Dermoid cyst of the oral floor is rare benign tumour, who having three histological aspects: dermoid, teratoid and epidermoid. This one is characterized by the presence of a squamous stratified epithelium with cutaneo...Dermoid cyst of the oral floor is rare benign tumour, who having three histological aspects: dermoid, teratoid and epidermoid. This one is characterized by the presence of a squamous stratified epithelium with cutaneous remnants. It may occur in any part of the body, however their frequency in the ENT sphere is relatively scarce. Seven per cent (7%) only of epidermoid cysts occur in the cervico-facial area, 1.6% of which locate at the floor level. When they are located submandibular, they can pose diagnostic difficulties and look like a tumour of the submaxillary gland. We report two cases of epidermoid cyst of the floor. Both patients suffered from swelling of the submandibular gland. Magnetic Resonance Imaging was not requested due to lack of resources. However, surgery allowed in both cases the excision of a cyst next to a normal submandibular gland. Patients did well post operatively.展开更多
Botulinum toxin A （BTXA） has been used in several clinical trials to treat excessive glandular secretion; however, the precise mechanism of its action on the secretory function of salivary gland has not been fully e...Botulinum toxin A （BTXA） has been used in several clinical trials to treat excessive glandular secretion; however, the precise mechanism of its action on the secretory function of salivary gland has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of BTXA on secretion of submandibular gland in rabbits and to identify its mechanism of action on the secretory function of salivary gland. At 12 weeks after injection with 5 units of BTXA, we found a significant decrease in the saliva flow from submandibular glands, while the salivary amylase concentration increased. Morphological analysis revealed reduction in the size of acinar cells with intracellular accumulation of secretory granules that coalesced to form a large ovoid structure. Expression of M3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor （M3 receptor） and aquaporin-5 （AQP5） mRNA decreased after BTXA treatment, and distribution of AQP5 in the apical membrane was reduced at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after BTXA injection. Furthermore, BTXA injection was found to induce apoptosis of acini. These results indicate that BTXA decreases the fluid secretion of submandibular glands and increases the concentration of amylase in saliva. Decreased expression of M3 receptor and AQP5, inhibition of AQP5 translocation, and cell apoptosis might involve in BTXA-reduced fluid secretion of submandibular lands.展开更多
AIM： TO determine whether Chinese herbs （CHs） relieve xerostomia （dry mouth） by increasing salivary secretion. METHODS： The submandibular glands of Wistar rats were surgically isolated and perfused arterially wi...AIM： TO determine whether Chinese herbs （CHs） relieve xerostomia （dry mouth） by increasing salivary secretion. METHODS： The submandibular glands of Wistar rats were surgically isolated and perfused arterially with buffered salt solution. After control perfusion, recording started 5 min prior to the start of stimulation. After fluid secretion was induced by 0.2 μmol/L carbamylcholine （CCh） in the perfusate for 10 min, Chinese herb （CH） was added in the perfusion for 5 min. CCh was then overloaded at 0.2 μmol/L in the perfusion for 20 min. The volume of salivary fluid secretion was recorded by a computer-controlled balance system. RESULTS： Saliva secretion formed an initial ephemeral peak at 30 s followed by a gradual increase to a sustained level. CH alone induced no or little saliva in all types of CH selected. During perfusion with CH,overloading of CCh promoted fluid secretion in 1S of 20 CHs. This promotion was classified into four patterns, which were eventually related to the categories of CH： Overall sustained phase was continuously raised （Yin-nourishing, fluid production-promoting and heatclearing agents）; The sustained secretion rose to reach a maximum then decreased （Qi-enhancing agent）; Sustained secretion rose to reach the highest maximum and was then sustained with a slight decline （swelling-reducing, phlegm-resolving and pus-expelling agents）; Stimulation of salivary secretion without any added stimulants. Addition of CCh raised the fluid secretion to reach the highest maximum then sharply decreased to a lower sustained level （blood activating agent）. CONCLUSION： The present findings lead to the conclusion that various CHs have different promotional effects directly on the salivary gland.展开更多
