Assessing the Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Hydrology of the Mbarali River Sub-Catchment. The Case of Upper Great Ruaha Sub-Basin, Tanzania

Intensification of agricultural land use and population growth from 1990-2017 has caused changes in land cover and land use of the Mbarali River sub-catchment which is located in the Upper Great Ruaha Sub basin, Tanzania. This has affected the magnitude of the surface runoff, total water yield and the groundwater flow. This study assesses the impacts of the land cover and land use changes on the stream flows and hydrological water balance components (surface runoff, water yield, percolation and actual evapotranspiration). The land use and land cover (LULC) maps for three window period snapshots, 1990, 2006 and 2017 were created from Landsat TM and OLI_TIRS with the help of QGIS version 2.6. Supervised classification was used to generate LULC maps using the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm and Kappa statistics for assessment of accuracy. SWAT was set up and run to simulate stream flows and hydrological water balance components. The assessment of the impacts of land use and land cover changes on stream flows and hydrological water balance component was performed by comparing hydrological parameters simulated by SWAT using land use scenarios of 2006 and 2017 against the baseline land use scenario of 1990. Accuracy of LULC classification was good with Kappa statistics ranging between 0.9 and 0.99. There was a drastic increase in areal coverage of cultivated land, for periods 1990-2006 (5.84%) and 2006-2017 (12.05%) compared to other LULC. During 2006 and 2017 surface runoff increased by 4% and 9% respectively;however, water yield increased by only 0.5% compared to 1990 baseline period. This was attributed to increased proportion of cultivated land in the sub-catchment which has a high curve number (59.60) that indicates a higher runoff response and low infiltration rate.

Farmers’ Perception of Soil Erosion and Adoption of Soil Conservation Technologies at Geshy Sub-Catchment, Gojeb River Catchment, Ethiopia

The study was conducted to investigate farmers’ perception of soil erosion, participation and adoption of soil conservation technologies (SWC) in Geshy sub-catchment of Gojeb river catchment, Omo-Gibe basin, Ethiopia during 2016. The study is based on a detailed survey of 77 households using structured interviews, field observation and focus group discussion. Descriptive and chi-square statistics were applied to analyze factors that affected farmers’ perceived soil erosion severity, participation and adoption options. The results revealed that about 79% of farmers perceived soil erosion problem and its consequences and 97.4% of them believed that it can be controlled. Almost all (97.4%) farmers acknowledged the presence of SWC technologies and about 92.2% of them were participated in conservation activities voluntarily. Thus, 93.5% of them realized decreasing rate of soil erosion and 79.9% of them observed an increasing trend in soil fertility status. Consequently, 94.8% of them confirmed the potential of SWC technologies to halt land degradation and improve land productivity. Furthermore, 98.7% of them were willing to adopt with very good adoption judgment and 94.8% of them were willing to continue maintaining constructed technologies in the future. Principally, farmers’ perception of soil erosion, their genuine participation derived from their conviction, and adoption of induced SWC technologies are the decisive elements for the success of watershed management interventions.

Modeling Surface Water Availability for Irrigation Development in Mbarali River Sub-Catchment Mbeya, Tanzania

Although Tanzania has a large land suitable for irrigation development, only 4.2% of the arable land which is potential for irrigation has been developed. Mbarali District is characterized by commercial and small-scale irrigation activities for paddy production. Currently, surface water availability for irrigation in Mbarali District is dwindling due to high water demands. Inadequate studies that estimate water availability for irrigation is one of the underlying factors to the lack of irrigation development in many parts of Tanzania including in Mbarali District. This study, therefore, aimed to model surface water availability for irrigation development in Mbarali River sub-catchment Mbeya, Tanzania. The Soil and Water Analysis Tool (SWAT) model and field observations were used to accomplish the study. The model estimates that Mbarali River sub-catchment receives about 631 mm of total mean precipitation annually. About 53% of received precipitation is lost through evapotranspiration, 12% recharged to deep aquifer and the remaining 35% discharged to the stream flow through surface runoff, lateral flow and return flow from unconfined aquifer. Discharge to the steam flow contributes to the total annual means of river discharge ranging from 0 - 10 cubic meters per second at upper catchment to 120 - 140 cubic meters per second at lower catchment. The study recommends that the lower reach of the Mbarali River sub-catchment is potential for irrigation than the upper reach as it has potential river flow that can support irrigation activities. The study also notes the urgent need for water reallocation plan to meet competing water needs in the lower reach of Mbarali River sub-catchment. Moreover, the study addresses the potentiality of irrigation in upper catchment under sustainable water management practices including excavation of small ponds to capture and store surface runoff for dry season use or to supplement irrigation as the rainfall declines.

