The underlying mechanism of variety–water–nitrogen–stubble damage interactions on yield formation in ratoon rice with low stubble height under mechanized harvesting

Agronomic measures are the key to promote the sustainable development of ratoon rice by reducing the damage from mechanical crushing to the residual stubble of the main crop, thereby mitigating the impact on axillary bud sprouting and yield formation in ratoon rice. This study used widely recommended conventional rice Jiafuzhan and hybrid rice Yongyou 2640 as the test materials to conduct a four-factor block design field experiment in a greenhouse of the experimental farm of Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, China from 2018 to 2019.The treatments included fertilization and no fertilization, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and continuous water flooding irrigation, and plots with and without artificial crushing damage on the rice stubble. At the same time, a 13C stable isotope in-situ detection technology was used to fertilize the pot experiment. The results showed significant interactions among varieties, water management, nitrogen application and stubble status.Relative to the long-term water flooding treatment, the treatment with sequential application of nitrogen fertilizer coupled with moderate field drought for root-vigor and tiller promotion before and after harvesting of the main crop, significantly improved the effective tillers from low position nodes. This in turn increased the effective panicles per plant and grains per panicle by reducing the influence of artificial crushing damage on rice stubble and achieving a high yield of the regenerated rice. Furthermore, the partitioning of 13C assimilates to the residual stubble and its axillary buds were significantly improved at the mature stage of the main crop, while the translocation rate to roots and rhizosphere soil was reduced at the later growth stage of ratooning season rice. This was triggered by the metabolism of hormones and polyamines at the stem base regulated by the interaction of water and fertilizer at this time. We therefore suggest that to achieve a high yield of ratoon rice with low stubble height under mechanized harvesting, the timely application of nitrogen fertilizer is fundamental,coupled with moderate field drying for root-vigor preservation and tiller promotion before and after the mechanical harvesting of the main crop.

Weed growth, herbicide efficacy, and rice productivity in dry seeded paddy field under different wheat stubble management methods

To ascertain the influence of wheat stubble management options and chemical weed control methods on weed growth and productivity of dry direct-seeded fine rice, a two years' field study was undertaken at the Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2013 and 2014. Different wheat stubble management methods, viz., incorporation, burning and retention were executed during seed-bed preparation. While, herbicide treatments comprised of a weed check, weed free, pendimethalin followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl, and bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl. Results revealed that weed control efficacy of both herbicide treatments ranged from 84 to 94%. Herbicide treatments significantly reduced weed density(88–90%) and dry weight(86–88%), while improved the rice growth attributes compared with weed check. Application of bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention recorded 226 and 273% increase in kernel yield over weedy check in 2013 and 2014, respectively. In stubble incorporation, pendimethalin followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl was more effective in increasing(256–293%) rice yields over weedy check. Among different treatment combinations, the maximum net benefits(1 397.49^(–1) 472.22 USD ha^(–1)), net returns(636–700 USD ha^(–1)), benefit cost ratio(1.77^(–1).83) and marginal rate of return(2 187–2 330%) were recorded with the application of bispyribac sodium followed by fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention. In crux, application of bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention is efficient approach to control weeds, and get maximum rice productivity and net economic returns under dry seeded system.

The Effect of Long-term Grazing Sheep in the Cotton Stubble on the Blood Biochemicals and Free Gossypol Residues

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term grazing sheep in cotton stubble on variation of biochemistry components and free gossypol residual in the blood. The survey found that 15% ewe of grazing group suffered miscarriage or premature birth,compared with the captive group ewes without this phenomenon. Blood test result shows that the free gossypol concentration in serum of grazing group was significantly higher than in indoor captive feeding group( P < 0. 01). In order to ensure the health of sheep grazing on cotton stubble and improve breeding rate,there is a need to do further reasonable research of grazing and feeding methods.