Autologous submandibular gland（SMG） transplantation has been proved to ameliorate the discomforts in patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The transplanted glands underwent a hypofunctional period and the...Autologous submandibular gland（SMG） transplantation has been proved to ameliorate the discomforts in patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The transplanted glands underwent a hypofunctional period and then restored secretion spontaneously.This study aims to investigate whether autonomic nerves reinnervate the grafts and contribute to the functional recovery, and further determine the origin of these nerves. Parts of the transplanted SMGs were collected from the epiphora patients, and a rabbit SMG transplantation model was established to fulfill the serial observation on the transplanted glands with time. The results showed that autonomic nerves distributed in the transplanted SMGs and parasympathetic ganglionic cells were observed in the stroma of the glands. Low-dense and unevenly distributed cholinergic axons, severe acinar atrophy and fibrosis were visible in the patients＇ glands 4–6 months post-transplantation, whereas the cholinergic axon density and acinar area were increased with time. The acinar area or the secretory flow rate of the transplanted glands was statistically correlated with the cholinergic axon density in the rabbit model, respectively. Meanwhile, large cholinergic nerve trunks were found to locate in the temporal fascia lower to the gland, and sympathetic plexus concomitant with the arteries was observed both in the adjacent fascia and in the stroma of the glands. In summary, the transplanted SMGs are reinnervated by autonomic nerves and the cholinergic nerves play a role in the morphological and functional restoration of the glands. Moreover, these autonomic nerves might originate from the auriculotemporal nerve and the sympathetic plexus around the supplying arteries.展开更多
To assess the role of ultrasonography of submandibular glands (SGs) in the diagnosis of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP).METHODSThirty-seven patients who were definitively diagnosed with type 1 AIP according to th...To assess the role of ultrasonography of submandibular glands (SGs) in the diagnosis of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP).METHODSThirty-seven patients who were definitively diagnosed with type 1 AIP according to the international consensus diagnostic criteria (ICDC) for AIP at our institution between December 1990 and April 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Findings by physical examination, ultrasonography, and scintigraphy of SGs were analyzed to reach a diagnosis based on the ICDC for AIP. The efficacy of corticosteroid treatment in the resolution of hypoechoic lesions in SGs was also evaluated by assessment with ultrasonography before and after treatment in 18 cases.RESULTSThe sensitivity of multiple hypoechoic lesions in SGs by ultrasonography for the diagnosis of sialadenitis in type 1 AIP (84%) was higher than that of physical examination (46%), scintigraphy (28%), and SGs thickness (49%). Ultrasonographic evidence of hypoechoic lesions in SGs improved the definitive diagnosis of sialadenitis and type 1 AIP by the ICDC criteria in 11 (30%) and 2 (5.4%) cases, respectively. Multiple hypoechoic lesions in SGs were resolved or disappear by corticosteroid administration in 14 of 16 cases with hypoechoic lesions in SGs, whereas the ultrasonographic findings in the remaining 2 cases with hypoechoic lesions in SGs and the 2 cases with homogenous SG parenchyma remained unchanged after corticosteroid administration.CONCLUSIONSG ultrasonography to detect multiple hypoechoic lesions might be useful for type 1 AIP diagnosis by improving diagnostic accuracy together with the ICDC sialadenitis criteria.展开更多
The physiological and pharmacological responses of an ex vivo mouse submandibular gland were used to study fluid secretion and cell signaling in response to muscarinic stimulation at increasing temperatures. Saliva pr...The physiological and pharmacological responses of an ex vivo mouse submandibular gland were used to study fluid secretion and cell signaling in response to muscarinic stimulation at increasing temperatures. Saliva production at 37°C was 5.5-fold that at 25°C with pilocarpine stimulation and 9.8-fold that at 25°C with cevimeline stimulation. Both of these muscarinic agonists are used clinically. With the experimental agonist carbachol (CCh), saliva secretion was increased with an increase in temperature, but the CCh concentration producing the peak flow was the same in both dose-response curves, suggesting that the muscarinic receptor itself is not responsible for the temperature dependence. Purinergic agonists also induced temperature-dependent saliva production ex vivo. The calcium ionophore A23187 failed to have a significant effect on saliva production. The CCh-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ also upregulated the initial increase and sustained the plateau phase of saliva flow. Thus, muscarinic receptor stimulation of saliva production is temperature sensitive due to an increase in intracellular Ca2+.展开更多
