Research on Fatigue Damage Behavior of Main Beam Sub-Structure of Composite Wind Turbine Blade

Given the difficulty in accurately evaluating the fatigue performance of large composite wind turbine blades(referred to as blades),this paper takes the main beam structure of the blade with a rectangular cross-sectionas the simulation object and establishes a composite laminate rectangular beam structure that simultaneouslyincludes the flange,web,and adhesive layer,referred to as the blade main beam sub-structure specimen,throughthe definition of blade sub-structures.This paper examines the progressive damage evolution law of the compositelaminate rectangular beam utilizing an improved 3D Hashin failure criterion,cohesive zone model,B-K failurecriterion,and computer simulation technology.Under static loading,the layup angle of the anti-shear web hasa close relationship with the static load-carrying capacity of the composite laminate rectangular beam;under fatigueloading,the fatigue damage will first occur in the lower flange adhesive area of the whole composite laminaterectangular beam and ultimately result in the fracture failure of the entire structure.These results provide a theoreticalreference and foundation for evaluating and predicting the fatigue performance of the blade main beamstructure and even the full-size blade.

Improved Staggered Algorithm for Phase-Field Brittle Fracture with the Local Arc-Length Method

The local arc-length method is employed to control the incremental loading procedure for phase-field brittle fracture modeling.An improved staggered algorithm with energy and damage iterative tolerance convergence criteria is developed based on the residuals of displacement and phase-field.The improved staggered solution scheme is implemented in the commercial software ABAQUS with user-defined element subroutines.The layered system of finite elements is utilized to solve the coupled elastic displacement and phase-field fracture problem.A one-element benchmark test compared with the analytical solution was conducted to validate the feasibility and accuracy of the developed method.Our study shows that the result calculated with the developed method does not depend on the selected size of loading increments.The results of several numerical experiments show that the improved staggered algorithm is efficient for solving the more complex brittle fracture problems.

Dynamic Response Analysis of Bird Strike on Aircraft Windshield Based on Damage-modified Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Relation

Damage-modified nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equation and failure criterion are introduced and the three-dimensional incremental forms are deduced based on the updated Lagrangian approach. A simple tensile test model and a split Hopkinson pressure bar model are built to verify the accuracy of the subroutine implemented within the non-linear finite element program LS-DYNA. A numerical model of bird strike on windshield is established to study the responses of windshield under three different bird velocities at three sites. The bird is represented by a cylinder with a hemisphere at each end and the contact-impact coupling algorithm is used in this study. It is found that the implemented subroutine can properly describe the mechanical behavior of polymethyl methaerylate under low and high strain rates and large deformation, and can be used validly.

Finite element modeling of pavement responses based on stress-dependent properties of asphalt layer

In order to investigate the stress-dependent properties of hot-mix asphalt （HMA）,a dynamic modulus test was conducted on a group of AC-20 specimens at various stress states and loading frequencies,respectively.A user-defined material （UMAT ）subroutine incorporating stress-dependent constitutive model was developed and finite element （FE）simulation was utilized to confirm the validity of the UMAT.A three-dimensional （3D ）FE model for typical pavement structure was established,considering the HMA layer as a stress-dependent material and other layers as linear elastic materials.Periodic load was applied to the pavement model and the pavement responses were calculated,including dynamic modulus distributions,surface deflection,shear stress and tensile strain in the HMA layer,etc.Both test results and FE model predictions indicate that the dynamic modulus of asphalt concrete is sensitive to stress state and loading frequency.Using the nonlinear stress-dependent model results in greater predicted pavement responses compared with the linear elastic model.It is also found that the effects of stress-dependency on pavement responses become more significant as loading frequency decreases.

A comparative study of 85 hyperelastic constitutive models for both unfilled rubber and highly filled rubber nanocomposite material

Nonlinear finite element analysis is widely used for structural optimization of the design and the reliability analysis of complex elastomeric components.However,high-precision numerical results cannot be achieved without reliable strain energy functions(SEFs)of the rubber or rubber nanocomposite material.Although hyperelastic constitutive models have been studied for nearly 80 years,selecting one that accurately describes rubber's mechanical response is still a challenge.This work reviews 85 isotropic SEFs based on both the phenomenological theory and the micromechanical network theory proposed from the 1940s to 2019.A fitting algorithm which can realize the automatic fitting optimization and determination of the parameters of all SEFs reviewed is developed.The ability of each SEF to reproduce the experimental data of both the unfilled and highly filled rubber nanocomposite is quantitatively assessed based on a new proposed evaluation index.The top 30 SEFs for the unfilled rubber and the top 14 SEFs for the highly filled rubber nanocomposite are presented in the ranking lists.Finally,some suggestions on how to select an appropriate hyperelastic constitutive model are given,and the perspective on the future progress of constitutive models is summarized.