Suppression of weeds and weed seeds in the soil by stubbles and no-tillage in an arid maize-winter wheat-common vetch rotation on the Loess Plateau of China

Reduced tillage provides ecological and economic benefits to arable land on the Loess Plateau of China, where soil erosion has long been a serious problem and soil water availability is largely restricted. However, high abundances of weeds in reduced tillage systems cause significant yield losses. In this study, we explored the effects of no-tillage and stubble retention on the number and density of weeds and weed seeds in a 12-year maize-winter wheat-common vetch rotation on the Loess Plateau. Four treatments including conventional tillage, no-tillage, conventional tillage＋stubble retention and no-tillage＋stubble retention were designed and applied. We found that no-tillage increased the number of weed species and weed density in most of the crops, while stubble retention decreased weed density in maize and tended to suppress weeds in both no-tillage treatments（no-tillage and no-tillage＋stubble retention）. No-tillage led to an increase in the number of weed species in the weed seedbank and tended to increase seed density during the spring growth of winter wheat, but it decreased seed density during post-vetch fallow. Stubble retention tended to reduce seed density during the spring growth of winter wheat and post-vetch fallow. We concluded that no-tillage can promote weeds in the experimental crop rotation, while stubble retention suppresses weeds in untilled fields. The combined effects of stubble retention and no-tillage on weed suppression varied among the three crops. Based on these results, we recommend stubble retention in untilled legume-crop rotations on the Loess Plateau to improve the control of weeds.

Effects of Crop Stubble on Physicochemical Properties of Continuous Cropping Soil and Cucumber Yield and Quality

By a pot experiment, two kinds of crop stubble (wheat, soybean) were added into continuous cropping soil of cucumber according to different quantity (0.5%, 1% and 2%), the effects of different kinds of stubble and quantity on the continuous cropping soil and growth of cucumber were investigated. The results showed that two kinds of crop stubble significantly decreased soil bulk density, and increased total porosity of soil. Each of all treatments significantly decreased the accumulation of salinity in soil within the entire growth period of cucumber. 2% wheat stubble treatment had the biggest drop in soil EC in the later period of cucumber growth. Soybean stubble treatment had the lesser effect on soil EC. Wheat and soybean stubble promoted the growth of cucumber, increased the yield of cucumber, and improved the quality of cucumber. 2% of wheat stubble treatment had a biggest increase in cucumber yield, which increased the yield by 34.23% compared with the control.

Effects of Mechanical Harvesting on Sugarcane Stubble Quality and Growth of Ratoon

The experiment was conducted with the traditional manual harvesting and mechanical harvesting of sugarcane,to compare the effects of different harvesting method on the sugarcane stubble quality and the growth of ratoon.The experimental results are as follows.(i) The stubble height and breaking stubble rate of mechanical harvesting was significantly higher than manual harvesting,the stubble height of lodging species and difficult defoliation species increased in mechanical harvesting condition.Varieties with higher levels of fiber had lower rate of broken stubble.(ii) The effects of mechanical harvesting on germination of next year ratoon were quite different due to different varieties,indicating that the better perennial species have less impact than the poor perennial species.(iii) Compared with manual harvesting,mechanical harvesting had slightly higher plant height and single-stem weight and less effective stems number,the difference of cane yield was not significant,but sucrose content increased 0.53%.(iv) Mechanical harvesting combining with leaves crushing could reduce the impact on the germination of ratoon,improve the single-stem weight and increase the effective number of stems.

Effects of Mowing Stubbles and Mowing Stages on Nutrient Contents of Forage Mulberry

[Objective]The paper was to study the effects of mowing on nutrients of forage mulberry.[Method]With forage mulberry as the research object,the effects of mowing stubbles and mowing stages on nutrient content of forage mulberry were studied.[Result]With the increase of mowing frequency,the crude protein and crude ash content of forage mulberry decreased,but the crude fiber content increased,and the quality of forage mulberry decreased correspondingly.The crude protein content decreased most obviously from 25.78%in the first stubble to 21.63%in the third stubble.In the first and third stubble,the nutrients at 28±1 d after the last mowing were higher than that at 38±1 d after the last mowing.That is,with the growth of forage mulberry,the accumulated nutrients were also used for their own growth.[Conclusion]From the perspective of nutrient content,the forage mulberry mowed earlier has higher nutritional value and better palatability.

