Determination of Reference Evapotranspiration Using Penman-Monteith Method in Case of Missing Wind Speed Data under Subhumid Climatic Condition in Hungary

The reference evapotranspiration was calculated using Penman-Monteith method proposed. This method was evaluated on data measured by lysimeter in Szarvas experimental station in Hungary. The results of the two methods were in good agreement. However, this method requires an amount of data which is not available at all sites of meteorological measurement. Therefore it was necessary to investigate which elements influencing evapotranspiration are important and which elements are less important. With the help of investigation was indicated that radiation and vapor pressure deficit play important role in determination of reference evapotranspiration. Taking into account this there was two possibilities to calculate evapotranspiration. One of these is to use Penman-Monteith formula with constant wind speed as advised by Allen. Another one is to neglect wind speed data. Both methods were investigated and the method with constant wind speed was found better in a subhumid climatic condition of Hungary.

Estimation of irrigation requirements for drip-irrigated maize in a sub-humid climate

Drip-irrigation is increasingly applied in maize （Zea mays L.） production in sub-humid region. It is cdtical to quantify irrigation requirements during different growth stages under diverse climatic conditions. In this study, the Hybrid-Maize model was calibrated and applied in a sub-humid Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China to estimate irrigation requirements for drip- irrigated maize during different crop physiological development stages and under diverse agro-climatic conditions. Using dimensionless scales, the whole growing season of maize was divided into diverse development stages from planting to maturity. Drip-irrigation dates and irrigation amounts in each irrigation event were simulated and summarized in 30-year simulation from 1981 to 2010. The maize harvest area of Heilongjiang Province was divided into 10 agro-climatic zones based on growing degree days, arid index, and temperature seasonality. The simulated results indicated that seasonal irrigation requirements and water stress during different growth stages were highly related to initial soil water content and distribution of seasonal precipitation. In the experimental site, the average irrigation amounts and times ranged from 48 to 150 mm with initial soil water content decreasing from 100 to 20% of the maximum soil available water. Additionally, the earliest drip-irrigation event might occur during 3- to 8-leaf stage. The water stress could occur at any growth stages of maize, even in wet years with abundant total seasonal rainfall but poor distribution. And over 50% of grain yield loss could be caused by extended water stress during the kernel setting window and grain filling period. It is estimated that more than 94% of the maize harvested area in Heilongjiang Province needs to be irrigated although the yield increase varied （0 to 109%） in diverse agro-climatic zones. Consequently, at least 14% of more maize production could be achieved through drip-irrigation systems in Heilongjiang Province compared to rainfed conditions.

Impact of Variegated Temperature, CO<SUB>2</SUB>and Relative Humidity on Survival and Development of Beet Armyworm <i>Spodoptera exigua</i>(Hubner) under Controlled Growth Chamber

Climate change will have a noteworthy bearing on survival, development, and population dynamics of insect pests. Therefore, we contemplated the survival and development of beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua under different temperatures, (15°C, 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C), CO2 (350, 550, 750 ppm) and relative humidity (55%, 65%, 75% and 85%) regimes. Maximum larval and pupal weights were recorded in insects reared at 25°C. The growth of S. exigua was faster at 35°C (larval period 7.4 days and pupal period 4.5 days) than at lower temperatures. At 15°C, the larval period was extended for 61.4 days and there was no adult emergence from the pupae till 90 days. The S. exigua hatchling was absent at 45°C. The larval survival ranged from 31.6% - 57.2%, maximum survival was recorded at 25°C, and minimum at 45°C. The maximum (84.27%) and minimum adult emergence were recorded in insects reared at 25°C and 35°C respectively. Maximum fecundity (384.3 eggs/female) and egg viability (51.97%) were recorded in insects reared at 25°C. Larval and pupal periods increased with an increase in CO2 concentration. The highest pupal weights (128.6 mg/larva) were recorded at 550 ppm. The highest larval survival (73.50%) was recorded at 550 ppm and minimum (37.00%) at 750 ppm CO2. Fecundity was the highest in insects reared at 550 ppm CO2 (657.4 eggs/female), and the lowest at 750 ppm. Maximum larval and pupal weights were recorded in insects reared at 75% relative humidity (RH). The growth rate of S. exigua was faster at 85% RH than at lower RH. The larval survival ranged between 40.0% - 58.5%. Maximum adult emergence (88.91%) was recorded in insects reared at 75% RH and minimum at 85% RH. Maximum fecundity (447.6 eggs/female) and the highest egg viability (72.95%) were recorded in insects reared at 75% and 65% RH respectively. Elevated temperatures and relative moistness will diminish the life cycle, while hoisted CO2 will drag the life expectancy. Therefore, there is a need for thorough assessment of the impact of climatic factors on the population dynamics of insect pests, crop losses, and sustainability of crop production.