BACKGROUND Sclerosing polycystic adenosis(SPA)is a rare disease of salivary glands,similar to fibrocystic disease of the breast.It occurs over a wide age range and exhibits a slight female preference.Most SPA cases ha...BACKGROUND Sclerosing polycystic adenosis(SPA)is a rare disease of salivary glands,similar to fibrocystic disease of the breast.It occurs over a wide age range and exhibits a slight female preference.Most SPA cases have occurred in the parotid gland.The exact nature of SPA is unclear,but its tumor nature has recently been proposed.Although SPA has a good prognosis after adequate surgery,atypical lesions might occur,ranging from mild dysplasia to carcinoma in situ in some cases.To the best of our knowledge,only five cases of SPA in the submandibular gland have been reported to date.Here,we present two new cases of SPA involving the submandibular gland.CASE SUMMARY A 50-year-old woman and a 52-year-old woman were referred to Tongji Hospital in Wuhan,China,with complaints of moderate pain,recurrent swelling,and a mass in the submandibular area.After admission,the two cases of the submandibular mass were examined physically.The boundary of the submandibular tumor was clear,and the range of motion was good.After preoperative examinations,surgery was performed on a selective basis.Postoperative histopathological examination revealed a well-defined mass with acinar structures,ducts,or cystic dilated glands of various sizes scattered in a large number of proliferative sclerosing stroma.There were flat and cuboidal cells,and eosinophils in the duct epithelium.There was also a eosinophilic substance in the lumen of dilated cysts.No atypical epithelial hyperplasia,invasive growth,or carcinoma in situ was found.Based on the above findings,the mass was diagnosed as SPA.Both patients have remained asymptomatic and no recurrence or distant metastasis had occurred by the 7-mo and 5-year follow-up,respectively.CONCLUSIONSPA is a rare disease of the salivary gland. Even though it has a good prognosisafter adequate surgery, atypical lesions may occur from mild dysplasia tocarcinoma in situ. However, no recurrence, distant metastasis, or mortality hasbeen reported for submandibular gland SPA. Clinicians and pathologists shouldbe familiar with the characteristics of SPA in the submandibular gland to avoidmisdiagnosis and overtreatment.展开更多
BACKGROUND Salivary duct carcinoma(SDC)is a rare,extremely aggressive malignancy that arises in the submandibular gland.It can metastasize locally early and therefore is an important differential diagnosis of metastat...BACKGROUND Salivary duct carcinoma(SDC)is a rare,extremely aggressive malignancy that arises in the submandibular gland.It can metastasize locally early and therefore is an important differential diagnosis of metastatic disease in cervical lymph nodes or specific lymphadenitis such as tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of SDC in the submandibular gland that presented diagnostic difficulty.The lesion was coincidentally discovered through examination of the radiolucent area of the maxilla.Imaging failed to confirm the possibility of specific inflammation,leading us to execute an open biopsy to verify the diagnosis.The surgical specimen showed that the submandibular gland was primarily replaced with a calcified body.Following histological analysis and confirmation,we performed surgical resection,radiotherapy,and various chemotherapies.CONCLUSION Radiographic imaging characteristics of lymph node metastases of salivary gland cancer,especially of SDC,may resemble other cervical lymphadenitis;calcification at the submandibular gland is the landmark of SDC occurring at the submandibular gland.展开更多
The possible role of submandiblular glands (SMG) in the development of obesity was studied in two types of genetically obese mice, ob/ob and yellow Ay: Obesity is caused by hyperplasia followed by hypertrophy in ob/ob...The possible role of submandiblular glands (SMG) in the development of obesity was studied in two types of genetically obese mice, ob/ob and yellow Ay: Obesity is caused by hyperplasia followed by hypertrophy in ob/ob mice and mainly by hypertrophy in Ay mice.The histological features of SMGs exhibited clear sexual dimorphism in both mice similarto lean controls. The SMGs of ob/ob mice was smaller in size and had smaller granular convoluted tubular portions than lean controls, while the SMGs of Ay mice did not differ from lean controls. Sialoadenectomy before and after development of obesity gCnerally reduced the gain of body weights in both sexes of Ay mice but not in ob/ob mice. The content of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the SMGs was higher in Ay mice and lower in ob/ob mice than their controls. The possible role of EGF in the SMGs in the development of obesity is discussed展开更多