Quantifying Creep of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes

Using age adjusted effective modulus(AAEM)method,creep of concrete filled steel tube(CFST)member was formulated considering of creep coefficient and aging coefficient.Ten CFST specimens were tested including eight for creep and two for shrinkage.The experimental result was compared with the computed result using AAEM in which the creep coefficient was taken from calibration of ACI model based on experimental result on sealed concrete,and aging coefficient was supplied from relaxation test on sealed concrete specimen.Furthermore,the creep of CFST member was analyzed using author's own subroutine to input concrete properties through user programmable feature(UPF)in ANSYS software.Comparison was made on authors' own experimental database,some existing experimental results,and results from AAEM and numerical analysis.Finally,the conditions of applicability of AAEM method are put forward,and numerical approach to compute creep of CFST specimen is delineated.

Vibration analysis of two-dimensional structures using micropolar elements

Based on the micropolar theory(MPT),a two-dimensional(2 D)element is proposed to describe the free vibration response of structures.In the context of the MPT,a 2 D formulation is developed within the ABAQUS finite element software.The user-defined element(UEL)subroutine is used to implement a micropolar element.The micropolar effects on the vibration behavior of 2 D structures with arbitrary shapes are studied.The effect of micro-inertia becomes dominant,and by considering the micropolar effects,the frequencies decrease.Also,there is a considerable discrepancy between the predicted micropolar and classical frequencies at small scales,and this difference decreases when the side length-to-length scale ratio becomes large.

Influence of crystallographic orientation on growth behavior of spherical voids

The influence of crystallographic orientation on the void growth in FCC crystals was numerically simulated with 3D crystal plasticity finite element by using a 3D unit cell including a spherical void, and the rate-dependent crystal plasticity theory was implemented as a user material subroutine. The results of the simulations show that crystallographic orientation has significant influence on the growth behavior of the void. Different active slip systems of the regions around the void cause the discontinuity in lattice rotation around the void, and the corner-like region is formed. In the case of the void located at grain boundary, large heterogeneous deformation occurs between the two grains, and the equivalent plastic deformation along grain boundary near the void in the case of θ=45^o （θ is the angle between grain boundary direction and X-axis） is larger than the others. Large difference of orientation factor of the two grains leads to large equivalent plastic deformation along grain boundary, and the unit cell is more likely to fail by intergranular fracture.

Research on Fixture's Effect on Properties of Single-Shear Bolt Jointed Composite Laminates Structure

The testing on the bearing strength of single-shear bolt jointed composite laminates structure is done.And the effect of the fixture on the testing results is analyzed. Then a macro-micro multi-scale analytical model combined with the improved"Generalized Method of Cells( GMC) "is developed,which is used to predict the macro bearing strength and to characterize the micro constitute material failure of the bolt jointed composite laminates structure. Both the contact conditions at the bolt/hole boundary and the contact conditions at the specimen/fixture boundary,progressive damage,and the material properties degradation are all taken account into the analytical model. Thus,the numerical simulation results agree well with the experimental results.Finally,the effect of the fixture on the testing results is characterized. The results show that the incomplete contaction between the fixture and the specimen or the lack of the lateral constraint on the specimen will affect the limited bearing strength and the offset bearing strength of the bolt jointed composite laminates structure. In addition,the lower support rigid of the fixture will affect the rigid of the bolt jointed composite laminates structure.

Therapeutic strategies of targeting nonapoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) with smallmolecule compounds in cancer

Regulated cell death(RCD)is a controlled form of cell death orchestrated by one or more cascading signaling pathways,making it amenable to pharmacological intervention.RCD subroutines can be categorized as apoptotic or non-apoptotic and play essential roles in maintaining homeostasis,facilitating development,and modulating immunity.Accumulating evidence has recently revealed that RCD evasion is frequently the primary cause of tumor survival.Several non-apoptotic RCD subroutines have garnered attention as promising cancer therapies due to their ability to induce tumor regression and prevent relapse,comparable to apoptosis.Moreover,they offer potential solutions for overcoming the acquired resistance of tumors toward apoptotic drugs.With an increasing understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing these non-apoptotic RCD subroutines,a growing number of small-molecule compounds targeting single or multiple pathways have been discovered,providing novel strategies for current cancer therapy.In this review,we comprehensively summarized the current regulatory mechanisms of the emerging non-apoptotic RCD subroutines,mainly including autophagy-dependent cell death,ferroptosis,cuproptosis,disulfidptosis,necroptosis,pyroptosis,alkaliptosis,oxeiptosis,parthanatos,mitochondrial permeability transition(MPT)-driven necrosis,entotic cell death,NETotic cell death,lysosome-dependent cell death,and immunogenic cell death(ICD).Furthermore,we focused on discussing the pharmacological regulatory mechanisms of related small-molecule compounds.In brief,these insightful findings may provide valuable guidance for investigating individual or collaborative targeting approaches towards different RCD subroutines,ultimately driving the discovery of novel small-molecule compounds that target RCD and significantly enhance future cancer therapeutics.