玉米膜下滴灌对农田土壤氧化还原电位的影响

为了研究滴灌条件下覆膜对土壤通气性的影响,于东北半湿润区开展了玉米田间试验,设置不覆膜+施肥(NM)、覆膜+施肥(PFM)、不覆膜+不施肥(CNM)和覆膜+不施肥(CPFM)共4个处理,对滴灌条件下土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)进行了观测和分析。结果表明:在小时尺度下,与不覆膜相比,覆膜可提高表层(0~10 cm)土壤氧化还原电位,表现为NM>PFM,差值为2.7~10.0 mV,提高了0.5%~2.0%。在耕作层(0~30 cm)内,覆膜措施对土壤氧化还原电位的分布均无明显影响,各处理土壤氧化还原电位的变化趋势一致,均随深度的增加而增大。覆膜与不覆膜条件下土壤氧化还原电位的生育期变化规律基本一致,随着生育期的发展逐渐降低。地膜覆盖可显著提高玉米生育前期耕作层的氧化还原电位,在拔节期和抽穗期,覆膜处理的Eh均明显高于不覆膜处理,差值为59.5~122.9 mV,提高了9.7%~22.8%。

Assessment of Forest Growing Stock of Timergara Forest Subdivision, Dir Lower Forest Division

The present study was aimed to assess the growing stock of Timergara forest subdivision which was a part of Dir lower forest division (Pakistan). The study area was divided into two different climatic zones (i.e. sub-tropical sub humid and sub-humid temperate zones) on the basis of altitudinal considerations. A total of 43 sample plots are taken in the forest area of 8480 hectare with random sampling technique representing 0.5% of the total forest area. Each sample plot size was of one hectare. In each 100 × 100 m (1 ha plot), number of trees, diameter, age, height, increment, form factor and volume were measured. An interrelation between the diameter (independent variable) and all the other dependent variables (volume, increment and height) were found. At the end, volume tables were made which suited the local conditions as the ones used before were not suited to the local conditions.

Ni18Co9Mo5在湿热海洋和亚湿热酸雨大气环境下的性能变化规律研究

目的研究Ni18Co9Mo5在湿热海洋环境(永兴)和亚湿热酸雨环境(重庆)下的腐蚀行为和力学性能规律。方法通过金属粉末注塑成形方法制备Ni18Co9Mo5样品,采用力学试验机、X射线衍射分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪、金相显微镜对Ni18Co9Mo5在永兴和重庆典型大气环境下暴露试验18个月的性能变化规律进行研究。结果Ni18Co9Mo5样品的耐蚀性较差,在海洋环境和亚湿热酸雨下暴露2个月即出现明显的腐蚀现象,在平均相对湿度达到临界湿度(80%)基础上,腐蚀介质SO_(2)(亚湿热酸雨环境)和Cl^(-)(海洋环境)对Ni18Co9Mo5金属材料的早期腐蚀具有加剧作用。Ni18Co9Mo5在永兴试验18个月后,腐蚀产物较为疏松,且样品内外腐蚀区域均存在明显裂纹,其抗拉强度和冲击能量分别下降43%和60%左右;在重庆试验18个月后,其抗拉强度下降15%,冲击能量整体变化不明显。湿热海洋环境中侵蚀性强的Cl^(-)导致Ni18Co9Mo5发生点蚀,甚至裂纹萌生及扩展,加剧了样品基体的腐蚀,有效承载面积减小及裂纹导致力学性能明显下降。结论Ni18Co9Mo5在湿热海洋环境下的腐蚀程度和力学性能下降比亚湿热酸雨环境更为严重。

