sub-500 fs宽度2μm光纤激光振荡器研究进展(特邀)

2μm波段超快激光持续时间短,峰值功率高,光谱范围宽,同时处在大气窗口,多种有机、无机气体分子的吸收峰和人眼安全波段,已广泛应用于生物医疗、激光雷达和非金属材料加工等领域。利用光纤锁模激光振荡器产生2μm波段超快激光是一种最直接简单的技术方法,具有结构紧凑、光束质量高和成本低等优点。然而,目前关于sub-500 fs的2μm波段的光纤激光振荡器却鲜有报道。基于传统孤子和色散管理孤子两种孤子锁模方式,全面介绍了目前2μm波段sub-500 fs光纤振荡器的研究进展,并总结了实现sub-500 fs脉宽2μm超快激光的关键技术。针对不同的应用领域的具体需求,对2μm超快激光光纤振荡器的未来发展进行展望。

Overview of Sub-synchronous Oscillation in Wind Power System

Nowadays with the improvement in the degree of emphasis on new energy, the wind power system has developed more and more rapidly over the world. Usually the wind plants are located in the remote areas which are far from the load centers. Generally series compensated AC transmission and high voltage DC transmission are made use of to improve the transmission capacity as two main effective ways which can solve the problem of large scale wind power transmission. The paper describes the three kinds of impact varieties and impact mechanisms in the sub-synchronous oscillation phenomena of wind power system based on doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind generators. At last, we point out the important problem that should be stressed in the wind power system.

Study of a rectangular coupled cavity extended interaction oscillator in sub-terahertz waves

An extended interaction oscillator （EIO） generating 120 GHz wave in sub-terahertz waves is studied by using the three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation software CST and PIC codes. A rectangular reentrant coupled-cavity is proposed as the slow-wave structure of EIO. By CST, the circuit parameters including frequency-phase dispersion, interaction impedance and characteristic impedance are simulated and calculated. The operation mode of EIO is chosen very close to the point where βL = 2π with corresponding frequency 120 GHz, the beam voltage 12 kV and the dimensions of the cavity with the period 0.5mm, the height 3mm and the width 1.4mm. Simulation results of beam-wave interaction by PIC show that the exciting frequency is 120.85 GHz and output peak power 465 W with 12-period coupled-cavity with the perveance 0.17 μP. Simulation results indicate that the EIO has very wide range of the operation voltage.

Sub-Harmonic Resonances of Periodic Parameter Excited Oscillators with Discontinuities

It is difficult to obtain analytic approximations of nonlinear problems such as parameter excited system with strong nonlinearity. An analytic approach based on the homotopy analysis method( HAM) is proposed to study the sub-harmonic resonances of highly nonlinear parameter excited oscillating systems with absolute value terms. The non-smoothness of absolute value terms is handled by means of an iteration approach with Fourier expansion. Two typical examples are employed to illustrate the validity and flexibility of this approach. The square residuals of the homotopy-approximations of the two examples decrease to 10-6and 10-5,respectively. Thus,the HAM combining with other methods gives hope to solve complex singular oscillating systems analytically.

Neutrino Temporal Oscillation

We conjecture the existence of massless neutrinos that are in the line of Standard Model (unable to account for the neutrino mass) but have characteristics that are not accounted for the Standard Model: they use a shorter radial path than the photon and possess bosonic flavors, considered like bosons instead of fermions. We call this theory “neutrino temporal oscillation”. Faced with some experimental comparisons solar neutrinos, neutrinos from SN 1987A, cosmological neutrinos, the theory gives better results, explanations and sense than the complicated theory of neutrino oscillations (transformism). The deficit of detection of solar neutrinos would have been blindly attributed to the “neutrino oscillation” by physicists who quickly concluded that the neutrino and the photon follow the same transverse path. The “OPERA” experiment which measured the speed of neutrinos in 2011 resulted, after a “superluminal” saga, in neutrino speeds consistent with the speed of light, in data that the three existing types of neutrinos cannot explain, with the final outcome of a fourth “sterile” neutrino with non-standard interaction. OPERA findings aren’t just in conflict with existing theory, but other measurements as well. For example, a study from the Kamiokande II experiment in Japan of the supernova SN1987A found that light and neutrinos that departed this exploded star arrived at Earth within hours of each other. Even though measurements of the neutrinos emitted by this supernova strongly suggest that their speeds differ from light by less than one part in a billion, the fact remains that two types of data were collected, and that only one was retained to be consistent with the existing theory. Thus, the OPERA observation is in conflicts with the result of SN1987A, which itself is highly doubtful. And what about the neutrinos and antineutrinos born during the big bang, except that they were never detected and there is nothing to indicate that their speed could be other than that of light. Neutrino physics seems sick, belief is transformed into evidence. The theory of “Neutrino temporal oscillation” shows hint that massless neutrinos can take a shortcut through the three spatial dimensions of the space-time that we know. It represents within the Standard Model an open window on a “new physics” that has a connection with physical reality.