Response of Stubble Shaving Times on Ratoon Yield of Different Sugarcane Genotypes

Ratooning is common practice done in sugarcane with purpose of reducing the total cost of cultivation and early cane maturity.More than 35%of sugarcane productivity is lost due to improper attention of the farmers towards ratoons.Majority of farmers reported that the ratoonability wasn’t good when harvested in December-January.This experiment was carried out to find the appropriate ratoon shaving time with response to different varieties in sugarcane ratoon crop in the year 2018/19 at national sugarcane research project,Jitpur,Bara.The experiment was conducted in split plot design with four levels of cane genotypes as Co–0238,CoLk–94184,Co–0233 and CoS–07250 as the main plot factor while four harvesting dates as sub plot factor with three replications.Observations of a number of millable canes,single cane weight,plant height and single cane diameter were recorded,tabulated and analyzed in R-studio.Ratoon stubble shaving in the month of November had the highest number of millable canes(88079/ha)which wasn’t significantly different from the stubble shaving in the month of December,January.Likewise,highest cane yield(60.04 mt/ha),single cane weight(0.757 kg),cane diameter(2.11 cm),plant height(1.82 m)were found in early stubble shaving dates.Cane Yield and various yield parameter shows better performance in early ratoon shaving periods i.e.from November to January than late ratoon shaving dates.

Utilization of Crop Stubble as Alternate Source of Electricity Generation

The Indian states including Punjab,Haryana,Bihar,Uttar Pradesh,Madhya Pradesh,and Himachal Pradesh follow combine harvesting method followed by burning of crop stubble to prepare the fields for next crop.Crop stubble burning is the reason of annual increment in pollution concentrations which lead to massive winter pollution in the region.However,the state governments have taken several initiatives for proper management of crop stubble through various departments and institutions but still air pollution level is increasing.Instead of burning the crop residue,it can be used in other ways,which are beneficial to humanity.In the direction of rising issues due to burning of the crop stubble,efforts have been carried out to explore the options to utilize the crop stubble rather than burning of it.Present experimental study is an attempt to outline alternative use of crop stubble like utilization of rice straw for electricity generation through microbial fuel cell.In 10 days experimental set up,the MFC produced the maximum voltage of 0.002 V corresponding to the maximum current of 2.5 mA which results in power output of 0.05 mW.The experiments'results of the study accentuate the significance of biomass by utilizing the rice paddy straw for generating the electricity by means of microbial fuel cells.The electricity generated through crop stubble can be used as a sustainable source of energy in the remote areas.It is also focused on suggesting policies to the government so that air pollution can be minimized in affected areas.

Some Features of Black Carbon Aerosols Connected with Regional Climate Over Pristine Environment

The authors report the results of aethalometer black carbon(BC)aerosol measurements carried out over a rural(pristine)site,Panchgaon,Haryana State,India during the winter months of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023.They are compared with collocated and concurrent observations from the Air Quality Monitoring Station(AQMS),which provides synchronous air pollution and surface meteorological parameters.Secular variations in BC mass concentration are studied and explained with variations in local meteorological parameters.The biomass burning fire count retrievals from NASA-NOAA VIIRS satellite,and backward airmass trajectories from NOAA-ERL HYSPLIT Model analysis have also been utilized to explain the findings.They reveal that the north-west Indian region contributes maximum to the BC mass concentration over the study site during the study period.Moreover,the observed BC mass concentrations corroborate the synchronous fire count,primary and secondary pollutant concentrations.The results were found to aid the development of mitigation methods to achieve a sustainable climate system.

Automatic navigation path detection method for tillage machines working on high crop stubble fields based on machine vision

Due to the influence of complex working environment and artificial factors,it is easy to cause crop up over or less tillage problem when straw returning machine is working in paddy field.A new method for path detection suitable for rice,rape and wheat high crop stubble tilling environments was proposed.First the distribution characteristics of rice,rape and wheat high crop stubble images in paddy field based on RGB color model were analyzed,and rice,the color images of rape and wheat high crop stubble were converted into gray ones using custom factor combination R+G-2B;Then,the gray images of rice,rape and wheat high crop stubble were segmented from soil background by means of luminance mean texture descriptor;Next,the binary image through custom shear-binary-image algorithm was cut to remove big noise blobs in high crop stubble’s tilled area;Finally,navigation path from navigation points by using the least square method was derived.The experimental results indicated that the navigation path detection algorithm was fast and effective to obtain navigation path in rice,rape and wheat high crop stubble tilling environments with up to 96.7% of segmentation accuracy within 0.6 s of processing time.

