Impacts of the Thermal Effects of Sub-grid Orography on the Heavy Rainfall Events Along the Yangtze River Valley in 1991

A P - σ regional climate model using a parameterization scheme to account for the thermal effects of the sub-grid scale orography was used to simulate the three heavy rainfall events that occurred within the Yangtze River Valley during the mei-yu period of 1991. The simulation results showed that by considering the sub-grid scale topography scheme, one can significantly improve the performance of the model for simulating the rainfall distribution and intensity during these three heavy rainfall events, most especially the second and third. It was also discovered that the rainfall was mainly due to convective precipitation. The comparison between experiments, either with and without the sub-grid scale topography scheme, showed that the model using the scheme reproduced the convergence intensity and distribution at the 850 hPa level and the ascending motion and moisture convergence center located at 500 hPa over the Yangtze River valley. However, some deviations still exist in the simulation of the atmospheric moisture content, the convergence distribution and the moisture transportation route, which mainly result in lower simulated precipitation levels. Further analysis of the simulation results demonstrated that the sub-grid topography scheme modified the distribution of the surface energy budget components, especially at the south and southwest edges of the Tibetan Plateau, leading to the development and eastward propagation of the negative geopotential height difference and positive temperature-lapse rate difference at 700 hPa, which possibly led to an improved precipitation simulation over eastern China.

Hybrid sub-gridding ADE–FDTD method of modeling periodic metallic nanoparticle arrays

In this paper, a modified sub-gridding scheme that hybridizes the conventional finite-difference time-domain（FDTD）method and the unconditionally stable locally one-dimensional（LOD） FDTD is developed for analyzing the periodic metallic nanoparticle arrays. The dispersion of the metal, caused by the evanescent wave propagating along the metal-dielectric interface, is expressed by the Drude model and solved with a generalized auxiliary differential equation（ADE） technique.In the sub-gridding scheme, the ADE–FDTD is applied to the global coarse grids while the ADE–LOD–FDTD is applied to the local fine grids. The time step sizes in the fine-grid region and coarse-grid region can be synchronized, and thus obviating the temporal interpolation of the fields in the time-marching process. Numerical examples about extraordinary optical transmission through the periodic metallic nanoparticle array are provided to show the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.

Sub-gridding FDTD Algorithm for 3D Numerical Analysis of EM Scattering and Radiation Problems

The finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)method is used effectively to solve electromagnetic(EM)scattering and radiation problems using a 3D sub-gridding algorithm.For accuracy and stability of the FDTD method,the computational domain of EM problems with locally fine structures or electrically small objects is discretized with finer grids.This sub-gridding algorithm for different regions of the computational domain was implemented to increase the accuracy and reduce the computational time and memory requirements compared to those of the traditional FDTD method.In the sub-gridding algorithm,the FDTD computational domain is divided into separate regions:coarse grid and fine grid regions.Since the cell sizes and time steps are different in the coarse and fine grid regions,interpolations in both time and space are used to evaluate the electric and magnetic fields on the boundaries between different regions.The accuracy of the developed 3D sub-gridding algorithm has been verified for radiation and scattering problems,including multiple fine grid regions.Excellent performance is obtained even for higher and different contrast ratios in fine grid regions.

面向视频测流的亚网格变分优化光流估计算法

本文在变分光流模型的基础上提出基于亚网格尺度的优化算法,用于描述图像序列中的复杂流体流动并估计其二维速度场。为解决基于网格尺度下变分光流估计中亚网格小尺度结构信息缺失的问题,结合不可压缩流体物理运动规律,引入大涡模拟的思想,在变分模型数据项中将瞬时运动分解为一个大尺度运动项和一个小尺度湍流项,并采用Smagorinsky模型求解小尺度湍流项。相比于传统的Farneback稠密光流算法,改进后的亚网格尺度变分光流算法(Subgrid scale Horn-Schunck optical flow,SGS-HS)在湍流图像序列的速度场估计中结果更优。为使SGS-HS算法同样能胜任于明渠流速测量任务,在模型的正则项方面选择使用速度梯度约束,以提高在明渠流场流向相对一致的情况下SGS-HS算法在测速实验中的精度。实验结果表明,相比于传统算法,SGS-HS算法在明渠测速方面具有较好表现。

Large-Eddy Simulations of turbulent flows with lattice Boltzmann dynamics and dynamical system sub-grid models

In this paper, two sub-grid scale (SGS) models are introduced into the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), i.e., the dynamics SGS model and the dynamical system SGS model, and applied to numerically solving three-dimensional high Re turbulent cavity flows. Results are compared with those obtained from the Smagorinsky model and direct numerical simulation for the same cases. It is shown that the method with LBM dynamics SGS model has advantages of fast computation speed, suitable to simulate high Re turbulent flows. In addition, it can capture detailed fine structures of turbulent flow fields. The method with LBM dynamical system SGS model dose not contain any adjustable parameters, and can be used in simulations of various complicated turbulent flows to obtain correct information of sub-grid flow field, such as the backscatter of energy transportation between large and small scales. A new average method of eliminating the inherent unphysical oscillation of LBM is also given in the paper.