Institutional Structures and Sustainability of Projects in Nyangores River Sub-Catchment Basin in Bomet County, Kenya

Integrated basin management approach has been applied in Nyangores River sub-catchment basin, since the year 2009 but with minimal success. Sub catchment degradation, organizational weakness, the flow and quality of water had started to diminish, creating challenges for local livelihoods, wildlife in the Maasai Mara Game Reserve, and in maintaining biodiversity and healthy ecosystem functioning. Water resources can be successfully managed only if the natural, social, economic and political environments, in which water occurs and used, are taken fully into consideration. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of institutional structures influence on sustainability of projects in Nyagores river sub-catchment basin in Bomet County, Kenya. The research designs used were descriptive survey and correlational research design. Stepwise and purposive sampling formed the sampling procedure. The results are presented descriptively using Tables while for qualitative data, narrative statements were used. Questionnaires, Interview guide and document analysis were used for data collection. The sample size was 371, from a targeted a population of 56,508 household heads and 10 informants, purposively selected from the water concerned institutions and ministries of Water and Agriculture. Total of 371 questionnaires were given out to the respondents and only 321, were duly filled and returned representing (86.5%). The objective was to establish the extent to which institutional structures influence sustainability of projects in Nyangores River sub-catchment Basin. The results indicated that there was a positive correlation r = 0.552, (p is was rejected and concluded that there is a significant relationship between the institutional structures and sustainability of projects in Nyangores river sub-catchment basin. R2 was 0.304;hence, 30.4% of changes in sustainability of projects are explained by institutional structures. Recommendations are;ensure a stringent policy for robust planning and management, and more robust forum for the stakeholders to complement the efforts of WRUA. It is suggested for further research, similar studies are done for the other adjacent river basins and to investigate ways of raising the level of community participation in the basin.

基于海绵城市子汇水分区LID设施的峰值径流控制效应

为探索海绵城市设计中子汇水分区的积水内涝风险的解决途径,采用SWMM建模针对不同重现期下LID设施及组合的峰控特性、容积型LID设施增量规模的峰控规律进行研究。结果表明,容积型LID设施主要通过延时达到峰控效果,渗透型LID设施主要通过整体产流削减达到峰控效果,容积型LID设施峰控效果更为明显;仅渗透型LID设施组合对5年及以上重现期降雨无明显的峰控效果,搭配容积型LID设施后能够对重现期为10年以内的降雨达到20%以上的削峰率;渗透型LID设施规模增加60%及以上时,对重现期50年及以内的降雨削峰效果较为明显;其规模增加80%及以上时,基本能够保证重现期50年及以内开发后径流总量不超过开发前。研究结果旨在探索局部区域的积水内涝风险的解决途径,为实际海绵城市子分区峰值径流控制设计提供理论参考。

大尺度无管流数据城区SWMM构建及模拟——Ⅰ.复杂下垫面城区数字精细化关键技术

为提高城市区域的雨洪径流模拟精度以及城区复杂下垫面数字化的精细化程度,以北京亦庄经济开发区核心区为研究区域,结合当地的自然地理条件、区域内涝特征,基于DEM、排水管道(网)数据和建设用地空间分布情况,提出了针对10 km^2以上大尺度复杂下垫面城区具有普适性的子汇水区划分、排水系统概化、集流点雨水井确定的精细化处理方法。为中国城市管道流量监测数据普遍缺乏情势下城市区域雨洪径流过程模拟及洪涝灾害预警等相关研究提供了一定的技术支持。

子汇水区划分精度对SWMM模拟城市非点源的影响

SWMM作为动态模拟的城市非点源污染模型,被广泛应用于城市非点源负荷估算研究,并在很多小尺度研究中取得了很好的效果。随着中国城市发展不断加快,城市非点源污染研究的空间尺度也随之变大,如何科学合理选择建模时子汇水区划分精度成为研究中一个重要问题。文章主要分析SWMM应用于城市区域非点源污染模拟时,不同子汇水区划分精度对水质模拟结果的影响,并在此基础上,以降低SWMM建模工作量并保证模拟结果的准确度为原则,对如何选择子汇水区的精度进行了深入的探讨。结果表明事件降雨为降雨输入时,子汇水区划分精度对水质模拟结果影响较大,宜采用高精度或高中精度模型;单月份和雨季连续降雨为降雨输入时,子汇水区划分精度对水质模拟结果影响较小,可以使用低精度模型。