东北半湿润区膜下滴灌对农田水热和玉米产量的影响

为从农田土壤水、热循环角度揭示玉米膜下滴灌节水增产机理,于2011—2013年在东北半湿润区开展了玉米田间试验,对膜下滴灌、不覆膜滴灌和地面灌玉米田进行了土壤温度、含水率、田间小气候、作物生长、养分积累及产量的观测和分析。结果表明：与不覆膜滴灌和地面灌相比,膜下滴灌提高了玉米生育前期的土壤温度,苗期5～25 cm的日均土壤温度增加2.3℃,土壤积温增加87℃;整个生育期土壤积温增加115～150℃。覆膜减少了土壤蒸发,膜下滴灌玉米生育期的土壤蒸发量比不覆膜滴灌降低53%,提高了玉米生育前期的土壤含水率。膜下滴灌提高了典型日的冠层空气温度并降低了冠层空气湿度,可能导致作物蒸腾量的增加。膜下滴灌明显增加了玉米生育前期的氮素吸收量,促进了玉米的营养生长,为生育后期的生殖生长积累了更多的营养物质,成熟期的地上部分干物质质量分别比不覆膜滴灌和地面灌增加14%和23%,氮素吸收量分别增加16%和28%。膜下滴灌营造了有利于玉米生长的土壤水、热环境,平均产量分别比不覆膜滴灌和地面灌处理提高11%和21%,水分利用效率分别提高9%和18%。

沟垄覆膜集雨栽培对冬小麦水分利用效率及产量的影响

在半湿润易旱地区的关中红油土上, 研究了垄上覆膜集雨保墒和沟内种植栽培方法对冬小麦(Triticumaestivum )水分利用效率及产量影响。结果表明,冬小麦返青时各处理100～200 cm深土层的水分与播前相比无变化。0～100 cm土层覆膜较未覆膜多保蓄水6.5 mm,有一定集水保水作用。收获时各土层的水分都明显减少。在低氮(75 kg·ha-1)、低密(230万株·ha-1)和高氮(225 kg·ha-1)、高密(280万株·ha-1)2种条件下,覆膜较未覆膜处理平均多耗水34.8 mm,表明小麦明显增强了对深层水分的利用。覆膜集水和施用氮肥有显著增产效果。覆膜后,高氮处理的生物产量与籽粒产量比低氮处理平均高22.5%和22.6%,高氮低密处理比低氮低密处理的生物产量及籽粒产量分别高29.8% 和29.1%。在高氮高密条件下,覆膜处理的生物产量与籽粒产量比未覆膜高39.5%和28.9%。以高氮低密(高氮宽垄覆膜)处理的生物产量和籽粒产量最高,水分利用效率分别达43.7和22 kg·mm-1·ha-1。