文丘里喷嘴空化流大涡模拟亚格子模型对比研究

针对文丘里喷嘴不同机制下可压缩空化流开展了大涡模拟(LES)研究,并对比讨论了3种常用的亚格子模型的适用性。结果显示,各模型在预测回射流机制和凝结激波机制的流速与空化云脱落周期上表现良好。在空化云演化过程中,WALE模型在两种机制下的模拟吻合度最佳,SL模型预测溃灭过程提前,蒸汽相体积分数偏小;KET模型吻合度最差,溃灭过程以及周期内脱落存在时间延迟。初步发现回射流机制下的喉部压力功率谱密度分析服从-5/3标度律,凝结激波机制服从-7/3标度律。

基于SSO多扰动输入机理分析的DFIG-GSC功率振荡抑制策略研究

电网次同步振荡(SSO)已成为桎梏新能源发展的主要问题之一,针对SSO下双馈感应发电机(DFIG)中网侧变流器(GSC)的功率振荡问题展开研究。首先,建立SSO对GSC的多扰动输入数学模型,探究不同扰动输入的性质以及其对GSC系统的影响,明确了针对物理量扰动以及信号扰动分别采用补偿与滤除两种不同的抑制方法。其次,针对锁相环(PLL)输出误差经过坐标变换产生耦合振荡的问题,建立PLL输出误差角度的频域数学模型,并通过设计一种改进PLL消除其输出误差对GSC的信号扰动影响。同时,设计一种准谐振控制器的自适应算法,并提出基于自适应准谐振控制器的DFIG-GSC功率振荡抑制策略,消除SSO对GSC的物理扰动影响;最后,通过搭建具有SSO模拟环境的DFIG实验平台,验证本文所提控制策略的有效性。

Numerical investigation of the effect of sub-grid scale eddies on the dispersed particles by LES/FDF model

An LES/FDF model was developed by the authors to investigate the SGS effect on the particle motion in the gas-particle two-phase plane wake flow.The simulation results of dispersion rate for different particles were compared with the results without using the FDF model.It was shown that the large eddy structure is the dominant factor influencing the particle diffu-sion in space for small particles(small Stokes-number particles),but for intermediate or large diameter particles,the influence of the sub-grid scale eddies on the dispersion rate is in the same order as that of the large eddies.The sub-grid scale eddies increase the particle dispersion rate in most time,but sometimes they decrease the dispersion rate.The sub-grid scale particle dispersion rate is decided not only by the intensity of sub-grid scale eddies and the Stokes number of the particles,but also by the large eddy structure of the flow field.For the particles in isotropic turbulence,the dispersion rate decreases as the particle diameter increases.

Some notes on numerical simulation of the turbulent cavitating flow with a dynamic cubic nonlinear sub-grid scale model in OpenFOAM

The accuracy of large eddy simulation(LES)is highly dependent on the performance of sub-grid scale(SGS)model.In the present paper,a dynamic cubic nonlinear sub-grid scale model(DCNM)proposed by Huang et al.is implemented for the simulation of unsteady cavitating flow around a 3-D Clark-Y hydrofoil in OpenFOAM.Its performance in predicting the evolution of cloud cavitation is discussed in detail.The simulation with a linear model,the dynamic Smagorinsky model(DSM),is also conducted as a comparison.The results with DCNM show a better agreement with the available experimental observation.The comparison between DCNM and DSM further suggests that the DCNM is able to predict the backscatter more precisely,which is an important feature in LES.The characteristics of DCNM is analyzed to account for its advantages in the prediction of unsteady cloud cavitation as well.The results reveal that it is the nonlinear terms of DCNM that makes DCNM capture sub-grid scale vortices better and more suitable for studying the transient behaviors of cloud cavitation than DSM.