Coordination Control Method for Preventing Sub/Super Synchronous Oscillations of Multi-wind Farm Systems

In recent years,sub/super-synchronous oscillations occur frequently in large-scale wind power bases throughout China.Since the oscillation frequencies are close to the fundamental frequency,the current components can spread over a large area,and may destroy the shafting of rotating devices in the power grid.Improving the control strategy and parameters of wind turbines can prevent this problem to some extent,however,due to complex operational conditions and continuous development of wind power,the off-line improvement measures on wind turbines cannot eliminate the potential oscillation risks.This paper proposes an oscillation risk screening and stability assessment method,and develops a coordination control method for large-scale wind farm systems to prevent sub/supersynchronous oscillations.The Nyquist criterion and the modal analysis method are combined to generate quantitative factors for the stability assessment and the control strategy design.The coordination control method consists of minute-level power coordinated allocation and second-level fast power control to prevent and eliminate the oscillations.A detailed simulation model of a multiple wind farms system originated from an actual wind power base in China is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

基于SSO多扰动输入机理分析的DFIG-GSC功率振荡抑制策略研究

电网次同步振荡(SSO)已成为桎梏新能源发展的主要问题之一,针对SSO下双馈感应发电机(DFIG)中网侧变流器(GSC)的功率振荡问题展开研究。首先,建立SSO对GSC的多扰动输入数学模型,探究不同扰动输入的性质以及其对GSC系统的影响,明确了针对物理量扰动以及信号扰动分别采用补偿与滤除两种不同的抑制方法。其次,针对锁相环(PLL)输出误差经过坐标变换产生耦合振荡的问题,建立PLL输出误差角度的频域数学模型,并通过设计一种改进PLL消除其输出误差对GSC的信号扰动影响。同时,设计一种准谐振控制器的自适应算法,并提出基于自适应准谐振控制器的DFIG-GSC功率振荡抑制策略,消除SSO对GSC的物理扰动影响;最后,通过搭建具有SSO模拟环境的DFIG实验平台,验证本文所提控制策略的有效性。

考虑用电和馈电模式的变流器电驱系统建模与稳定性分析

由大量异步电机驱动设备构成的电力电子化交流配用电系统存在严重的次/超同步振荡问题。电驱系统正常工作时具有用电和馈电2种运行模式,现场振荡现象表明不同的运行模式对系统的稳定性影响也不同。建立了含机侧系统的电驱系统详细阻抗模型,利用阻抗分析法揭示了电驱系统接入电网的次/超同步振荡机理,分析了运行模式、电网强度、控制参数、交流电压幅值等因素对系统次/超同步稳定性的影响,并基于相位裕度灵敏度明确了主导影响因素。基于实际系统数据,搭建了时域仿真模型,仿真复现了振荡现象,并验证了理论分析的正确性。

基于STFT图像和迁移学习的次同步振荡源定位方法

直驱风机与电网交互引发次同步振荡,严重威胁电网的安全稳定运行。为快速定位诱发机组,提出了一种基于短时傅里叶变换(STFT)图像和迁移学习的次同步振荡源定位方法。首先,采用压缩感知技术将出口数据转化为观测信号,再对观测信号进行STFT得到具备振荡特征的映射图,构建映射图与振荡源机组之间的联系;然后,采用对抗式迁移学习架构,结合电力系统,实现对目标域无标签振荡数据的快速泛化;最后,与传统迁移学习方法进行比较,结果表明所提方法在定位准确率和效率方面表现更优,且具备较强的抗噪能力。

双馈风电场无串补并网振荡场景及关键影响因素研究

双馈风电场经串补线路送出系统存在次同步振荡风险的问题已为共知并得到广泛深入研究,然而实际系统中也发生过双馈风电场经无串补线路送出的次超同步振荡问题,目前针对这一问题的报道和研究很少。因此,采用特征模式分析法结合电磁暂态仿真,针对双馈风电无串补接入电网的次同步振荡问题开展研究,分析了系统主导失稳振荡模式以及运行条件和风电控制参数的影响,厘清了无串补并网系统中双馈风电网侧变流器内环电流控制主导失稳,锁相控制主导失稳,以及转子侧变流器内环电流控制主导失稳等3种次超同步振荡场景,并与双馈经串补送出系统振荡场景进行了对比分析,较为全面地揭示了双馈风电并网系统振荡的不同场景及机理,可为实际工程双馈风电场并网振荡问题分析提供参考。

