Quantification of irrigation water transport processes in ZiZiphus jujuba garden using water stable isotopes

ZiZiphus jujuba,which is native to China,has become one of the main crops widely planted in the western Loess Plateau because of its drought and flood-tolerance,adaptability,and higher nutritional value of the fruit.The irrigation water infiltration in Z.jujuba gardens is complex,and understanding its mechanisms is essential for efficient water use and sustainable agriculture.This knowledge helps ensure the long-term success of jujuba cultivation.This paper describes a field experiment that investigates the infiltration process of irrigation water from Z.jujuba garden and quantifies the contribution of irrigation water to soil water at different depths using the MixSIAR model.According to the FC(Field water holding Capacity)of Z.jujuba,irrigation experiments with three volumes of 80%FC,60%FC,and 40%FC are set up in this study.The study finds that water retention is better in Z.jujuba garden soils with a higher proportion of coarse gravel in the soil particle composition.Soil water content exhibits a gradient change after irrigation,with deeper wetting front transport depth observed with increased irrigation water.Additionally,there is correlation between soil temperature and soil water content.The soil water in Z.jujuba garden generally exhibits a preferential flow signal in the 0-40 cm range.Below 40 cm,a piston flow pattern dominates.The rate of soil water infiltration increases with the amount of irrigation water.In the 0-40 cm range of the soil vertical profile,irrigation water was the main contributor to soil water.Z.jujuba demonstrated flexibility in water uptake,primarily absorbing soil water at depths of 0-40 cm.For optimal growth of Z.jujuba at this stage,40%FC irrigation is recommended.The results are expected to be valuable future irrigation practices and land use planning for Z.jujuba garden in arid zones,supporting sustainable agricultural development and water management.

枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)品种结实特性研究

对河北省沧县枣种质资源圃124个和山西果树研究所国家枣种质资源圃156个枣品种(品系)在自花授粉和自然授粉条件下的结实及种仁发育情况进行了调查。结果表明,供试品种自然授粉和自花授粉条件下的平均结实率(结果数/100枣吊)分别为37.06%、20.63%,变幅分别为4.17%～175.00%、0%～163.64%,平均可育率(含仁果实/果实总数×100%)分别为12.10%、3.07%,变幅均为0%～100%;自花结实率和自然结实率极显著正相关,相关系数0.597;供试枣品种可分成自花不实异花可实不育、自花不实异花可育、自花异花均可实不育、自花可实不育异花可育、自花异花都可育等5种结实类型,分别占总品种数的10.27%、16.06%、45.19%、17.15%、11.33%;筛选出稳定表现自花不实或自花可实不育而异花授粉可育率高且种仁饱满的品种2个(小枣4、小墩墩枣),种仁较饱满的5个(洪赵十月红、广东白枣、大荔圆枣、小枣25、圆铃枣),利用这些品种做母本进行杂交育种时可省略去雄程序,有效解决因枣花小去雄难的问题;蛤蟆枣、团枣、无核小枣、马牙枣、核桃纹等自花不实而异花可实的品种,在栽植时应配置授粉树。

Two new terpenoids from fruits of Ziziphus jujuba

One new ceanothane-type triterpene and one new sesquiterpene, together with two known triterpenes were isolated from the fruits of Ziziphusjujuba Mill. （Rhamnaceae）. Based on the spectral analyses, the structures of two new compounds were elucidated as 2α-aldehydo-A（1）-norlup-20（29）-en-27,28-dioic acid （zizyberanal acid） （1）, and zizyberanone （2）. While the two known triterpenes were identified as zizyberanalic acid （3） and ursolic acid （4）.

Current Development Situations of Ziziphus Jujuba Industry in South Xinjiang and Recommendations

Through surveying current development situations and existing problems of planting and processing of Ziziphus jujuba in south Xinjiang,this paper discussed planting,processing mode of Ziziphus Jujuba in south Xinjiang and development direction of enterprises in Ziziphus Jujuba production. It is expected to ensure and increase quality and sales volume of Ziziphus Jujuba and promote sound and sustainable development of Ziziphus Jujuba industrial chain in south Xinjiang.