Design of bionic locust mouthparts stubble cutting device

Given the technical problems of low maize stubble breaking efficiency,large cutting torque and high power consumption faced during springtime no-till planting in Northeast China,we designed a high-performance coupling bionic stubble cutting device capable by integrating the structure(multi-segment and serrate)and cutting mode(isokinetic and symmetrical)of locust mouthparts.Methods of bionic construction,mechanism design,theoretical analysis,parameter optimization,Arduino systems and intelligent control were combined to design a planetary gear mechanism and an intelligent speed control system.In particular,the bionic cutting blade could reconstruct the multi-segment and serrate structure of locust mouthparts,while the planetary gear mechanism and the intelligent speed control system jointly comprised the bionic drive system,which could simulate the isokinetic and symmetrical cutting mode,thereby bionically coupling morphological structures and movement patterns.Analysis of comparative tests showed the coupling bionic cutting device could reduce the cutting torque by 26.6%-31.6%and the power consumption by 21.9%-26.1%.This work confirmed that coupling bionic method can significantly improve the stubble cutting efficiency,which was a valuable contribution to the design of stubble cutting device for no-till planter.

Design and Experiments of Biomimetic Stubble Cutter

The fore claws of the nymph of Cryptotympana atrata have excellent ability to cut and dig soil. Inspired by this, we designed a biomimetic stubble cutter to reduce the cutting resistance. Reverse engineering and 3D print technology were applied to design the biomimetic stubble cutter. Two types of biomimetic corn stubble cutters with different tooth heights （5 mm and 2.5 mm） were designed. The cutting ability of biomimetic corn stubble cutters was compared to the conventional design by the quadratic regression orthogonal test. Tooth height, dip angle of cutting edge, and cutting velocity were chosen as orthogonal test factors. The biomimetic stubble cutters show lower cutting resistance than the conventional one. Cutting velocity exerts the least effect on cutting resistance, followed by tooth height and dip angle of cutting edge. Optimal combination with the least cutting resistance is tooth height of 2.5 mm and dip angle of cutting edge of 40° while the cutting resistance does not vary remarkably with cutting velocity. Test results indicate the serrated structure design as a principal factor for cutting resistance reduction. The biomimetic stubble cutter design, inspired by the soil-cutting mechanism of Cryptotympana atrata nymph, remarkably improves the performance of stubble cutter.

Design and experiment of bionic stubble breaking-deep loosening combined tillage machine

Under the conditions of straw returning operation,there are three major technical bottlenecks in the Phaeozem region of northeast China,namely low stubble breaking rate,poor tillage depth consistency,and high fuel consumption.In this research,a bionic stubble-deep loosening combined tillage machine(BSD)was designed through bionic prototype analysis,coupled bionic analysis,coupled bionic design,theoretical analysis and application of intelligent control techniques.It consists of a bionic stubble breaking device and a bionic self-excited vibratory deep loosening device.Based on the unique biting pattern of locust mouthparts on maize rootstocks,the bionic stubble breaking device adopted a new multi-segment serrated bionic structure and a symmetrical rotational motion,which could significantly increase the stubble breaking rate(p<0.05)and reduce the resistance to stubble breaking operations(p<0.05).Based on the unique biology of the hare’s paws,toes and nails,the bionic self-excited vibration deep loosening device adopted a new series-parallel composite bionic elastic system and an intelligent tilling depth control system with a fuzzy algorithm,which significantly improved the tilling depth consistency(p<0.05).The operational performance of the BSD was verified at different operating speeds through comparative experiments and reveals the mechanism of its excellent performance through theoretical analysis.The final experiment results showed that,at the same operating speed,the BSD improved the stubble breaking rate by 9.62%and 10.67%,reduced the stubble breaking torque by 28 N·m and 33 N·m,reduced the tillage depth coefficient of variation by 12.73%and 13.48%,and reduced the specific fuel consumption by 36 g/km·h and 40 g/km·h compared to the two most common models.The operating performance of the three kinds of machines will decrease with the increase of operating speed,and the BSD has the least decrease.

