Dielectric Relaxation of Adsorbed Water in Wood Cell Wall under Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium State

This article summarized systematically the previous investigations on t he dielectric relaxation of wood, the main substances and extractives in wood at oven-dry state, and the dielectric relaxation based on the adsorbed water in w o od cell wall under equilibrium and non-equilibrium state. Moreover, some expect a tions for future research were proposed on this basis. The purpose of this artic le is to provide other researchers an overall understanding about the research i n this region, and further to promote the research onto a new and higher level.

Stability for manifolds of equilibrium states of generalized Birkhoff system

Stability for the manifolds of equilibrium states of a generalized Birkhoff system is studied. A theorem for the stability of the manifolds of equilibrium states of the general autonomous system is used to the generalized BirkhoiYian system and two propositions on the stability of the manifolds of equilibrium states of the system are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

Buckling and Multiple Equilibrium States ofViscoelastic Rectangular Plates

On the basis of Karman's theory of thin plates with large deflection, the Boltzmann law on linear viscoelastic materials and the mathematical model of dynamic analysis on viscoelastic thin plates, a set of nonlinear integro partial differential equations is first presented by means of a structural function introduced in this paper. Then, by using the Galerkin technique in spatial field and a backward difference scheme in temporal field, the set of nonlinear integro partial differential equations reduces to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations. After solving the algebraic equations, the buckling behavior and multiple equilibrium states can be obtained.

NON-CUBIC EQUATION OF STATE FOR PHASE EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS

A new non-cubic equation of state is proposed for calculation of the thermodynamic properties ofnonpolar and polar fluids and their mixtures,including,saturated vapor pressure,saturated liquid volume,saturated vapor volume,heats of vaporization and vapor-liquid equilibria.The new equation is derived from thegeneralized van der Waals partition function in which the repulsive terms are expressed with the Carnahan andStarling equation for hard spheres,and the attractive terms are made up of the dispersive energy and theChemical association energy. The rules of dependence of parameters α and σ and on temperature are considered broadly so that the newequation yields good agreement with experimental saturated properties of 20 nonpolar and 27 polar fluids in therange of reduced temperatures of 0.5 to 1.0 The new equation with parameters group-contributed generally givessatisfactory predictions on saturated properties. Correlations of vapor-liquid equilibrium data for alcohol-containing systems by using van

The Analysis of the Dynamic Equilibrium State in Linear Control System

This paper discusses not a point of equilibrium to free system,but a certain family of equilibrium state of dynami- cal system with inputs.This equilibrium state depends on the input,so it is called the dynamic equilibrium state.The expression of the dynamic equilibrium state can be given under some certain condition.With deductions and proofs in linear control system,es- tablish the expression of the dynamic equilibrium state in two cases,where the linear systems are nonsingular or singular.Also pre- sent the concept and the condition of the controllability of the dynamic equilibrium state.The controllability of the dynamic equilib- rium state is different from the controllability of the state to system,but these two are closely related.

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM OF COMPLEX MIXTURES WITH EQUATIONS OF STATE: AN UPDATE5

Here we review a new class of mixing rules (hat have extended range of mixtures and conditions that can now be described by equation of state models. One characteristic of these mixing rules is that they simultaneously satisfy the boundary conditions of producing a second virial coefficient that is quadratic in mole fraction, and a free energy of mixing like that of an activity coefficient model at high density, though the mixing rule is itself independent of density. We show that using this mixing rule, various asymmetric, highly nonideal mixtures can be accurately described. One serendipitous result is that the parameters in this mixing rule model are almost independent of temperature, which allows accurate extrapolations of phase behavior to be made over large ranges of temperature and pressure.

NON-EQUILIBRIUM STATIONARY STATE IN CHEMICAL REACTION OF SiO_2/Fe AT INTERFACE OF SLAG/METAL AND ITS STABILITY DURING ARC WELDING

For characteristics of open and far from thermodynamic equilibrium in welding chemical reaction, a new kind of quantitative method, which is used to analyze direction and extent for chemical reaction of SiO2/Fe during quasi-steady state period, is introduced with the concept of non-equilibrium stationary state. The main idea is based on thermodynamic driving forces, which result in non-zero thermodynamic fluxes and lead to chemical reaction far away from thermodynamic equilibrium. There exists certain dynamic equilibrium relationship between rates of diffusion fluxes in liquid phase of reactants or products and the rate equation of chemical reaction when welding is in quasi-steady state. As result of this, a group of non-linear equations containing concentrations of all substances at interface of slag/liquid-metal may be established. Moreover the stability of this non-equilibrium stationary state is discussed using dissipative structure theory and it is concluded theoretically that this non-equilibrium stationary state for welding chemical reaction is of stability.

Energy consideration in processes of transition to equilibrium state

A calculation of the energy loss due to a transition from non-equilibrium to equilibrium state is given. Three different physical systems are considered in this study: connecting an uncharged capacitor to a charged capacitor, emission of a photon from an excited atom, and releasing an object from a compressed spring. In this study, it is shown that a specific fraction of the total energy stored in a non-equilibrium system should be consumed to reach the equilibrium state.