BACKGROUND： Recent researches have indicated that estrogen has extensive neuroprotective effects. So some studies designed ovariectomized animal models and administrated with estrogen, so as to verify its neuroprotec...BACKGROUND： Recent researches have indicated that estrogen has extensive neuroprotective effects. So some studies designed ovariectomized animal models and administrated with estrogen, so as to verify its neuroprotective effects. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of 17 beta-estradiol on the content of norepinephrine （NE） and level of tumor necrosis factor （TNF） in submandibular glands of rats with sympathetic nerve injury, and analyze the dose-dependence and pathway of action. DESIGN： A randomized control animal study SETTINGS： Department of Hand Surgery, the 252 Hospital of Chinese PLA; Department of Hand Surgery Union Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. MATERIALS： Fifty healthy female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups with 10 rats in each group： sham-operated group, ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group, ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋17β-estradiol 50, 200 and 500 μg/kg groups. METHODS： The experiments were carried out in Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between October 2005 and March 2006. Bilateral ovaries were only exposed but not resected for the rats in the sham-operated group, but bilateral ovaries were resected in all the other groups. In the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋176-estradiol 50, 200 and 500 μg/kg groups, the rats were administrated with intraperitoneal injection of 6-OHDA （8 mg/kg）, and then immediately given 176-estradiol of corresponding dosages respectively, once a day for 10 days continuously. Rats in the sham-operated group and ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group were administrated with saline of the same volume. After administration, 5 rats in each group were killed to determine the NE contents in bilateral submandibular glands with high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector （HPLC-ECD）, and the other 5 rats were used to determine the TNF levels in submandibular glands with enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The NE contents and TNF levels in submandibular glands of rats in each group were observed. RESULTS： All the 50 rats were involved in the analysis of results. （1） The NE content was obviously lower in the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group than in the sham-operated group [（1 035±196）, （1 823±314） ng/g, P 〈 0.05], there were no significant differences between the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋17β-estradiol 50 μg/kg group and ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group [（1 004±253）, （1 035±196） ng/g, P 〉 0.05], but obviously higher in the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋17β-estradiol 200 and 500 μg/kg groups than in the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group [（1 487±268）, （1 939±274）, （1 035±196） ng/g, P 〈 0.05]. （2） The TNF level was obviously higher in the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group than in the sham-operated group [（3.498±0.792）, （1.893±0.533） ng/g, P 〈 0.05], there were no significant differences between the ovariectomy＋ 6-OHDA＋17β-estradiol 50 μg/kg group and ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group [（3.328 ±0.712）, （3.498±0,792） ng/g, P 〉 0.05], but obviously lower in the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋17β-estradiol 200 and 500 μg/kg groups than in the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group [（2.639±0.438）, （2.016±0.619）, （3.498＋0.792） ng/g, P 〈 0.05]. CONCLUSION： Estrogen has obvious protective effect dose-dependently on 6-OHDA induced chemical sympathetic nerve terminal injury in rats, and it may play its protective role by reducing TNF level and ameliorating inflammatory reaction.展开更多
Xerostomia is a severe side effect of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients. To date, no satisfactory treatment option has been established. Because mesenchymal stem cells（MSCs） have been identified as ...Xerostomia is a severe side effect of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients. To date, no satisfactory treatment option has been established. Because mesenchymal stem cells（MSCs） have been identified as a potential treatment modality, we aimed to evaluate stem cell distribution following intravenous and intraglandular injections using a surgical model of salivary gland damage and to analyse the effects of MSC injections on the recruitment of immune cells. The submandibular gland ducts of rats were surgically ligated. Syngeneic adult MSCs were isolated, immortalised by simian virus 40（SV40） large T antigen and characterized by flow cytometry. MSCs