Simultaneous quantification of 18 bioactive constituents in Ziziphus jujuba fruits by HPLC coupled with a chemometric method

The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., known as Hongzao(or Hong-Zao) in Chinese and cultivated in China for more than 4 000 years, has shown to have hepatoprotective property. In previous study, we have isolated and identified 27 known compounds from Z. jujuba fruits, which demonstrated anti-tumor activity. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection-mass spectrometry(HPLC-DAD-MS) method was successfully applied to the simultaneous characterization and quantitation of 18 constituents in 28 Z. jujuba samples, comprised of 12 cultivars from different regions in China, by comparing their HPLC retention times, MS spectra, UV spectra, and NMR data with those of reference compounds. The quantitative method was validated with excellent linearity(R^(2 )> 0.999 1), preferable intra-and inter-day precisions(RSD < 2.78%), and good recoveries(94.96%–102.65%). The content variation of 18 compounds was analyzed by a chemometric method(hierarchical cluster analysis). In addition, these constituents showed protection against carbon tetrachloride(CCl_(4)) intoxicated Hep G2 cell lines by decreasing lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) levels. Results in this study illustrated that the content of all 18 compounds examined has significant difference and variation among cultivars and extracts. The proposed method can serve as a prerequisite for quality control of bioactive compounds in Z. jujuba products.

Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.(Rhamnaceae)):a review on its pharmacological properties and phytochemistry

Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)belongs to the Rhamnaceae family.It is distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of Europe and Asia,including India,China,Iran,Russia,and the Middle East.Jujube is a highly tolerant tree that is resistant to soil salinity and alkalinity.Jujube possesses many phytochemical components and pharmacological properties that make it a good choice for the human diet.Jujube fruit is nutritious and rich in proteins,minerals,vitamins,organic acids,and carbohydrates.It also contains phytochemical components such as polyphenols,flavonoids,terpenoids,anthocyanins,alkaloids,and carotenoids.Jujube has both nutraceutical and cosmeceutical properties.All parts of this plant possess medicinal properties.Jujube has a long history of use in traditional medicine,especially in traditional Persian medicine.It has many pharmacological properties according to traditional Persian medicine,which include anti-pruritic and tranquilizing effects for renal and bladder pain.In Chinese medicine,jujube is used to increase appetite and treat diarrhea and fatigue.This indicates that jujube has several chemical constituents and beneficially affects multiple organs and tissues.These properties include antioxidant,anti-cancer,antimicrobial,neuroprotective,cardioprotective,and hepatoprotective activities.It also has health-promoting effects,including anti-aging properties.

Technological Study on Instant Date Powder in Natural Ziziphus jujuba through Vacuum Freeze-drying

[Objective] The aim was to get optimized conditions for date powder with good color and taste.[Method] The pectinase enzymolysis and vacuum freeze-drying technology were used in the extract process of date powder.[Result] The production boasts of superior quality were with rich fragrance and uniform particle under certain process conditions.The optimized conditions for pectinase enzymolysis were:the amount of pectinase reached to 0.1% of that of date syrup,enzymolysis temperature and time were 50 ℃ and 50 min respectively,the pH value was 4.0.The optimized conditions for vaccum freeze-drying were:10% altodextrin,three times volumn of water with the thickness of 7 mm.[Conclusion] The optimized conditions were obtained in this study to produce instant date powder from Ziziphus jujuba.

Growth inhibitory effect of phenolic extracts of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.in dengue vector Aedes aegypti(L)in parent and F1 generation