基于流域单元的海湾农业非点源污染负荷估算——以莱州湾为例

生产力较高、生物多样性丰富、人类利用较早的区域之一,也是全球生态系统中最有价值和最受人类关注的区域之一。同时,海湾也是全球变化反映最敏感、陆海相互作用过程最激烈的地带,是人类活动最频繁的地域。开展海湾入海污染物总量控制研究对保护海洋环境和维护生态健康,协调和促进沿海经济发展与海洋的合理开发利用,实现海洋经济的可持续发展具有重要意义。入海污染物总量是开展海湾环境保护的重要指标,因进入海湾的河流往往较多,河流入海污染物的估算受监测频率、流量的季节变化等因素影响,存在很多困难。农业非点源污染是我国海湾入海污染负荷的重要来源。基于DEM(SRTM Data,90 m分辨率),借助美国ESRI公司的ARC/INFO软件中的ArcHydro模块,进行莱州湾主要入海河流水文分析,利用GIS提取河网,划定流域边界,并划分汇水区和子流域,为流域农业非点源污染入海总量的估算提供基础数据平台。在此基础上,与该流域土地利用专题图叠加,计算各个子流域内不同土地利用类型的面积,利用主要污染物排放系数和入河系数,估算农业污染入海总量。结果表明:COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的每年入海排污总量分别约为236933、23956、53684 t和15922 t。COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的排放量占总排放量的比例分别为71.69%、7.25%、16.24%和4.82%,这说明莱州湾入海主要污染物为COD。在陆海统筹理念指导下,以入海河口为源头,采取溯源追踪的思路,确定影响海湾入海污染负荷的流域单元,提供一种海岸带地区农业非点源负荷估算方法,可为莱州湾入海污染物总量调控提供科学依据,也可作为海岸带综合管理过程中确定陆地范围的参考。

紫色丘陵区典型小流域非点源磷迁移特征

通过对居民点、林地、坡耕地等土地利用类型的小型集水区（亚流域）径流磷形态与通量的定位监测,研究了紫色丘陵典型小流域的非点源磷流失特征。结果表明,居民点在降雨量4 mm即可产流,林地与坡耕地的产流临界降雨量为20 mm。居民点的降雨径流响应迅速,径流与降雨峰值基本同步;林地和坡耕地产流时间延迟,径流峰值较降雨延迟20-120 min。居民点、坡耕地和林地的次降雨平均径流深分别为22.4、12.3、9.5 mm,径流系数分别为0.36、0.17和0.09,泥沙流失量分别为136.2、73.5和48.6 kg/hm2。居民点和林地径流的总磷（Total P-TP）、颗粒态磷（Particulate P-PP）浓度在径流过程中迅速达到峰值后陡然下降;坡耕地径流的TP、PP浓度呈多峰变化。居民点径流的可溶性磷（Dissolved P-DP）浓度随径流量增大而减少;林地径流的DP浓度逐渐增加;坡耕地DP、磷酸盐（PO3-4-P）浓度较低且波动较小。居民点小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨等雨型下的TP流失负荷分别为42.6、136.3、190.0、1 245.6 g/hm2,平均负荷为403.6 g/hm2,林地与坡耕地在中雨、大雨和暴雨等雨型下的TP流失负荷分别为3.5、3.9、90.6和6.6、10.2、210.6 g/hm2,二者的平均负荷为32.7和75.8 g/hm2。降雨量越大,磷流失负荷越高,暴雨条件下的TP流失负荷最高。居民点的磷流失负荷远高于坡耕地和林地,表明居民点的径流污染是非点源污染控制的关键源。

基于控制单元的独流减河流域农村非点源污染空间特征解析

提出了一种基于子流域的控制单元划分方法,估算了独流减河流域农田种植、畜禽养殖、农村生活和水产养殖4个主要来源的农村非点源COD、TN、TP和氨氮的入河量,并进行空间特征解析。结果表明,2015年独流减河流域农村非点源COD、TN、TP和氨氮总入河量分别为5 036.20、1 373.94、231.75、573.73t,COD是流域中最主要的农村非点源污染物。4个来源对流域污染物入河量的贡献大小依次为农村生活、农田种植、水产养殖和畜禽养殖。空间特征解析结果表明,西部的控制单元1和控制单元2污染物入河量大,东北部的控制单元3、控制单元4包括控制单元5污染物入河量小。主要污染水系为子牙河水系、南运河水系、青静黄排水渠水系、运东排干水系等。