were injected intravenously and intraglandularly. After 1, 3 and 7 days, the organs of interest were analysed for stem cell recruitment. Inflammation was analysed by immunohistochemical staining. We were able to demonstrate that, after intravenous injection, MSCs were recruited to normal and damaged submandibular glands on days 1, 3 and 7. Unexpectedly, stem cells were recruited to ligated and non-ligated glands in a comparable manner. After intraglandular injection of MSCs into ligated glands, the presence of MSCs, leucocytes and macrophages was enhanced, compared to intravenous injection of stem cells. Our data suggest that injected MSCs were retained within the inflamed glands, could become activated and subsequently recruited leucocytes to the sites of tissue damage.展开更多
文摘Dermoid cyst of the oral floor is rare benign tumour, who having three histological aspects: dermoid, teratoid and epidermoid. This one is characterized by the presence of a squamous stratified epithelium with cutaneous remnants. It may occur in any part of the body, however their frequency in the ENT sphere is relatively scarce. Seven per cent (7%) only of epidermoid cysts occur in the cervico-facial area, 1.6% of which locate at the floor level. When they are located submandibular, they can pose diagnostic difficulties and look like a tumour of the submaxillary gland. We report two cases of epidermoid cyst of the floor. Both patients suffered from swelling of the submandibular gland. Magnetic Resonance Imaging was not requested due to lack of resources. However, surgery allowed in both cases the excision of a cyst next to a normal submandibular gland. Patients did well post operatively.
基金grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 30973336 and 81100762）.
文摘Botulinum toxin A （BTXA） has been used in several clinical trials to treat excessive glandular secretion; however, the precise mechanism of its action on the secretory function of salivary gland has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of BTXA on secretion of submandibular gland in rabbits and to identify its mechanism of action on the secretory function of salivary gland. At 12 weeks after injection with 5 units of BTXA, we found a significant decrease in the saliva flow from submandibular glands, while the salivary amylase concentration increased. Morphological analysis revealed reduction in the size of acinar cells with intracellular accumulation of secretory granules that coalesced to form a large ovoid structure. Expression of M3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor （M3 receptor） and aquaporin-5 （AQP5） mRNA decreased after BTXA treatment, and distribution of AQP5 in the apical membrane was reduced at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after BTXA injection. Furthermore, BTXA injection was found to induce apoptosis of acini. These results indicate that BTXA decreases the fluid secretion of submandibular glands and increases the concentration of amylase in saliva. Decreased expression of M3 receptor and AQP5, inhibition of AQP5 translocation, and cell apoptosis might involve in BTXA-reduced fluid secretion of submandibular lands.
基金Supported by Cooperation survey and research project of the Nippon Foundation of the Japan-China Medical Association (2006-12)the International cooperation project (BZ2006058) of Bureau of Science and Technology of Jiangsu Province,China
文摘AIM： TO determine whether Chinese herbs （CHs） relieve xerostomia （dry mouth） by increasing salivary secretion. METHODS： The submandibular glands of Wistar rats were surgically isolated and perfused arterially with buffered salt solution. After control perfusion, recording started 5 min prior to the start of stimulation. After fluid secretion was induced by 0.2 μmol/L carbamylcholine （CCh） in the perfusate for 10 min, Chinese herb （CH） was added in the perfusion for 5 min. CCh was then overloaded at 0.2 μmol/L in the perfusion for 20 min. The volume of salivary fluid secretion was recorded by a computer-controlled balance system. RESULTS： Saliva secretion formed an initial ephemeral peak at 30 s followed by a gradual increase to a sustained level. CH alone induced no or little saliva in all types of CH selected. During perfusion with CH,overloading of CCh promoted fluid secretion in 1S of 20 CHs. This promotion was classified into four patterns, which were eventually related to the categories of CH： Overall sustained phase was continuously raised （Yin-nourishing, fluid production-promoting and heatclearing agents）; The sustained secretion rose to reach a maximum then decreased （Qi-enhancing agent）; Sustained secretion rose to reach the highest maximum and was then sustained with a slight decline （swelling-reducing, phlegm-resolving and pus-expelling agents）; Stimulation of salivary secretion without any added stimulants. Addition of CCh raised the fluid secretion to reach the highest maximum then sharply decreased to a lower sustained level （blood activating agent）. CONCLUSION： The present findings lead to the conclusion that various CHs have different promotional effects directly on the salivary gland.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81671005 and 81470756)