Objective: To evaluate the lethal and emergence inhibitory effect of alkaloid, phenolic and terpenoid extracts of Ziziphus jujuba(Z. jujuba; Rhamnaceae) against Aedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae), and to explore the effect of the most effective fraction on developmental and biochemical parameters of the dengue vector. Methods: The fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti were exposed to alkaloid, phenolic and terpenoid extracts from Z. jujuba leaves to test their toxicity and emergence inhibitory effects. Phenolic extract, being the most effective was further tested against the mosquitoes for their growth inhibitory effect supported by biochemical changes in the parent and F1 generation. Results: While the different secondary metabolite fractions i.e., alkaloid, phenolics and terpenoid caused mortality at larval and pupal stages, the LC_(50) value was the lowest for phenolic fraction. Further study carried out with the phenolic fraction revealed that it affected growth by decreasing adult life span, fertility and fecundity of the mosquitoes. The reduction in growth was also accompanied by decrease in carbohydrate and lipid levels. Conclusions: It is concluded that the phenolic extract of the leaves of Z. jujuba is a potential candidate for control of Aedes mosquitoes.

Comparison of Different Processing Methods of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

[Objectives]To study and compare the processing methods of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.[Methods]Z.jujuba was processed by seven methods:cleaning,yellowish frying,burnt frying,carbonized frying,moistening by hot sand,steaming,and boiling.Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of total flavonoids in each processed Z.jujuba.[Results]The content of total flavonoids measured by various processing methods was different.The content of total flavonoids in the processed Z.jujuba by moistening by hot sand was relatively high and the absorption peak spectrum was almost the same as that of the cleaned processed Z.jujuba and the rutin reference substance.[Conclusions]The moistening by hot sand is the optimal method for processing of Z.jujuba.

黄腐酸钾对灵武长枣氮素吸收、分配及利用的影响

以5年生的灵武长枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lingwuchangzao)树为试材,采用15N示踪法进行田间试验,研究0 kg/株(CK)、0.5 kg/株(T1)、1.0 kg/株(T2)、1.5 kg/株(T3)不同黄腐酸钾有机肥施用量对灵武长枣氮素吸收、分配、利用的影响。结果表明,灵武长枣树体氮积累量随黄腐酸钾供应水平的提高而增加,1.5 kg/株黄腐酸钾处理在果实成熟期氮积累量最高,达59.66 g/株,各处理以叶片、果实氮积累量较高;3个黄腐酸钾处理均显著提高了植株对氮素的吸收征调能力(NdFF)和15N吸收量(P<0.05),表现为T3>T2>T1>CK,不同器官的NdFF表现为果实最高;不同施肥处理的植株各器官15N分配率存在差异,以贮藏器官(果实)较高;与CK相比,3个黄腐酸钾处理15N当季利用率增加了2.27~5.34个百分点,以T3处理最佳,为8.92%。综合分析认为,配施1.5 kg/株黄腐酸钾有机肥,灵武长枣植株15N的吸收利用效果最佳。

不同采收成熟度对设施冬枣综合品质的影响

为了从成熟度方面给采收鲜食用、加工用大荔冬枣果实的时期提供参考,以4个不同成熟度(白熟、脆熟、半红、全红,分别对应白熟期、脆熟期、半红期、全红期)大荔冬枣果实为试验材料,对比其果实的品质特性,探究其果实品质在4个不同成熟度下的变化。结果表明,随着果实成熟度的增加,大荔冬枣果实的单果重、可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量及可溶性固形物含量增加,而果实硬度、含水量、总酸含量、总酚含量及总类黄酮含量呈下降趋势。在脆熟期和半红期,大荔冬枣果实的抗氧化能力较强。大荔冬枣果实的含水量与可溶性糖含量、可溶性固形物含量均呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与总酸含量、总酚含量及总类黄酮含量均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);大荔冬枣果实的可溶性糖含量与可溶性固形物含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与总类黄酮含量、总酚含量均呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,脆熟期至半红期的大荔冬枣果实适宜立即食用或仅可进行短距离运输,脆熟期的大荔冬枣果实适宜长距离运输或贮藏,全红期的大荔冬枣果实适宜用作食品加工原料。

