show the influence of a andγon the weak deflection angle.We notice that both a andγincrease the deflection angleα.

Thermodynamics and overcharging problem in extended phase space of charged AdS black holes with cloud of strings and quintessence under charged particle absorption

The thermodynamics and overcharging problem in RN-AdS black holes with a cloud of strings and quintessence are investigated by the absorption of scalar particles and fermions in extended phase space.The cosmological constant is treated as the pressure of the black hole.The parameters related to quintessence and the cloud of strings are treated as thermodynamic variables.We find that the first law of thermodynamics is satisfied and the second law of thermodynamics is indefinite.Furthermore,we find that near-extremal and extremal black holes cannot be overcharged.

String cloud and domain walls with quark matter for a higher dimensional FRW universe in self creation cosmology

In this study, we research a higher dimensional flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker（FRW） universe in Barber＇s second theory when strange quark matter（SQM） and normal matter（NM） are attached to the string cloud and domain walls. We obtain zero string tension density for this model. We obtain dust quark matter solutions.This result agrees with Kiran and Reddy, Krori et al, Sahoo and Mishra and Reddy. In our solutions the quark matter transforms to other particles over time. We also obtain two different solutions for domain walls with quark and normal matters by using a deceleration parameter. Also, the features of the obtained solutions are discussed and some physical and kinematical quantities are generalized and discussed. Our results are consistent with Y？lmaz,Adcox et al and Back et al in four and five dimensions.