半湿润农田生态条件下施氮对不同冬小麦品种氮素转移的影响

在年均降水量632mm的黄土高原南部半湿润红油土上进行田间试验,以NR 94059、430、偃师9号、小偃6号、陕229、西农2208、矮丰3号和商188为供试材料,研究在不施氮和施氮(N 90 kg/hm2)条件下不同冬小麦品种灌浆期氮素转移的差异。结果表明,小麦氮转移量(NT)和氮转移效率(NTE)在不同品种间差异不显著,而茎鞘氮转移效率(NTES)在品种间存在显著差异(P<0.05),施氮对这些指标没有显著影响。转移氮对子粒氮贡献率(NCR)在不同品种间差异显著(P<0.05),而施氮对NCR没有显著影响。不同品种间NCR从大到小的顺序为NR9405、西农2208、矮丰3号、商188、偃师9号、9430、小偃6号、陕229。氮收获指数(NHI)具有显著的品种差异,NHI从大到小的顺序为陕229、9403、矮丰3号、西农2208、偃师9号、商188、NR9405、小偃6;陕229和9403的NHI超过80%,分别为81.76%和81.02%;小偃6号仅为76.62%。不同品种的氮素利用效率(NUE)存在极显著差异(P<0.001),以偃师9号最高,为37.25 g/g,小偃6号最低,为29.29 g/g;施氮对NHI和NUE无显著影响。子粒含氮量与NUE间呈极显著负相关关系(r=0.918,P<0.001),表明对同一个品种难以同时提高NUE和子粒含氮量。

黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干层形成及氮素消耗研究

为掌握苜蓿连续种植多年土壤干层的形成规律及氮素的消耗规律,促进黄土高原地区苜蓿草地合理施肥及草田轮作,论文系统研究了3年、4年、6年、12年、14年、18年及26年生紫花苜蓿草地土壤干层及氮素的消耗。结果表明：黄土高原地区土壤干层可分为轻度干层（9-11%）、中度干层（7-9%）、重度干层（〈7%）三级。荒地在80-100 cm土层,出现轻度干层;苜蓿草地土壤干层出现的区域为140-600 cm土层,随生长年限的延长,土壤干层厚度向下延伸,干化程度加剧,苜蓿生长至12年,出现中度干层,干层范围达到500 cm土层。不同生长年限苜蓿草地土壤碱解氮含量呈现规律性的变化,即随土层深度的增加,碱解氮含量下降,300 cm土层以下,变化趋势平缓;苜蓿生长至26年,0-200 cm土壤上层的氮素有一定恢复,而200-1 000 cm深层土壤氮素难以恢复。研究表明,在黄土高原半湿润区紫花苜蓿生长6年以后,应对苜蓿草地进行合理施肥,实施粮草轮作,以维持土壤氮素平衡,持续提高土地生产力水平。

防治荒漠化的“三圈”生态-生产范式机理及其功能

防治荒漠化的“三圈”生态-生产范式,是干旱生态系统优化与重建的新结构。根据在鄂尔多斯和新疆等地的研究和实践,从干旱生态系统结构、过程和功能来讨论荒漠化防治的“三圈”范式。地理圈层结构(地理地带性)是“三圈”范式的自然地理背景。从宏观尺度和功能方面划分,“三圈”范式在空间尺度上有大“三圈”和小“三圈”之分,大“三圈”控制洲际范围的荒漠化扩展及沙尘暴蔓延,小“三圈”则以控制区域性风沙活动、沙尘暴和就地起沙的危害。防治荒漠化工程是复杂的多元组合和多功能的系统,我国西北地区受荒漠化影响严重,宏观的大“三圈”与多区域的小“三圈”有机结合,形成圈圈相护、层层设防的严密防护与生产系统,有效地控制大范围风沙危害、改善地方气候与小气候,并对发展经济,提高人民生活发挥重要作用。因此,“三圈”范式的概念与结构既是以自然地理地带性为基础,又是人类对自然、环境与生态系统格局的规律认识,更是科学的人类恢复、重建干旱区生态环境与可持续发展的生态设计范式。

基于可拓工程方法的生态地理区域系统界线划分研究——以中温带半湿润、半干旱区为例

利用可拓工程方法中的物元模型对生态地理区域系统的界线划分问题进行了研究 ,通过选取样本和指标对单指标关联函数和多指标综合关联函数进行了定量计算。在此基础上 ,通过专家集成确定了中国中温带半湿润、半干旱区之间的界线 ,弥补了单指标和定性划分的不足 。