不同产地酸枣仁切片的拉曼光谱检测及分析

利用拉曼光谱比较不同产地酸枣仁的主要成分组成及含量差异。以酸枣仁切片为研究对象,使用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪分析了四个不同产地的酸枣仁主要成分特征峰,得到酸枣仁拉曼光谱及拉曼一阶导数谱,并对其进行振动模式归属分析。不同产地酸枣仁在299,403,790,873,941,1084,1160,1237,1600 cm^(-1)附近处均出现明显的特征峰,不同产地酸枣仁有效成分的特征峰有一定差异,宁夏产地与山东产地的酸枣仁较河北产地与榆林产地皂苷类化合物特征峰弱;酸枣仁有效成分为皂苷类化合物、黄酮类化合物、碳水化合物;酸枣仁的一阶导数谱在237.8,375.9,844.7 cm^(-1)附近处出现尖锐的特征峰,分辨率更高,可以作为鉴定和识别酸枣仁的特征峰。拉曼光谱的特征峰可以作为鉴定和识别不同产地酸枣仁的手段,其结果可为酸枣仁的真伪鉴定及质量监测提供参考。

枣品种资源果实的糖酸含量特征分析

糖和酸是构成果实风味的重要物质,鉴定评价枣品种资源果实的糖酸风味,比较不同资源间的糖酸风味构成差异,建立枣品种资源果实糖酸风味评价体系,对资源高效利用具有重要意义。以210份枣资源脆熟期果实为材料,测定可溶性固形物、可滴定酸以及糖组分含量,并进行相关性分析。结果如下:(1)10项指标的变异系数范围在9.81%~34.70%,其中可溶性固形物含量、甜度值和总糖含量的变异系数较小。蔗糖含量的范围差异最大,其最大值是最小值的84.54倍。果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、总糖、可滴定酸、甜度值、固酸比和糖酸比等8项指标符合正态分布,可溶性固形物和甜酸比不符合正态分布。(2)果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖与总糖含量均呈极显著正相关,果糖与葡萄糖含量呈极显著正相关,总糖、可溶性固形物和甜度值间都呈极显著正相关,可滴定酸与固酸比、糖酸比和甜酸比间都呈极显著负相关,固酸比、糖酸比、甜酸比两两之间都呈极显著正相关。(3)因子分析共提取3个主因子,累积贡献率为91.781%。结合各项指标的聚类分析,筛选出果糖、蔗糖、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和固酸比5项评价枣果实糖酸风味的指标。(4)基于5项评价指标进行聚类分析,将210个枣品种分为5个类群,根据各类群不同指标的含量特征,分别定义为低蔗糖型、高酸型、果糖优势型、中间型和蔗糖优势型,其中蔗糖优势型包含的种质最多。可用果糖、蔗糖、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和固酸比5项指标对枣果实糖酸风味进行评价,生产中可根据不同类群资源的糖酸指标特点进行针对性应用。

枣种质资源果实质地品质特性分析

旨在建立标准化、统一化的枣果实质地品质鉴定评价方法,为枣种质资源质地品质精准鉴定评价提供理论参考依据。以50份枣种质脆熟全红期果实为试材,采用质构仪整果穿刺法鉴定果实质地品质,并对果实质地品质进行感官鉴定评价。结果表明,果皮穿刺强度、果皮破裂距离、果皮韧性、皮肉跌落脆性、果肉平均坚实度和果肉纤维指数6项指标在不同种质间存在丰富的多样性,变异系数为18.31%~40.40%。口感感官评价方法鉴定的果皮厚度、果肉质地和果肉粗细在不同种质间差异较大。质构仪分析得到的各项参数与感官评价参数间具有不同程度的相关性,果皮穿刺强度、果皮破裂距离、果皮韧性、果肉平均坚实度和果肉纤维指数5项指标均与感官评价的果肉质地呈极显著正相关,果肉纤维指数与感官评价的果皮厚度、果肉质地和果肉粗细间都呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.452、-0.364和-0.549。因子分析共提取两个主因子,包括果皮韧性、果肉平均坚实度和皮肉跌落脆性3项指标,累积贡献率为75.909%。基于因子分析结果,采用系统聚类法将50份供试种质分为3个类群,根据质地参数特征,分别将其定义为皮厚质密群、皮薄质疏群和中间类群。本研究建立了质构仪检测枣果质地品质的标准体系,可用于枣果实质地品质的精准鉴定评价。