文摘Autologous submandibular gland（SMG） transplantation has been proved to ameliorate the discomforts in patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The transplanted glands underwent a hypofunctional period and then restored secretion spontaneously.This study aims to investigate whether autonomic nerves reinnervate the grafts and contribute to the functional recovery, and further determine the origin of these nerves. Parts of the transplanted SMGs were collected from the epiphora patients, and a rabbit SMG transplantation model was established to fulfill the serial observation on the transplanted glands with time. The results showed that autonomic nerves distributed in the transplanted SMGs and parasympathetic ganglionic cells were observed in the stroma of the glands. Low-dense and unevenly distributed cholinergic axons, severe acinar atrophy and fibrosis were visible in the patients＇ glands 4–6 months post-transplantation, whereas the cholinergic axon density and acinar area were increased with time. The acinar area or the secretory flow rate of the transplanted glands was statistically correlated with the cholinergic axon density in the rabbit model, respectively. Meanwhile, large cholinergic nerve trunks were found to locate in the temporal fascia lower to the gland, and sympathetic plexus concomitant with the arteries was observed both in the adjacent fascia and in the stroma of the glands. In summary, the transplanted SMGs are reinnervated by autonomic nerves and the cholinergic nerves play a role in the morphological and functional restoration of the glands. Moreover, these autonomic nerves might originate from the auriculotemporal nerve and the sympathetic plexus around the supplying arteries.
文摘To assess the role of ultrasonography of submandibular glands (SGs) in the diagnosis of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP).METHODSThirty-seven patients who were definitively diagnosed with type 1 AIP according to the international consensus diagnostic criteria (ICDC) for AIP at our institution between December 1990 and April 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Findings by physical examination, ultrasonography, and scintigraphy of SGs were analyzed to reach a diagnosis based on the ICDC for AIP. The efficacy of corticosteroid treatment in the resolution of hypoechoic lesions in SGs was also evaluated by assessment with ultrasonography before and after treatment in 18 cases.RESULTSThe sensitivity of multiple hypoechoic lesions in SGs by ultrasonography for the diagnosis of sialadenitis in type 1 AIP (84%) was higher than that of physical examination (46%), scintigraphy (28%), and SGs thickness (49%). Ultrasonographic evidence of hypoechoic lesions in SGs improved the definitive diagnosis of sialadenitis and type 1 AIP by the ICDC criteria in 11 (30%) and 2 (5.4%) cases, respectively. Multiple hypoechoic lesions in SGs were resolved or disappear by corticosteroid administration in 14 of 16 cases with hypoechoic lesions in SGs, whereas the ultrasonographic findings in the remaining 2 cases with hypoechoic lesions in SGs and the 2 cases with homogenous SG parenchyma remained unchanged after corticosteroid administration.CONCLUSIONSG ultrasonography to detect multiple hypoechoic lesions might be useful for type 1 AIP diagnosis by improving diagnostic accuracy together with the ICDC sialadenitis criteria.
文摘The physiological and pharmacological responses of an ex vivo mouse submandibular gland were used to study fluid secretion and cell signaling in response to muscarinic stimulation at increasing temperatures. Saliva production at 37°C was 5.5-fold that at 25°C with pilocarpine stimulation and 9.8-fold that at 25°C with cevimeline stimulation. Both of these muscarinic agonists are used clinically. With the experimental agonist carbachol (CCh), saliva secretion was increased with an increase in temperature, but the CCh concentration producing the peak flow was the same in both dose-response curves, suggesting that the muscarinic receptor itself is not responsible for the temperature dependence. Purinergic agonists also induced temperature-dependent saliva production ex vivo. The calcium ionophore A23187 failed to have a significant effect on saliva production. The CCh-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ also upregulated the initial increase and sustained the plateau phase of saliva flow. Thus, muscarinic receptor stimulation of saliva production is temperature sensitive due to an increase in intracellular Ca2+.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82002893.