COSINE多相场子通道程序格架模型开发与评估

格架模型作为子通道程序中的重要模块,对大破口事故中再淹没工况下热工水力学参数的计算具有重要意义,COSINE多相场子通道程序包括格架的压降模型、壁面传热增强模型、相间传热增强模型、液滴破裂模型、格架再湿模型、格架温度模型等。本研究选取棒束传热实验装置(RBHT)典型再淹没工况进行建模分析,评估格架模型对再淹没工况下热工水力学参数计算的影响。计算结果表明:采用格架模型后,程序计算的通道换热能力显著增强,格架模型可提高计算的骤冷前沿速度,加快包壳冷却及蒸汽温度的下降,并显著降低燃料包壳峰值温度(PCT),程序计算结果与实验数据符合良好;程序计算的格架温度变化趋势与实验值符合良好;程序中采用的液滴破裂模型可模拟格架前后的液滴尺寸变化,可精准预测液滴直径散射比;程序预测的格架附近液滴速度随时间的变化与实验趋势符合良好。COSINE多相场子通道程序中采用的格架模型可有效提高程序对再淹没工况下热工水力学参数的预测能力,程序中采用的格架模型是有效且合理可靠的。

Wall shear-stress extraction by an optical flow algorithm with a sub-grid formulation

In this study,we developed a novel optical-flow algorithm for determining the wall shear-stress on the surface of objects.The algorithm solves the thin-oil-film equation using a numerical scheme that recovers local features neglected by smoothing filters.A variational formulation with a smoothness constraint was applied to extract the global shear-stress fields.The algorithm was then applied to scalar images generated using direct numerical simulation(DNS)method,which revealed that the errors were smaller than those of conventional methods.The application of the proposed algorithm to recover the wall shear-stress on a low-aspect-ratio wing and on an axisymmetric boattail model taken as examples in this study showed a strong potential for analysing shear-stress fields.Compared to the methods used in previous studies,proposed method reveals more local features of separation line and singular points on object surface.

构网型控制改善跟网型变流器次/超同步振荡稳定性的机理和特性分析

构网型(grid-forming,GFM)并网变流器具有良好的弱电网稳定性,同时能够改善跟网型变流器的次/超同步振荡稳定性。为明确GFM控制改善振荡稳定性的机理和特性,首先推导了GFM变流器电路特性与每个控制环节的关系,并分别从变流器自身电路特性、变流器并网系统整体阻抗特性角度揭示了GFM控制改善振荡稳定性的电路机理。然后,基于阻抗模型定量分析了GFM变流器占比提升对系统振荡频率、阻尼的影响。最后,利用电磁暂态仿真进行了验证。结果表明:GFM变流器在无功控制环节、电压外环作用下表现为“正电阻”,能够削弱跟网型变流器控制环节引入的负阻尼特性,进而改善系统次/超同步振荡稳定性;此外,GFM变流器占比提升能够显著改善系统振荡阻尼,但对振荡频率影响较小。

构网型直驱风电机组间控制相互作用研究

构网型风电控制技术具有很好的弱电网适应性,可以有效避免风电并网次超同步振荡问题。但是虚拟同步控制引入固有的低频特征模式,接入强电网时会发生低频振荡,同时多台构网型风电机组并联运行时存在控制器相互作用。针对此问题,采用特征模式分析方法,研究了基于虚拟同步控制方法的构网型直驱风电机组并联运行时的控制相互作用及主导低频特征模式稳定性。揭示了虚拟惯量控制参数及系统运行方式对构网型风电机组并联运行低频振荡特性的影响。通过详细时域仿真验证了分析结果的正确性。

双馈风电场无串补并网振荡场景及关键影响因素研究

双馈风电场经串补线路送出系统存在次同步振荡风险的问题已为共知并得到广泛深入研究,然而实际系统中也发生过双馈风电场经无串补线路送出的次超同步振荡问题,目前针对这一问题的报道和研究很少。因此,采用特征模式分析法结合电磁暂态仿真,针对双馈风电无串补接入电网的次同步振荡问题开展研究,分析了系统主导失稳振荡模式以及运行条件和风电控制参数的影响,厘清了无串补并网系统中双馈风电网侧变流器内环电流控制主导失稳,锁相控制主导失稳,以及转子侧变流器内环电流控制主导失稳等3种次超同步振荡场景,并与双馈经串补送出系统振荡场景进行了对比分析,较为全面地揭示了双馈风电并网系统振荡的不同场景及机理,可为实际工程双馈风电场并网振荡问题分析提供参考。

A Sub-Grid Structure Enhanced Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Multiscale Diffusion and Convection-Diffusion Problems

In this paper,we present an efficient computational methodology for diffusion and convection-diffusion problems in highly heterogeneous media as well as convection-dominated diffusion problem.It is well known that the numerical computation for these problems requires a significant amount of computermemory and time.Nevertheless,the solutions to these problems typically contain a coarse component,which is usually the quantity of interest and can be represented with a small number of degrees of freedom.There are many methods that aim at the computation of the coarse component without resolving the full details of the solution.Our proposed method falls into the framework of interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method,which is proved to be an effective and accurate class of methods for numerical solutions of partial differential equations.A distinctive feature of our method is that the solution space contains two components,namely a coarse space that gives a polynomial approximation to the coarse component in the traditional way and a multiscale space which contains sub-grid structures of the solution and is essential to the computation of the coarse component.In addition,stability of the method is proved.The numerical results indicate that the method can accurately capture the coarse behavior of the solution for problems in highly heterogeneous media as well as boundary and internal layers for convection-dominated problems.