不同种源酸枣表型多样性分析

以酸枣〔Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu ex H.F.Chow.〕19个种源地的211份样本为研究对象,对其表型性状(包括13个质量性状和29个数量性状)进行观测和变异分析,并采用巢式方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析研究数量性状的变异来源、与地理气候因子的关系及能够反映酸枣表型特征的主要数量性状。结果表明:酸枣质量性状的变异系数和Shannon-Weaver多样性指数分别为11.44%~55.21%和0.34~1.65;数量性状的变异系数和Shannon-Weaver多样性指数分别为4.57%~85.46%和0.24~2.09,极值比为1.67~14.06。陕西佳县、内蒙古元宝山和河北复兴种源的数量性状变异程度较高,辽宁喀左、陕西延川和河北赞皇种源的数量性状多样性丰富。酸枣数量性状种源间和种源内的方差分量比例均值分别为69.86%和14.88%,表型分化系数均值为0.82。叶长、叶形指数、可食率等12个数量性状与地理气候因子存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关性。主成分分析结果表明:前9个主成分的累计贡献率为79.74%,叶形指数、叶柄长度、叶柄宽度等17个数量性状可作为评价酸枣种质资源的表型性状。基于数量性状可将19个种源分为4个类群,类群Ⅰ主要特征为叶片小、果实和果核小、出核率高;类群Ⅱ主要特征为果实和果核大、可食率高;类群Ⅲ主要特征为叶片长、枣吊长、枣吊叶片数多;类群Ⅳ主要特征为二次枝长、直刺和弯刺短。综合上述研究结果,酸枣表型多样性丰富,种源间和种源内存在不同程度的变异,种源间变异是主要变异来源,不同种源酸枣可用于选育不同表型性状酸枣品种。

基于电子舌探究超声催陈对木枣果醋品质的影响

确定了超声催陈木枣果醋的最佳工艺,并基于电子舌探究超声催陈对木枣果醋营养品质和感官品质的影响。以木枣果醋中总酯的含量为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定超声催陈木枣果醋的最佳工艺为超声功率300 W、超声时间45 min、乙醇添加量0.4%。在此工艺条件下,超声处理的木枣醋亮度提升且总体颜色向红、黄方向发展,但醋的颜色变化并不明显。果醋中维生素C、黄酮、多酚、环磷酸腺苷等活性物质含量没有显著性下降,同时超声处理可以使木枣果醋的口感变柔和。超声处理加速了木枣果醋中酯化反应的发生,表明超声处理是一种有前途的果醋催陈技术,为改善果醋品质提供了可能。

不同生长时期酸枣果肉多糖相对分子质量分布和单糖组成及抗氧化活性研究

为了探究不同生长时期酸枣果肉中多糖含量、相对分子质量、单糖组成及抗氧化活性变化规律,以野生型和种植型酸枣为研究对象,分别采用苯酚-硫酸比色法、高效凝胶色谱法、高效离子色谱法和DPPH自由基清除实验研究其不同生长时期的果肉多糖含量、相对分子质量、单糖组成和自由基清除能力。研究发现野生型和种植型的酸枣果肉中多糖含量均表现出先下降后上升的趋势;两种类型的酸枣果肉多糖的相对分子质量均随着酸枣的发育逐渐降低;两种类型酸枣果实发育前期果肉多糖中单糖鼠李糖含量最高可达46.14 mg/g,半乳糖次之可达33.10 mg/g;果实发育后期,两种类型的酸枣果肉多糖中单糖含量最高的为阿拉伯糖可达60.30 mg/g,半乳糖醛酸次之可达45.02 mg/g;两种类型酸枣果肉多糖的DPPH自由基清除能力变化趋势与其果肉中多糖含量变化趋势基本相同;种植型酸枣与野生型酸枣在多糖含量、多糖相对分子质量、单糖组成和自由基清除能力方面均表现为相同的趋势,且均属于还原糖积累类型果实。研究结果为酸枣果肉资源进一步开发与利用提供参考。