文摘BACKGROUND Sclerosing polycystic adenosis(SPA)is a rare disease of salivary glands,similar to fibrocystic disease of the breast.It occurs over a wide age range and exhibits a slight female preference.Most SPA cases have occurred in the parotid gland.The exact nature of SPA is unclear,but its tumor nature has recently been proposed.Although SPA has a good prognosis after adequate surgery,atypical lesions might occur,ranging from mild dysplasia to carcinoma in situ in some cases.To the best of our knowledge,only five cases of SPA in the submandibular gland have been reported to date.Here,we present two new cases of SPA involving the submandibular gland.CASE SUMMARY A 50-year-old woman and a 52-year-old woman were referred to Tongji Hospital in Wuhan,China,with complaints of moderate pain,recurrent swelling,and a mass in the submandibular area.After admission,the two cases of the submandibular mass were examined physically.The boundary of the submandibular tumor was clear,and the range of motion was good.After preoperative examinations,surgery was performed on a selective basis.Postoperative histopathological examination revealed a well-defined mass with acinar structures,ducts,or cystic dilated glands of various sizes scattered in a large number of proliferative sclerosing stroma.There were flat and cuboidal cells,and eosinophils in the duct epithelium.There was also a eosinophilic substance in the lumen of dilated cysts.No atypical epithelial hyperplasia,invasive growth,or carcinoma in situ was found.Based on the above findings,the mass was diagnosed as SPA.Both patients have remained asymptomatic and no recurrence or distant metastasis had occurred by the 7-mo and 5-year follow-up,respectively.CONCLUSIONSPA is a rare disease of the salivary gland. Even though it has a good prognosisafter adequate surgery, atypical lesions may occur from mild dysplasia tocarcinoma in situ. However, no recurrence, distant metastasis, or mortality hasbeen reported for submandibular gland SPA. Clinicians and pathologists shouldbe familiar with the characteristics of SPA in the submandibular gland to avoidmisdiagnosis and overtreatment.
文摘BACKGROUND Salivary duct carcinoma(SDC)is a rare,extremely aggressive malignancy that arises in the submandibular gland.It can metastasize locally early and therefore is an important differential diagnosis of metastatic disease in cervical lymph nodes or specific lymphadenitis such as tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of SDC in the submandibular gland that presented diagnostic difficulty.The lesion was coincidentally discovered through examination of the radiolucent area of the maxilla.Imaging failed to confirm the possibility of specific inflammation,leading us to execute an open biopsy to verify the diagnosis.The surgical specimen showed that the submandibular gland was primarily replaced with a calcified body.Following histological analysis and confirmation,we performed surgical resection,radiotherapy,and various chemotherapies.CONCLUSION Radiographic imaging characteristics of lymph node metastases of salivary gland cancer,especially of SDC,may resemble other cervical lymphadenitis;calcification at the submandibular gland is the landmark of SDC occurring at the submandibular gland.