Modeling p VT Properties and Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Ionic Liquids Using Cubic-plus-association Equation of State

Combining Peng-Robinson （PR） equation of state （EoS） with an association model derived from shield-sticky method （SSM） by Liu et al., a new cubic-plus-association （CPA） EoS is proposed to describe the ther-modynamic properties of pure ionic liquids （ILs） and their mixtures. The new molecular parameters for 25 ILs are obtained by fitting the experimental density data over a wide temperature and pressure range, and the overall aver-age deviation is 0.22%. The model parameter b for homologous ILs shows a good linear relationship with their mo-lecular mass, so the number of model parameters is reduced effectively. Using one temperature-independent binary adjustable parameter kij, satisfactory correlations of vapor-liquid equilibria （VLE） for binary mixtures of ILs ＋ non-associating solvents and ＋ associating solvents are obtained with the overall average deviation of vapor pressure 2.91% and 7.01%, respectively. In addition, VLE results for ILs ＋ non-associating mixtures from CPA, lattice-fluid （LF） and square-well chain fluids with variable range （SWCF-VR） EoSs are compared.

Direct Observation of Singletππ*and nπ*Equilibrium State in 2-Amino-1,3,5-triazine Solution

1,3,5-Triazine molecules represent a class of molecules that may have been prebiotic information carriers in a primordial soup in early Earth and their excited state dynamics has received attention in recent years.In our previous study,one component with lifetime longer than100 ps was discovered in 2-amino-1,3,5-trainzine(2-AT),but its nature has not been revealed.In this study,excited state dynamics of 2-AT is studied in different solvents by using femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption and fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy.Interestingly,an equilibrium state consisting of the brightππ^(*)and dark nπ^(*)states in 2-AT is directly observed in aqueous solution and its dynamics is solvent sensitive.The whole picture of the excited state deactivation mechanism of 2-AT is proposed based on our spectroscopy results.

新型二元混合制冷工质对CO_(2)-[Cn-mim][Tf_(2)N](n=2,4,6,8)超额性质预测

针对二氧化碳-离子液体(CO_(2)-ILs)体系热力学性质数据较少的问题,采用状态方程+活度系数法(EOS+γ法)计算了CO_(2)-[C_(2)-mim][Tf_(2)N]、CO_(2)-[C_(4)-mim][Tf_(2)N]、CO_(2)-[C_(6)-mim][Tf_(2)N]和CO_(2)-[C_(8)-mim][Tf_(2)N]4种新型制冷工质对的汽液相平衡数据。在相平衡基础上,通过SRK(Soave-Redlich-Kwong)状态方程+WS(Wong-Sandler)混合规则+UNIFAC活度系数模型,关联得出混合体系的超额吉布斯自由能GE、超额焓HE和超额熵SE。计算结果表明,CO_(2)-ILs制冷工质对的超额性质均随温度、压力、CO_(2)液相摩尔分数以及离子液体中阳离子上烷基链长度等因素变化,GE均为负值,最大值为-1066.88 J·mol^(-1),且GE随温度、压力和ILs阳离子碳基链长度增大而减小,HE均为正值,最大值为407.24 J·mol^(-1),且H^(E)随温度、CO_(2)溶解度及ILs阳离子碳基链长度增大而减小,SE最大值为7.88 J·mol^(-1)·K-1,且SE随温度和压力的增大而减小、随ILs阳离子碳基链长度增大而增大。根据汽液相平衡时计算的压力平均相对偏差,可证明所选模型在计算CO_(2)-[C_(n)-mim][Tf_(2)N](n=2,4,6,8)系统超额性质的准确性。

剪式座椅悬架系统动态性能分析

基于达朗贝尔原理,在建立座椅悬架系统的虚平衡状态的基础上,推导出了系统的运动微分方程,得到了系统的传递函数。采用试验测定手段,得到了座椅悬架主要元件的力学性能及座椅传递特性,并通过试验结果验证理论模型的准确性。在此基础上,讨论各参数对悬架系统共振频率及幅值的影响,针对其结构参数对悬架系统进行了部分改进,可为座椅结构设计提供思路和解决方法。

基于多Agent的锂电池主动均衡策略控制仿真研究

【目的】针对锂电池的荷电状态均衡管理问题,提出一种基于多智能体的电池组荷电状态一致性均衡方案。【方法】首先,将多智能体控制策略引入电池管理的下垂控制中,实现了主动均衡电路拓扑下的自主均衡;其次,建立领航跟随者模型,利用参数已知的虚拟智能体使各个荷电状态不一致的电池的状态向其靠近,实现充放电模式下的荷电状态均衡;最后,对二阶多智能体荷电状态均衡控制策略进行仿真验证。【结果】实验结果表明,相比一阶均衡控制策略,自主均衡时间减少了43.02%,充电模式中均衡时间减少了16.13%,放电模式中均衡时间降低了32.90%。【结论】多智能体系统在电池的均衡管理中能够实现荷电状态的均衡,有效地降低了锂电池荷电状态到达一致性的收敛时间。