‘灵武长枣’果实发育过程中果肉质地与解剖结构的变化

为探究‘灵武长枣’发育过程中枣果质地与解剖结构的变化特征及两者间关系。以国家地理标志品种‘灵武长枣’为试验材料,利用质地剖面分析法(TPA)和石蜡切片法,分析测定果实7项质地品质指标、10项显微结构指标,并对果实基本性状进行测定。结果表明,‘灵武长枣’果实成熟过程中,以硬核期为转折点,硬核期到半红期枣果实品质发生了显著变化,如硬核期到膨大前期单果质量增幅412.3%、体积增幅403.7%,且果实解剖结构与大部分质地参数显著相关。即随着果实成熟,果实的单果质量、纵横径,体积均增加;果实硬度、脆度和胶粘性先增大后减小,弹性、咀嚼性和粘附性呈上升趋势,内聚性变化不显著。果皮变薄,表皮细胞和薄壁细胞、维管束和空腔面积增大,细胞排列变疏松,成熟期口感变酥脆。角质层加厚,果实抗损伤性加强。此外,枣果表皮细胞中的质体也发生很大变化,幼果期到半红期,由叶绿体逐渐转变为有色体。进一步相关性分析表明,果实硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和粘附性同枣果细胞形态参数存在不同程度的相关性,粘附性与大部分果实细胞形态参数达极显著水平,如粘附性与空腔面积呈极显著正相关(r=0.979)。‘灵武长枣’果实发育过程中,其果实品质发生显著变化,其中果实细胞形态的动态变化显著影响其质地品质(硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、粘附性)。

灵武长枣果实光泽度及其品质的调查与分析

为探究灵武长枣不同光泽度果实[高光泽度果实(S果)的表面平整光滑,果形多为典型的长椭圆形,外观品相较好;低光泽度果实(R果)表面凹凸不平,果形多为果顶急剧凸起或凹下,外观品相较差]品质的差异及其影响因素,以宁夏灵武市7个灵武长枣种植园为调查对象,调查记录树龄、苗木类型、枣吊粗、枣吊长等指标,并采集不同光泽度果实(S、R果)作为试验材料,测定其光泽度、单果质量、果实横纵径等果实外观品质指标以及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C(Vc)、可滴定酸含量等果实内在品质指标,并对其进行比较和相关性分析。结果表明,不同种植园均有灵武长枣不同光泽度果实(S和R果),且随着树龄的增长,R果比率有降低的趋势;S果的光泽度是R果的1.56倍,且单果质量、果实纵横径、果形指数、果皮厚、果肉厚、核纵横径、单核质量、果实硬度均极显著小于R果;S果的Vc含量、糖酸比和固酸比均小于R果,但两者的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、花色素苷含量等指标均无显著差异;灵武长枣S、R果的比率与苗木类型、树龄、枣吊粗、叶片叶绿素含量等因素极显著相关。综上,灵武长枣种植园均存在不同光泽度果实(即S果和R果)。灵武长枣不同光泽度果实品质各有优劣:S果的优势是外观品质好,果型周正,酸甜适口;R果优势则是其果实个大,Vc含量高,利于储存运输。

金丝小枣全枣、枣皮、枣肉黄酮提取物的抗氧化活性和免疫活性

以金丝小枣为研究对象,分别测定金丝小枣全枣、枣皮、枣肉的黄酮提取物对DPPH·、ABTS+·、·OH清除能力和总还原力,并利用刀豆蛋白A(concanavalin A,ConA)和脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)分别诱导小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞增殖反应,探究金丝小枣的全枣、枣皮、枣肉的黄酮提取物的免疫活性。试验结果表明:金丝小枣全枣、枣皮、枣肉黄酮抗氧化活性和免疫活性存在差异,枣皮黄酮的抗氧化活性和免疫活性最强,枣肉黄酮提取物的抗氧化活性和免疫活性最弱,但全枣、枣皮、枣肉黄酮提取物对DPPH·和·OH的清除活性高于VC,且全枣、枣皮、枣肉黄酮提取物对小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞的增殖均具有促进作用。