Arc Hydro模型提取流域水文信息及精度分析——以松花江流域为例

流域水文模型已成为流域水文信息提取的重要手段。运用Arc Hydro模型以松花江流域为研究对象,以分辨率为90 m的SRTM DEM为数据源,以松花江流域1∶25万水系矢量数据为参照,分别在400,500和600 km2三个不同集水面积阈值下进行河网提取。运用图像比对软件Alike Duplicate Image Finder对所提取河网进行精度分析。结果显示:集水面积阈值为500 km2下提取的河网最为精确。在500 km2集水面积阈值基础上,运用Arc Hydro模型将松花江流域划分为642个子流域。基于Arc Hydro模型提取的松花江流域河网与实际河网基本一致,说明利用该模型进行流域水文信息提取是合理可行的。

基于DEM的丹江口水库水源区水系分形特征研究

为了分析河南省境内丹江口水库水源区的地形地貌特征,运用ARCGIS10.0软件和分形理论对该区域的ASTER GDEM数据进行提取,并将水系划分成11个子流域,应用网格法和河长比分叉比法分别计算了子流域和总水系的分维数,结果为:研究区各子流域的分维值相差不大,在0.998 6~1.057 6之间,总水系分维值为1.401 1,表明该水系在发育过程中存在着分形,流域地貌处于侵蚀发育的幼年期。

基于小流域划分的拉林河流域农业非点源污染物入河量估算

针对拉林河流域土地利用类型及气候特点,将输出系数模型和GIS技术相结合,以小流域为计算单元,对拉林河流域的非点源污染负荷进行了计算。计算结果表明:流域内COD负荷为16 454.83 t/a、TP负荷为668.80 t/a、TN负荷为1 319.08 t/a;灌区退水对流域内非点源污染负荷的贡献相对较大,由灌区退水导致的COD负荷占总量的69.37%、TP负荷占总量的85.33%;子流域2、5、7、15是流域内水土流失非点源污染整治的重点区域。

杞麓湖小流域综合治理研究

在杞麓湖小流域内通过建立起草林复合生态系统合理的生态群落结构，并逐级修建拦沙坝，达到分级治理，缓解流域内水土流失危害，减少湖泊、库塘淤积，改善流域内人民生活、生产生态环境质量的根本目的。

Lithological and tectonic response on catchment characteristics of Rishi Khola, Sikkim, India

Rishi Khola,a sub-watershed of Teesta river,traverses along the Main Central Thrust(MCT)with a multitude of litho units and structural entities.This study examines the impact of tectonic and lithologic controls in configuring the catchment characteristics of Rishi Khola,Sikkim,India.Corrected SRTM 30m DEM and Landsat 8 satellite image have been used for extracting the river network,preparing the sub-catchments,the longitudinal profile and thereby calculating the morphotectonic indices.An aggregated tectonic index(ATI)has been prepared to map the intensity of tectonic perturbations in the fluvial environment using the entropy weightage method(EWM)and Weighted Linear Combination(WLC).The undulating nature of the longitudinal profile with prominent knick points confirms the presence of tectonic disturbances and lithological variations.From all the computed morphotectonic indices and the ATI,it has been evident that the region has experienced surface deformations.When viewed at the entire catchment,the morphotectonic indices suggest ample responses to the tectonic perturbations due to the dominance of lithology-controlled hill slope processes and fluvial erosion.The spatiality of the tectonic sensitiveness is rather concentrated into certain pockets of differential stress field formed due to fault thrusting of the Himalayas.The study chiefly focuses on the peculiarity of the watershed which displays a complex response of tectonic and rock structure;wherein the proposed methodology has been successful in excavating such complex responses around the Himalayan thrusts.

Land Cover Change and Its Socio-Economic Impact on the Residents of the Mara River, Kenya

Anthropogenic activities are increasingly catalyzing natural climatic factors that drive land cover change at different spatial scales. Available land cover data of the Mara River basin however give a broader picture of the entire basin regardless of the heterogeneity that exists at the sub-catchment level. This study sought to establish sub-catchment specific information on land cover changes through examination of satellite images of four Mara River sub-catchments (Amala, Nyangores, Talek and Sand River) for the period 1987-2017. The relationship between temperature, rainfall and land cover was also computed. In addition, a household survey and focus group discussions were conducted in each sub-catchments to establish the socio-economic impacts of land cover change on the community’s wellbeing. Forest cover was dominant in Amala (39.8%) and Nyangores (43.7%) sub-catchments in 1987 but by 2017 crop lands had surpassed forest cover in the two sub-catchments, accounting for 53.2% and 45.7%, respectively. However, in Talek (52.8%) and Sand River (47.4%) sub-catchments, grassland was the dominant land cover type in 1987 and after the 30 year period, grasslands remained dominant in Sand River, while shrub land became dominant in Talek sub-catchment. A weak positive correlation was observed between rainfall and forest cover, shrub land and cropland, while a negative correlation was observed between rainfall and bare land. Average temperature showed a positive moderate correlation with bare land and built up areas. Analysis of survey data revealed that livestock keeping, temperature increase, type of trees, education level of household head and weak environmental laws were the main drivers of land cover change (P −0.587), beans (r = −0.5459), sorghum (r = −0.351), cow peas (r = −0.544), and pigeon peas (r = −0.337). Focus group discussions participants were supportive of environmental protective measures to reverse negative land cover changes, while planting drought resistant trees, crop diversification and awareness creation among community members were recommended as the most ideal environmental management strategies.