基于阻抗比参数自适应的直驱风机次同步振荡抑制策略

针对直驱式风电机组接入低短路比的弱交流电网诱发次同步振荡问题,提出一种基于阻抗比稳定判据的控制器参数自适应调整的振荡抑制策略。首先,利用谐波线性化法建立网侧变换器的正、负序阻抗模型。研究表明,风电机组等效阻抗在部分频率点附近会呈现容性特性,接入感性阻抗低短路比弱交流电网线路后形成了串联振荡回路,进而引发次同步振荡。然后,以网侧变换器电流环的比例、积分参数设计为例,引入带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法实时估计对象参数,并按照极点配置法进行控制器参数设计。同时,在代价函数中添加基于阻抗比稳定判据的约束条件,实现自适应PI参数调整。最后,通过时域仿真验证了所提控制策略的有效性。

基于SC的光伏发电并网系统次同步振荡抑制方法

在“双碳”和“构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统”目标推动下,高比例新能源并网将使电力系统振荡失稳加剧。综合考虑光伏电池、变换器、逆变器及同步调相机等电力系统各部分,建立了光伏发电并网系统的精确化整体模型;基于模式分析法探究同步调相机(SC)抑制电力系统次同步振荡方法,并通过IEEE次同步振荡第一标准型仿真验证该方法的正确性和可行性;最后,在Matlab软件平台进行仿真分析与验证。结果表明,所提方法能有效消除振荡,提升系统稳定性。

构网型风电-串补输电系统的次同步振荡特性分析

针对构网型直驱风电–串补系统的次同步振荡特性,在Simulink仿真软件中建立了风电–串补输电系统的等值模型。利用阻抗分析法,具体分析了次同步振荡风险在不同电网强度下与风机并网数量以及关键控制参数的关系。研究表明,串补度增大,次同步振荡风险增加。无串补时,系统在各种工况下稳定性良好;有串补时,构网型直驱风电机组并网系统在电网强度较弱时无谐振风险,在强电网接入条件下的次同步谐振风险增加;随着并网风机数量的增多,系统次同步谐振风险先增大后减小;风速增大会导致次同步谐振风险增加,直流电压和输出转速的比值增大也会导致次同步谐振风险增加。

基于滑模控制的直驱风电场次同步振荡抑制策略

当直驱风电场(DDWF)并入弱交流系统中发生次同步振荡(SSO)时,网侧变流器(GSC)电流内环的PI控制器会放大DDWF并网电流中所含的次同步电流分量,进而形成由交流系统、GSC及其控制系统构成的次同步电流助增正反馈回路,最终导致系统SSO失稳。针对这一问题,该文提出一种基于GSC电流内环滑模控制(SMC)的直驱风电场SSO抑制策略。首先,建立DDWF并入弱交流系统的动态模型,推导由PI控制器主导的DDWF并入弱交流系统SSO的形成机理。然后,为了切断系统的次同步电流助增正反馈回路,设计基于指数趋近律的SMC控制器,并以SMC控制器替换原GSC电流内环中的PI控制器,通过理论推导证明GSC电流内环SMC控制器能有效抑制系统SSO。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中,以DDWF并入弱交流系统作为算例,验证所提SSO抑制策略的有效性。

抑制直驱风电并网系统次/超同步振荡的储能变流器有源阻尼控制方法

为应对直驱风电并网系统接入弱电网引发的次/超同步振荡问题,针对储能变流器提出了一种改进的有源阻尼控制方法,建立了考虑所提有源阻尼控制方法的储能变流器序阻抗模型,并分析了含储能变流器的直驱风电并网系统阻抗特性。在次/超同步振荡频段,并网系统阻抗幅值较低且部分呈容性,当输出功率增大、电网短路比降低或锁相环带宽减小时,容易与感性电网阻抗发生交互,从而诱发次/超同步振荡。然后,考虑不同有源阻尼控制参数对系统稳定性的影响,并给出选取参数的方法,使直驱风电并网系统的正负序相角裕度大于零或幅频特性不与电网阻抗发生交截。分析结果表明,所提有源阻尼控制方法能够有效改善直驱风电并网系统的阻抗特性,在更为复杂恶劣的条件下,耗散振荡能量,抑制次/超同步振荡,增强系统的稳定性。最后,通过仿真验证分析的正确性。