基于运行短路比的新能源场站中跟/构网可切换单元的最优配置方法

现有新能源场站中的发电单元基本采用跟网控制,难以在极弱电网下保持安全稳定运行。在发电单元全采用跟网控制的新能源场站内配置少量跟/构网可切换发电单元,可提升场站在弱网下的运行能力,避免失稳问题。首先建立跟/构网可切换单元模型,实现无扰切换。其次,分析了新能源发电单元在跟/构网控制下的稳定特性,进而选取运行短路比并作为跟/构网切换指标。再次,提出基于运行短路比的新能源场站跟/构网切换方案,并提出了跟/构网可切换单元最优配置方法。最后,通过算例仿真验证了所提配置方法的合理性和优越性。

构网型控制改善跟网型变流器次/超同步振荡稳定性的机理和特性分析

构网型(grid-forming,GFM)并网变流器具有良好的弱电网稳定性,同时能够改善跟网型变流器的次/超同步振荡稳定性。为明确GFM控制改善振荡稳定性的机理和特性,首先推导了GFM变流器电路特性与每个控制环节的关系,并分别从变流器自身电路特性、变流器并网系统整体阻抗特性角度揭示了GFM控制改善振荡稳定性的电路机理。然后,基于阻抗模型定量分析了GFM变流器占比提升对系统振荡频率、阻尼的影响。最后,利用电磁暂态仿真进行了验证。结果表明:GFM变流器在无功控制环节、电压外环作用下表现为“正电阻”,能够削弱跟网型变流器控制环节引入的负阻尼特性,进而改善系统次/超同步振荡稳定性;此外,GFM变流器占比提升能够显著改善系统振荡阻尼,但对振荡频率影响较小。

基于同步压缩广义S变换的电力系统次/超同步振荡检测

为实现电力系统次/超同步振荡的快速、准确辨识,提出了一种基于同步压缩广义S变换(synchrosqueezing generalized S transform, SSGST)和改进稀疏时域法(improved sparse time domain method,ISTD)结合的次/超同步振荡辨识方法。该方法首先利用能量比函数对电力系统广域量测信息实时检测,当检测到信号能量发生突变时,利用SSGST对检测到的振荡信号分解得到相应的SSGST时频系数矩阵;然后通过改进的脊线提取方法在时频域实现对各振荡分量的最优轨迹搜索;进一步,结合最优轨迹时频索引重构各振荡分量的时域分量,并利用ISTD辨识方法计算出各振荡分量的频率和阻尼比系数;最后,通过自合成模拟信号、双馈风电场经串补并网系统仿真信号和某实际风电场实测数据验证了所提方法的准确性和有效性。

受端近区光伏电站对LCC-HVDC系统稳定性影响分析

中国湖北等地已形成高比例新能源和直流共同馈入的新型受端电力系统,光伏电站馈入直流受端换流站近区时,电力电子设备次同步振荡特性及子系统间交互作用有待分析。采用特征值分析法,对大规模光伏电站馈入对直流系统稳定性影响展开研究。首先,建立了大规模光伏电站直流受端并网系统小信号分析模型,从模态角度证实光伏电站馈入对直流系统稳定性存在较大影响。进一步,通过主导模态观察各子系统间的交互作用特性,以减小系统次同步振荡风险为目标,整定光伏控制参数可行域。最后,定义子系统参与度,衡量运行参数对系统间次同步交互作用的影响,得出受端电网强度较小、光照强度较大时,光伏电站与直流系统间交互作用更强的结论,同时在设计光伏电站并网时应选取阻抗比小的导线,减小光伏并网线路距离。研究结论可为光伏并网设计提供理论依据。

不同输电方式下风电接入对传统火电次/超同步振荡影响研究

随着风电等新能源并网容量的增加,电网中风电的大规模接入为系统的稳定性带来了新的挑战。当风电机组接入火电系统时,风电机组与传统火电因交互影响产生的次同步振荡的机理尚未明确,因此值得进一步来探讨。文中采用特征值分析法建立了风火混合经交流串补及柔性直流输电并网外送系统的状态空间模型,并通过对比分析研究了风机的接入对传统火电固有振荡模式的影响,进一步地,通过改变并网距离等参数来分析系统结构参数对风机与火电交互作用引发的次/超同步振荡模式的影响;在此基础上,揭示了交流输电与直流输电两种不同输电方式下风电接入对传统火电次/超同步振荡的影响机理与因素;并利用PSCAD/EMTDC平台进行时域仿真证实了所建立系统的正确性。