陕北半湿润黄土丘陵区不同人工林土壤生物学特征研究

为研究陕北半湿润黄土丘陵区不同树种人工林地土壤酶活性和微生物量C在森林土壤中的分布特征及二者的关系，在黄陵地区选择有典型代表性的人工油松、侧柏、华山松、刺槐及辽东栎纯林和它们的混交林，并测定林地土壤酶活性和微生物量C。结果表明：（1）在O～40cm的土层范围内，随着土层深度的增加，土壤酶活性和微生物量C明显呈递减规律变化，即0～20cm土层〉20～40cm土层；（2）在不同树种条件下，各土壤酶活性和微生物量C表现差异较大，蛋白酶活性大小依次是阔叶纯林〉天然荒草地〉混交林〉针叶纯林；其他酶活性和微生物量C的大小总体规律表现为：阔叶纯林〉针阔混交林〉针叶纯林〉天然荒草地；（3）研究区土壤微生物量C与各种酶活性之间有较高的相关性。蛋白酶与磷酸酶、过氧化物酶、微生物量C未达到显著水平；除过脱氢酶外，其余各种酶活性之间以及与微生物量C之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。另外，对土壤表层酶活性和微生物量C进行聚类分析，可以将10个样地分为不同的类别，聚类分析结果显示混交林地土壤酶活性和微生物量C最高，阔叶纯林次之，针叶纯林最小。针阔混交林能够显著性地提高土壤的生物学性质，有利于微生物的再分配；土壤微生物量C和酶活性能够及时地反映土壤养分的变化趋势。

沙障成林的固沙工程及生态效益研究

温带亚湿润地区的流动沙地具有特殊的水分状况。某些风口地段的流动沙丘，植树难以成活，但利用活体杨树枝条扦插沙障，可以成活为林，是一项机械固沙与生物固沙相统一的治沙工程。沙障成林后，生态效益明显：春季大风日，林内风速削减１５％～４１．５％，夏季林内温度降低１～３℃，空气湿度增加１１％～２２％；林下土壤稳定发育，表土层粘粒增加５％～１０％，土壤有机质增加１％，土壤结构形成；沙丘植被逐渐演替，由裸沙地→沙蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａｄｅｓｅｒｔｏｒｕｍ）＋沙蓬（Ａｇｒｉｏ－ｐｈｙｌｕｍｅｒｅｎａｒｉｕｍ）→沙地萎陵菜（ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉｌａｆｉｌｉｐｅｎｄｕｌａ）＋燕麦芨芨草（Ａｃｈｎａｔｈｅｒｕｍａｖｉｎｏｉｄｅｓ）→贝加尔针茅（Ｓｔｉｐａｂａｉｃａｌｅｎｓｉｓ）＋沙地萎陵菜、苔藓，使整个沙丘形成稳定的林草系统，并成为风口地段的防风屏障。

西藏农作物病原真菌的区域分化初探

在西藏农作物病原真菌调查基础上,综合分析西藏自然环境条件和社会经济条件对病原真菌分布的影响,将西藏病原真菌分布划分为5个区:(1) 喜马拉雅南侧暖热湿润区; (2)藏东温暖半湿润区; (3)藏南温暖半干旱区; (4) 西喜马拉雅温凉干旱区; (5) 藏北羌塘高寒区;

亚低温输液疗法应用于湿热复合因素战创伤救治中的可行性探讨

为了探讨亚低温输液疗法在湿热复合因素战创伤救治中的可行性 ,从亚低温疗法的定义、亚低温疗法在临床各领域的应用情况、亚低温疗法主要的降温手段、湿热复合因素战创伤下亚低温输液疗法的意义。

青竹柳的选育

在寒温带亚湿润干旱区,引入以旱柳(Salix matsudana)为母本、垂柳(S.babylonica)为父本的柳树杂交新品系,经苗期测试、品系评比和区域化试验示范等20年多地点多指标的测定与筛选,选育出柳树新品种青竹柳(S.matsudana×babylonica‘Qingzhu’)。该品种在干形、生长量、抗逆性、材质等方面表现突出。青竹柳树干通直,9年生时分枝角23.7°,冠幅2.72 m。在齐齐哈尔地区11年生青竹柳平均树高、胸径和材积分别为9.37 m、9.73cm和0.033 8 m3。木材纤维长1 190μm,长宽比72.3,气干密度0.51 g·cm-3。对柳树易感病害烂皮病、溃疡病及多发害虫白杨透翅蛾(Paranthrene tabaniformis)、柳瘿蚊(Rhabdophaga salicis)、木蠹蛾(Holcocerus insularis)等抗性较强。在北纬48°25'以南、最低温-40.3℃以上、降水量>400 mm、含盐量<0.2%、无霜期120 d以上的自然条件下生长良好。