考虑闭坑后抽水蓄能的露天矿边坡稳定性分析

由于经济、环境及相关政策影响,我国废弃矿井数量与日俱增,将关停的废弃露天矿重新设计改造成抽水蓄能电站可以提高储能能力、调节地区电网负荷、提高电力系统的稳定性和可靠性,并推动废弃矿区生态修复和资源型城市转型。以抚顺市西露天矿作为研究对象,通过对我国废弃矿井及新能源分布现状的阐释,结合辽宁省电网调峰现状,论证西露天矿抽水蓄能电站建设的必要性;根据西露天矿相关工程背景及地质勘探结果,对西露天矿抽水蓄能电站上下水库选址设计和输水系统工程布置进行研究;抽水蓄能电站的建设会改变废弃矿坑的水位,从而影响矿坑的边坡稳定性。构建西露天矿下水库剖面模型并将其导入Geo-studio软件中,采用极限平衡法结合稳态渗流场分析−395 m、−350 m、−250 m水位下考虑水力效应的矿坑边坡稳定性。研究结果表明:抚顺市西露天矿抽水蓄能电站建设在技术上可行,在经济上合理,可以很好地满足辽宁省电网调峰调频需求,缓解电网运行压力大等问题;拟定西露天矿抽水蓄能电站装机容量为1200 MW,满发小时数为5 h,矿坑东侧区域为下水库,南花园湖为上水库,且上下水库的调节库容大致相等。输水线路布置在西露天矿坑南侧的花岗片麻岩内部;西露天矿坑边坡潜在的滑移风险可能发生在特定水位下的几个区域。为保证抽水蓄能电站投入使用后的库岸边坡稳定性,还需要采取进一步的防渗加固工作。

基于半动态交通均衡的电动汽车充电负荷概率分布建模

传统电动汽车充电负荷建模通常采用对电动汽车个体进行抽样模拟的方式,未能从分析机理的角度描述电动汽车群体相互作用形成的宏观运行状态。为此,提出一种基于半动态交通均衡模型和组合荷电状态(combined states of the charge,CSOC)概率计算的电动汽车充电负荷概率分布计算方法。首先,分析电动汽车的交通特性和充电特性,并提出一种可行路径集构建方法;然后,引入交通均衡理论进行电动汽车空间分布建模,建立考虑随机效用的半动态交通均衡模型,实现宏观交通流均衡分配。进一步地,从理论层面分析电动汽车群的荷电状态变化,建立基于CSOC的充电负荷概率分布计算模型。最后,分别在13节点路网和实际大路网中验证所提方法的有效性,并分析了电动汽车渗透率和路网结构对充电负荷概率分布的影响。

CALCULATIONS OF THE PHASE EQUILIBRIA AND CRITICAL CURVES WITH THE EQUATION OF STATE FOR BINARY MIXTURES

A rational equation of state of the perturbation type with a repulsion and attraction term has been applied to reproduce critical curves of six different binary systems up to high temperatures and pressures. A square well potential for intermolecular interaction is used. With pairwise combination rules for these potentials three adjustable parameters are needed. The experimental critical point and phase equilibrium data are compared with the values predicted using the equation of state. Good agreement is obtained for the analysis of the critical pressure composition data and molar volumes.

基于考虑通信延迟改进分布一致性算法的多储能电站快速低寿命损耗功率均衡分配策略

针对多电池储能电站(BESS)跟踪快速波动的电网功率指令时存在功率分配速度慢、BESS寿命损耗高、荷电状态(SOC)均衡能力弱的问题,提出了基于考虑通信延迟改进分布一致性算法(IDCA)的多BESS快速低寿命损耗功率均衡分配策略。为了加快功率分配速度,将功率分配加权矩阵引入分布一致性算法(DCA),基于事件驱动的思想改进拉普拉斯矩阵,同时将状态反馈矩阵引入DCA以提升鲁棒性,并基于单值预测控制求取该矩阵以降低占用内存,形成IDCA;设计考虑寿命损耗与SOC均衡的BESS虚拟损耗函数,并基于该虚拟损耗函数计算功率分配加权矩阵;采用IDCA为各BESS分配功率指令,BESS响应各自指令以完成响应。选取广东电网的典型自动发电控制(AGC)指令进行仿真,结果表明:IDCA能保证功率指令快速分配,同时具有较高的鲁棒性和较低的内存占用量;所提功率分配策略有效降低了各BESS寿命损耗,促进了SOC均衡,最终实现了多BESS对AGC指令的快速准确跟踪。

非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的静力学与动力学分析

建立了非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的静力学和动力学模型。通过固化分析确定了三个平衡状态,展示了以温差绝对值为控制参数的超临界叉形分岔。通过稳定性分析确定了三个平衡状态为两个稳定平衡状态和一个不稳定平衡状态。通过静力学分析确定了双势阱势能曲线,这有助于对动态跳跃现象的研究。通过在动力学分析中引入阻尼,分析了平衡点的动态分岔。通过数值模拟讨论了基础激励频率对动力学特性的影响。当激励频率处于一定范围内时,系统会发生双势阱大振幅动态跳跃和非线性振动,此频率范围可以被设定为特定频率带宽。双稳态系统的主要动力学特性表现为周期振动、概周期振动和混沌振动。