基于阻抗分析的双馈风电场次同步振荡研究

以新能源为主题的新型电力系统大力发展的背景下,风力发电得到了显著的发展。风力发电成为可再生能源的主要来源之一。串联补偿法将电容器组与输电线路串联,可以有效提高输电线路传输能力,是大型风力发电厂并网的优选途径。但是,串联补偿法的缺点是增加了系统次同步振荡的可能性。为了研究次同步振荡的抑制方法,本文基于阻抗分析,主要针对双馈风电场中由感应发电机效应引起的次同步振荡问题,采用基于阻抗分析的广义奈奎斯特分析法对风电场的次同步振荡现象进行推导分析,并提出一种在系统转子侧加入积分系数以增加系统阻尼的次同步振荡抑制策略。最终在Matlab/Simulink搭建风电场等值系统,通过仿真验证所建理论分析与抑制策略的准确性。

线路阻抗对构网变流器降阶模型精度影响及次同步振荡分析

在大部分关于构网变流器(GFM)次同步振荡稳定性的研究中,GFM通常被简化为只含有功率外环的三阶模型,这种降阶方法虽然简便,但其精确度会受到线路阻抗特征的影响,因此需要对GFM降阶模型适用性问题展开讨论,并提出更加精准的降阶模型。分析电网线路阻抗特征变化对降阶模型精度的影响,结果表明线路阻感比变化或短路比变化时三阶模型不能精确反映系统特性的变化,会对系统稳定性产生错误判断,其原因在于线路阻抗参数会影响电压环与功率环的耦合特性,2个控制环路均会对GFM次同步振荡稳定性产生影响。提出一种更加准确的包含电压环的降阶模型,可以精确表征线路阻抗特征变化对系统特性的影响,更加适合复杂电网下GFM的稳定性分析。基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真验证了理论分析的正确性及所提模型的有效性。

基于SVG附加电流反馈阻抗重塑的双馈风电场次/超同步振荡抑制策略

双馈风电场易与电网相互作用引起次/超同步振荡,针对目前抑制振荡时阻抗重塑法适应性不强的问题,提出一种基于静止无功发生器(SVG)附加电流反馈控制的阻抗重塑法,该方法建立的虚拟阻抗可跟随风电场的阻抗特性变化而改变,其灵活性强于通过建模分析设计出的固定虚拟阻抗。首先,基于SVG和风电场并网阻抗模型推导了该方法所加入的虚拟阻抗公式。然后,根据阻频特性分析了该方法的有效性以及阻抗重塑控制参数对抑制效果的影响。最后,根据青海省某双馈风电场并网模型,在PSCAD/EMTDC中建立了电磁暂态仿真模型,仿真结果表明:所提方法可以在不同振荡情况下实现对场站的阻抗重塑,灵活抑制风电场次/超同步振荡。

双馈风电场抑制次同步振荡的自适应增强阻尼控制方法

针对双馈风电场接入电网的次同步振荡问题,提出一种自适应增强阻尼控制策略。首先,基于无模型自适应理论设计一种双馈风电机组d、q轴阻尼联合控制方法,并给出控制参数优化方法。其次,将该无模型自适应阻尼控制方法与传统次同步阻尼控制方法相结合,得到一种自适应增强阻尼策略。最后,基于IEEE 39节点改造模型,验证该自适应增强阻尼控制策略的有效性和优越性。多机等值模型算例表明,该自适应增强阻尼控制策略对多机风电系统具有良好的适应性。该自适应增强阻尼控制策略可显著提升次同步振荡控制性能,对工况变化具有良好的适应性,可弥补传统次同步阻尼控制的不足,体现出较强的工程应用潜力。

实际次/超同步振荡事件的多频率耦合效应分析

随着新能源和电力电子设备的占比增加,电力系统的宽频振荡问题日益严峻,且往往伴随着多个频率的振荡分量耦合出现的现象。为了明确新能源电力系统振荡过程中多频率耦合效应的机理和特性,基于典型电力电子变流器并网系统,推导并梳理了变流器在电压扰动作用下输出多阶耦合频率分量的过程,阐明了锁相环控制及坐标变换、dq轴控制不一致等造成变流器并网系统多频率耦合效应的主要原因。最后,结合实际电网的2次振荡录波数据分析,验证了多频率耦合机理分析的准确性。