基于水循环模拟的区域耗水规律研究

实行最严格水资源管理制度的关键在于耗水管理,明确区域/流域的耗水规律是水资源管理的基础和前提,为此,借助分布式水文模型研究了淮河中游北岸半湿润典型区的耗水规律。研究区主要的耗水方式为土表蒸发和植被蒸腾,约占总耗水的70%;人类活动所引起的水分消耗约占总耗水的12%;除了人类活动耗水外,其他耗水方式均与降水存在一定的相关性;耗水强度(耗水深)居民区最小(不考虑工业耗水),水域最大,且在空间分布上呈现向水域逐渐增大的趋势。基于水量平衡的水循环模拟为区域/流域耗水研究提供了一种新的途径,研究成果也为当地的水资源管理提供部分依据。

CO_2加富下空气湿度调控对亚高温大棚嫁接黄瓜逆境生理的影响

本试验在CO2加富,气温为30℃～35℃条件下,将空气湿度设置为95%±5%(L1),75%±5%(L2),55%±5%(L3)3个处理,研究了空气湿度调控对大棚嫁接黄瓜逆境生理的影响。结果表明:随着处理时间的延长,3个处理叶片中的渗透调节物质、丙二醛含量和保护酶活性均呈增加趋势,细胞质膜透性L2处理和L3处理增加,L1处理降低;随着处理空气湿度的降低,黄瓜叶片中的渗透调节物质、丙二醛含量、保护酶活性和细胞质膜透性均呈降低趋势。在处理第24d时,L1比L2、L3的可溶性蛋白含量降低了4.84%、8.18%,脯氨酸含量降低了31.83%、36.77%,可溶性糖含量降低了27.74%、32.52%、丙二醛含量降低了30.34%、32.38%,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低了29.45%、37.75%,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低了17.41%、17.41%,过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低了9.14%、44.87%;细胞质膜透性降低了80.75%和80.76%。说明大棚内在CO2加富条件下,在较高的空气湿度环境中,嫁接黄瓜遭受的逆境胁迫较小。进一步证明了亚高温管理大棚可提高嫁接黄瓜抵御逆境胁迫的能力,降低逆境胁迫的程度,缓解逆境对植株的伤害。

半湿润半干旱流域空间组合模型研究

在半湿润半干旱地区,下垫面条件复杂,产流机制混合多变,而现有的水文模型由于其固定的结构和模式,无法灵活地模拟不同下垫面特征的洪水过程.本文利用CN-地形指数法将流域划分为超渗主导子流域和蓄满主导子流域.将新安江模型(XAJ)、新安江-Green-Ampt模型(XAJG)和Green-Ampt模型(GA)相结合,在子流域分类的基础上构建空间组合模型(SCMs),并在半湿润的东湾流域和半干旱的志丹流域进行检验.结果表明:东湾流域的参数由水文模型来主导;而志丹流域的参数受主导径流影响很大.在东湾流域,偏蓄满的模型模拟结果优于偏超渗的模型,且SCM2模型(XAJ和XAJG的组合模型)的模拟效果最好(径流深合格率为75%,洪峰合格率75%);而SCM5模型(GA和XAJG的组合模型)在以超渗产流为主的志丹流域模拟最好(径流深合格率53.3%,洪峰合格率53.3%).在半干旱半湿润流域,SCMs模型结构灵活,在地形和土壤数据的驱动下,具有更合理的模型结构和参数,模拟精度较高,适应性较强.