Improved Yield Prediction of Ratoon Rice Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Multi-Temporal Feature Method

Pre-harvest yield prediction of ratoon rice is critical for guiding crop interventions in precision agriculture.However,the unique agronomic practice(i.e.,varied stubble height treatment)in rice ratooning could lead to inconsistent rice phenology,which had a significant impact on yield prediction of ratoon rice.Multi-temporal unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-based remote sensing can likely monitor ratoon rice productivity and reflect maximum yield potential across growing seasons for improving the yield prediction compared with previous methods.Thus,in this study,we explored the performance of combination of agronomic practice information(API)and single-phase,multi-spectral features[vegetation indices(VIs)and texture(Tex)features]in predicting ratoon rice yield,and developed a new UAV-based method to retrieve yield formation process by using multi-temporal features which were effective in improving yield forecasting accuracy of ratoon rice.The results showed that the integrated use of VIs,Tex and API(VIs&Tex+API)improved the accuracy of yield prediction than single-phase UAV imagery-based feature,with the panicle initiation stage being the best period for yield prediction(R^(2) as 0.732,RMSE as 0.406,RRMSE as 0.101).More importantly,compared with previous multi-temporal UAV-based methods,our proposed multi-temporal method(multi-temporal model VIs&Tex:R^(2) as 0.795,RMSE as 0.298,RRMSE as 0.072)can increase R^(2) by 0.020-0.111 and decrease RMSE by 0.020-0.080 in crop yield forecasting.This study provides an effective method for accurate pre-harvest yield prediction of ratoon rice in precision agriculture,which is of great significance to take timely means for ensuring ratoon rice production and food security.

Optimal management of nitrogen fertilizer in the main rice crop and its carrying-over effect on ratoon rice under mechanized cultivation in Southeast China

This study attempted to clarify the carrying-over effect of different nitrogen treatments applied to the main crop on the crop population growth and yield formation of ratoon rice under mechanized cultivation in Southeast China.Based on the constant total nitrogen application amounts(225.00 kg ha;)in the main crop,an experiment with different ratios of basal and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer(the ratio of basal fertilizer:primary tillering fertilizer:secondary tillering fertilizer:booting fertilizer at 3:1:2:4(N1),3:2:1:4(N2),3:3:0:4(N3),and 4:3:0:3(N4),respectively,and a control without nitrogen treatment(N0))was set up across two consecutive years in field using hybrid rice variety Yongyou 1540 as the test materials.The results showed that the total tiller number and effective tillering percentage increased in the main crop under the N1 treatment,more nitrogen fertilizer applied in late growth stage of the main crop,and its effective tillering percentage of the main crop was the highest at up to 70.18%,which was 9.15%higher than that of conventional fertilization treatment(N4),more nitrogen fertilizer applied in early growth stage of the main crop.The same tendency was observed in leaf area index(LAI)value of the main crop and its subsequent ratoon rice,which were 16.52 and 29.87%higher,respectively,in the N1 treatment than that in the N4 treatment at the full heading stage.The same was true in the case of the transport rates of stem and sheath dry mater and the canopy light interception rates in both the main and its ratoon crops.The transport rate of stem and sheath in main crop rice under N1 treatment increased by 50.57%compared with N4 treatment.The canopy light interception rate of N1 treatment increased by 5.07%compared with N4 treatment at the full heading stage of the ratoon crop.Therefore,the total actual yield was the highest in the main and its ratoon crops under N1 treatment,averaging 17351.23 kg ha;in two-year trials,which was 23.00%higher than that in the conventional fertilization treatment(N4).The results showed that appropriate nitrogen treatment was able to produce a good crop stand in the main crop,which was essential for producing a good ratoon crop population and high yield especially under mechanized cultivation with low stubble height of the main crop.The study suggested that shifting the proper nitrogen application amounts to the late growth stage of the main crop,such as N1 treatment,not only had a higher productive effect on ensuring the yield of the main crop,but also had a positive effect on the axillary bud sprouts from the stubbles for ratoon rice,resulting in an increased percentage of productive panicles and achieving the goal of one planting with two good harvests under the conditions of our study.