Microstructural evolution of a steam-turbine rotor subjected to a water-quenching process: numerical simulation and experimental verification

Cr-Ni-Mo-V steam-turbine rotors have been widely used as key components in power plants. In this study, a coupled thermomechano-metallurgical model was proposed to simulate the phase transformation and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) of a 30Cr2Ni4MoV steam-turbine rotor during a water-quenching process, which was solved using a user defined material mechanical behavior (UMAT) subroutine in ABAQUS. The thermal dilation, heat generation from plastic work, transformation latent heat, phase transformation kinetics, and TRIP were considered in the model. The thermomechanical portion of the model was used to predict the evolution of temperature, strain, and residual stress in the rotor. The phase transformation that occurred during the quenching process was considered. Constitutive models of phase transformations (austenite to pearlite, austenite to bainite, and austenite to martensite) and TRIP were developed. Experimental data were adopted and compared with the predicted results to verify the accuracy of the model. This demonstrates that the model is reliable and accurate. Then, the model was utilized to predict the temperature variation, dimensional change, minimum austenitization time, residual stress, TRIP, and volume fractions of each phase. It is concluded that this model can be a useful computational tool in the design of heat-treatment routines of steam-turbine rotors.

A Three-Dimensional Dynamic Constitutive Model and Its Finite Element Implementation for NiTi Alloy Based on Irreversible Thermodynamics

In the present work, the governing equations based on theory of irreversible thermodynamics is deduced by introducing two internal variables to characterize the phase transformation and finite plastic deformation evolution for NiTi shape memory alloy. Thus a three-dimensional dynamic constitutive model is established by summarizing the governing equations for phase transformation and plastic deformation under high strain rate loading conditions. By adopting a stress compensation algorithm to update the stress tensor, the phenomenologicalbased constitutive model is embedded into ABAQUS finite element software as user material subroutine with FORTRAN code. Thus the numerical simulation of dynamic responses of NiTi alloy is successfully implemented. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data, validating the feasibility of this proposed model. Comparison between the simulation results and the experimental data indicates that the proposed model can well describe not only the different deformation stages of NiTi alloy but also its constitutive behavior subjected to different high strain rates.

Stress analysis and damage evolution in individual plies of notched composite laminates subjected to in-plane loads

This work aims to investigate local stress distribution, damage evolution and failure of notched composite laminates under in-plane loads. An analytic method containing uniformed boundary equations using a complex variable approach is developed to present layer-by-layer stresses around the notch. The uniformed boundary equations established in series together with conformal mapping functions are capable of dealing with irregular boundary issues around the notch and at infinity. Stress results are employed to evaluate the damage initiation and propagation of notched composites by progressive damage analysis（PDA）. A user-defined subroutine is developed in the finite element（FE） model based on coupling theories for mixed failure criteria and damage mechanics to efficiently investigate damage evolution as well as failure modes. Carbon/epoxy laminates with a stacking sequence of [45°/0°/ 60°/90°]sare used to investigate surface strains, in-plane load capacity and microstructure of failure zones to provide analytic and FE methods with strong validation. Good agreement is observed between the analytic method, the FE model and experiments in terms of the stress（strain） distributions, damage evaluation and ultimate strength, and the layerby-layer stress components vary according to a combination effect of fiber orientation and loading type, causing diverse failure modes in individuals.

Effects of Structural Characteristics of a Bionic Dragonfly Wing on Its Low Velocity Impact Resistance

The influence of the structural features of dragonfly wings, including the sandwich-type configuration of longitudinal veins and the longitudinal corrugations, on the impact response of a bio-inspired structure is investigated. According to experimental observations of the wing morphology, a novel foam-based composite structure is introduced consisting of E-glass/epoxy face-sheets bonded to a polyurethane foam core. A finite element model is employed to simulate the structural responses of the biomimetic structure under low velocity impact. The initiation and evolution of the impact-induced damage in composite skins are simulated by applying a user-defined progressive damage model together with the interracial cohesive law for intra- and inter-laminar damages, respectively. To simulate the nonlinear behavior of the foam core, a crushable plasticity model is implemented. The numerically obtained results are found to correlate with the experimentally measured ones, acquired by drop-weight testing on a bio-inspired structure. It is numerically predicted that reinforcing the structure with the veins gives the more impact load-bearing capacity and the longitudinal corrugation can increase the stiffness and damage resistance of the structure. Effects of the change in impact location, the configuration of the veins and the corrugated angle on damage resistance of the structures are fully discussed.