Subtle Impacts of Temperature and Rainfall Patterns on Land Cover Change Overtime and Future Projections in the Mara River Basin, Kenya

The interactive and cumulative effect of temperature and rainfall on land cover change is a priority at global, regional and local scale. This study examined changes in six land cover categories (forestland, grasslands, shrub land, bare land, built-up areas and agricultural lands) in four sub-catchments (Amala, Nyangores, Talek and Sand River), of the Mara River basin over a 30-year period (1987-2017) and made predictions of future land cover change patterns. Landsat Imageries of 90 m resolution were retrieved and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.0 software. Relationship between NDVI, temperature and precipitation was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, while Markov chains analyses were performed on different land cover categories to project future trends. Results showed low to moderate (R2 = 0.002 to 0.6) trends of change in NDVI of different land cover categories across all sub-catchments. The greatest change (R2 0.34 to 0.5) was recorded in bare land in three of the four sub-catchments studied. Precipitation showed a strong positive correlation with built-up areas, forestlands, croplands, bare land, grasslands and shrub lands, while temperature correlated strongly but negatively with the same land cover categories. The change detection matrix projected significant but varying changes in land cover categories across the four sub-catchments by 2027. This study underscores the impact of changing climatic factors on various land cover categories in the Mara River basin sub-catchments, with different land cover categories exhibiting strong positive sensitivity to high precipitation and low temperature and vice-versa.

黑土小流域沟道分布遥感监测及主控因素研究

为了对典型黑土区小流域沟道分布进行遥感监测,并解析影响其发育的主控因素,选择黑龙江省海伦市光荣村为研究区,通过对遥感影像和地形图的目视解译判读和空间分析,量化汇水区面积、坡长等12个变量,结合对264条切沟与等高线分布关系的地貌学分析、统计分析和野外详查,解译地表径流和机耕道作用等6种情形,对典型黑土区小流域切沟发育主控因素进行探讨。结果表明,研究区林地面积大小不能直接控制切沟发育,林地内活跃沟长占活跃切沟总长的46.2%。小流域汇聚坡是切沟发育的典型地形,沟长占总长的68.1%,汇聚坡导致地表集中径流,沟长占总长的63.0%。汇水区面积和坡长是影响沟长的最主要因素,而小流域坡度是影响沟密度的显著因素。同时,切沟侵蚀多伴生于农田机耕道路一侧,机耕道旁沟长约占其总长的23.3%。研究表明,黑土区切沟侵蚀主要与机耕道促进地表径流的作用密切相关,侵蚀沟综合治理必须考虑小流域景观布局和山水林田湖草综合治理,应将农田机耕道路周边大型活跃切沟防控作为黑土区保护的重中之重。

基于不同子汇水区类型的山地公园低影响开发雨水控制体系构建策略——以重庆主城区为例

显著的地形与气候特征为重庆城区的雨水径流控制带来严峻挑战,在建设重庆山地海绵城市的背景下,山地公园极具构建低影响开发雨水控制体系的潜力与价值.选取重庆主城区12例典型山地公园作为研究对象,基于汇流基本单元——子汇水区进行径流特征分析,并结合不同子汇水区类型提出具有针对性的山地公园低影响开发雨水控制策略,从山地海绵体的绿色开放空间优化层面实现城市小流域的雨洪管理.

黄浦区北部子汇水区划分方法及暴雨内涝情景模拟

近年来,城市地区面临的内涝灾害风险与日俱增。为研究暴雨引发的内涝灾害,以上海市黄浦区北部为研究区,分别使用人工划分法和泰森多边形划分法建立管网模型,并利用InfoWorks ICM模型对不同重现期情景下研究区的淹没情景进行模拟。结果表明,利用泰森多边形划分法构建的城市雨洪模型更适用于研究区的暴雨内涝情景模拟;最大淹没面积和最大积水深度均随着重现期的增大呈现增加趋势,在降雨重现期为5、10、20、50、100年时最大淹没面积分别为1.15、1.63、1.87、2.02、2.06km^2,内涝灾害明显加剧。研究结果可用于指导城市内涝灾害防治。