Review on Autotoxicity of Watermelon

As a special form of allelopathy, autotoxicity is common in cucurbits, and it is one of main factors inducing： continuous cropping obstacles. Therefore, the autotoxicity research has both theoretical and practical significance on overcoming continuous cropping obstacles. In this review, commencing on the concept of autotoxicity, research results of autotoxicity in watermelon in recent years were summarized. The significance of researches on autotoxicity in watermelon, watermelon root exudate and its autotoxicity, and the autotoxicity of watermelon stubble and the mechanisms were explained. Meanwhile, some questions needed to be further studied.

Research on the allelopathic potential of wheat

Objective: This paper mainly discusses the Allelopathic potential of Wheat. Methods: This paper is prepared by reviewing the latest academic literatures. Result: The green revolution in the 1960s caused an increase in the demand for food. The agricultural sector and farmers tended to spend more time on the agricultural work but the crop yield was suppressed by the weeds. Hence, the usage of herbicide insecticides, fungicides and others chemicals had been increased. Although herbicides are efficient for weed controls, the continuous uses had gradually stimulated the weeds developing an effecttive resistance to the chemicals. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is known as allelopathic against crops and weeds. Allelopathy of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been extensively examined for its potentials in weeds management. The allelopathic activity of wheat has been attributed to hydroxamic acids, the related compounds and phenolic acids. Therefore, it could effectively reduce herbicide uses in order to maintain an eco-friendly environment and a cost-effective weed control.

Paddy field soil conservation: Indian historical practices

India is an ancient land having high seasonal rain fall (4 months rain & 8 months dry), has paddy cultivation. Becauses silt-sand separation;buoyant sand gets carried;silt agglutinates. Rill fluid dissolves agglutinated soil;vectors as silt → degradation. Indian farmer has unique agricultural field conservation;soil cum fertility maintenance/regeneration heritage. Also use the stubble and cow dung (cellulose) as binder cum multi purpose in-field uses. economic;ecologically safe;and not discussed earlier. Good tool for altruistic administrations.

Operation analysis and parameter optimization of the conveying device for uniform crushed straw throwing and seed-sowing machines

Uniform crushed straw throwing and seed-sowing machines can achieve the processes of straw chopping,straw transport,sowing,fertilization,and straw mulching at the same time,which is widely used in many areas of China.Conveying device is one of the important components used to convey,elevate and throw straw.However,the problems of high power consumption and congestion affect the promotion of the machine.Therefore,the conveying device of uniform crushed straw throwing and seed-sowing machine was analyzed in order to determine its device operation mechanism.Kinematic and dynamic analyses of particles of crushed rice straw during lifting and dispersion are used to develop a flexible-body model of rod-shaped and agglomerate-shaped crushed straw and a coupling model including the mechanical structure of the device.By integrating computational fluid dynamics and the discrete element method,the gas-solid coupling theory in numerical simulations and motion analysis of crushed straw particles is used to determine how the flow field and motion characteristics affect the conveying performance.Besides,regression equations to describe the relationships between the factors and each assessment index were established by using the regression analysis and response surface analysis with the software Design-Expert.The effect of throwing blade speed X_(1),conveying volume of crushed straw X_(2),and pipeline diameter X_(3) on the throwing speed of crushed straw Y_(1) and specific power consumption Y2 were investigated.The highest throwing speed of crushed straw and lowest specific power consumption are the optimization goal.The results of optimization showed that the predict the best optimal parameters were 2000 r/min throwing blade rotational speed,1.4 kg/s conveying volume,and 220 mm pipeline diameter,the planter achieved a throwing speed of 12.2 m/s and specific power consumption of 9179 m^(2)/s^(2).And then a field test verification was conducted.The planter achieved a throwing speed 12.4 m/s and specific power consumption 9070 m^(2)/s^(2) while selecting the best optimal parameters.Thus,the optimal parameters can provide a high-performance operation and satisfy the actual operation requirements The results provide a theoretical basis and data support for seeding technology innovation and equipment optimization to ensure uniform crushed straw throwing in dense rice stubble fields.