文摘The possible role of submandiblular glands (SMG) in the development of obesity was studied in two types of genetically obese mice, ob/ob and yellow Ay: Obesity is caused by hyperplasia followed by hypertrophy in ob/ob mice and mainly by hypertrophy in Ay mice.The histological features of SMGs exhibited clear sexual dimorphism in both mice similarto lean controls. The SMGs of ob/ob mice was smaller in size and had smaller granular convoluted tubular portions than lean controls, while the SMGs of Ay mice did not differ from lean controls. Sialoadenectomy before and after development of obesity gCnerally reduced the gain of body weights in both sexes of Ay mice but not in ob/ob mice. The content of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the SMGs was higher in Ay mice and lower in ob/ob mice than their controls. The possible role of EGF in the SMGs in the development of obesity is discussed
文摘BACKGROUND： Recent researches have indicated that estrogen has extensive neuroprotective effects. So some studies designed ovariectomized animal models and administrated with estrogen, so as to verify its neuroprotective effects. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of 17 beta-estradiol on the content of norepinephrine （NE） and level of tumor necrosis factor （TNF） in submandibular glands of rats with sympathetic nerve injury, and analyze the dose-dependence and pathway of action. DESIGN： A randomized control animal study SETTINGS： Department of Hand Surgery, the 252 Hospital of Chinese PLA; Department of Hand Surgery Union Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. MATERIALS： Fifty healthy female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups with 10 rats in each group： sham-operated group, ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group, ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋17β-estradiol 50, 200 and 500 μg/kg groups. METHODS： The experiments were carried out in Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between October 2005 and March 2006. Bilateral ovaries were only exposed but not resected for the rats in the sham-operated group, but bilateral ovaries were resected in all the other groups. In the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋176-estradiol 50, 200 and 500 μg/kg groups, the rats were administrated with intraperitoneal injection of 6-OHDA （8 mg/kg）, and then immediately given 176-estradiol of corresponding dosages respectively, once a day for 10 days continuously. Rats in the sham-operated group and ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group were administrated with saline of the same volume. After administration, 5 rats in each group were killed to determine the NE contents in bilateral submandibular glands with high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector （HPLC-ECD）, and the other 5 rats were used to determine the TNF levels in submandibular glands with enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The NE contents and TNF levels in submandibular glands of rats in each group were observed. RESULTS： All the 50 rats were involved in the analysis of results. （1） The NE content was obviously lower in the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group than in the sham-operated group [（1 035±196）, （1 823±314） ng/g, P 〈 0.05], there were no significant differences between the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋17β-estradiol 50 μg/kg group and ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group [（1 004±253）, （1 035±196） ng/g, P 〉 0.05], but obviously higher in the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋17β-estradiol 200 and 500 μg/kg groups than in the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group [（1 487±268）, （1 939±274）, （1 035±196） ng/g, P 〈 0.05]. （2） The TNF level was obviously higher in the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group than in the sham-operated group [（3.498±0.792）, （1.893±0.533） ng/g, P 〈 0.05], there were no significant differences between the ovariectomy＋ 6-OHDA＋17β-estradiol 50 μg/kg group and ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group [（3.328 ±0.712）, （3.498±0,792） ng/g, P 〉 0.05], but obviously lower in the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋17β-estradiol 200 and 500 μg/kg groups than in the ovariectomy＋6-OHDA＋saline group [（2.639±0.438）, （2.016±0.619）, （3.498＋0.792） ng/g, P 〈 0.05]. CONCLUSION： Estrogen has obvious protective effect dose-dependently on 6-OHDA induced chemical sympathetic nerve terminal injury in rats, and it may play its protective role by reducing TNF level and ameliorating inflammatory reaction.
基金supported by the Novartis Foundation for Therapeutic Research
文摘Xerostomia is a severe side effect of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients. To date, no satisfactory treatment option has been established. Because mesenchymal stem cells（MSCs） have been identified as a potential treatment modality, we aimed to evaluate stem cell distribution following intravenous and intraglandular injections using a surgical model of salivary gland damage and to analyse the effects of MSC injections on the recruitment of immune cells. The submandibular gland ducts of rats were surgically ligated. Syngeneic adult MSCs were isolated, immortalised by simian virus 40（SV40） large T antigen and characterized by flow cytometry. MSCs were injected intravenously and intraglandularly. After 1, 3 and 7 days, the organs of interest were analysed for stem cell recruitment. Inflammation was analysed by immunohistochemical staining. We were able to demonstrate that, after intravenous injection, MSCs were recruited to normal and damaged submandibular glands on days 1, 3 and 7. Unexpectedly, stem cells were recruited to ligated and non-ligated glands in a comparable manner. After intraglandular injection of MSCs into ligated glands, the presence of MSCs, leucocytes and macrophages was enhanced, compared to intravenous injection of stem cells. Our data suggest that injected MSCs were retained within the inflamed glands, could become activated and subsequently recruited leucocytes to the sites of tissue damage.
