Government subsidies, dual-credit policy, and enterprise performance: Empirical evidence from Chinese listed new energy vehicle companies

The development of the new energy vehicle industry has become a key force driving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutralization.To better guide future strategies,this study investigates the dual impact of subsidy and dual-integral policies on the performance of new energy vehicle enterprises.This study first theorizes the influential mechanism according to the institutional-based approach and technical innovation theory,and then collects data from listed companies in the new energy vehicle industry from 2016 to 2020.The hypotheses are examined using a two-way fixed-effects model.The findings show that:(1)subsidy policies are can still improve enterprise performance,but not through green technology innovation;(2)the dual-credit policy can improve enterprise performance through green technology innovation;and(3)under current policy conditions,with subsidies declining annually,the interaction effects between the subsidy and dual-integral policies will also decrease.Thus,this study suggests that non-monetary industrial policy,represented by the dual credit policy is a more effective alternative to government subsidies.

Scheme of Constructing CGE Model of China's Direct Grain Subsidy Policy

This paper introduces the model of China's direct grain subsidy policy, adopts computable general equilibrium (CGE) theory, and advances the scheme of constructing the model of China's direct grain subsidy policy. On the basis of some assumptions, such as conforming to the complete competition of market, inexistence of move of capital and labor forces among countries, unchanged exchange rate and incomplete substitution, and the main body of behavior comprising representative households, producers, local government and central government, the model established in this paper includes production module and demand module. Moreover, the model takes into account equilibrium structure, the definition of profiting and macro condition for closure, the related coefficients this CGE model needs include Armingtion substitution elasticity of intermediate composite product, investment composite product and consumption composite product between import and domestic production; substitution elasticity among production factors; conversion elasticity of total sales between domestic absorption and export; elasticity of residents' expenditure; elasticity of price; elasticity of export demand; the relative share of all sectors in capital stock. This paper also points out the advantages and limitations of CGE model in analyzing direct grain subsidy policy.

上海市耐多药结核病患者经济负担研究

目的基于上海市近年结核病诊疗费用减免政策,探索耐多药结核病(multidrug resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB)患者疾病经济负担及其影响因素,为优化MDR-TB诊疗费用减免政策和综合管理模式提供依据。方法收集上海市2017—2019年确诊MDR-TB患者情况和诊疗费用减免情况数据,开展针对疾病经济负担的问卷调查,建立涵盖患者人口和社会经济情况、临床特征、疾病经济负担和诊疗费用减免情况数据库,明确患者疾病经济负担和灾难性卫生支出(catastrophic health expenditure)发生情况。以多元线性回归法分析可能影响患者疾病经济负担的因素,以多因素logistic回归法分析不同比例下灾难性卫生支出发生的影响因素。结果196例纳入研究分析的MDR-TB患者平均年龄为(44±16)岁,男性139例(占70.9%),上海户籍占46.4%,49%的患者为家庭主要劳动力。治疗期间,患者自付诊疗费用中位数为4.0(四分位数区间2.0~6.5)万元。113例患者获得减免诊疗,减免费用中位数为2.6(四分位数区间1.3~4.9)万元。若自付费用占家庭年收入的40%及以上,有47.8%的患者会发生灾难性支出;若不考虑减免政策,有59.8%的患者发生灾难性卫生支出。上海户籍(OR=0.3,95%CI为0.1~1.0)、更低家庭收入水平(P_(trend)=0.002)、医疗保险类型[(农村合作医疗保险/外来人口综合保险(OR=13.3,95%CI为1.0~171.2),无医疗保险(OR=17.5,95%CI为2.7~113.0)]和既往结核病治疗史(OR=3.3,95%CI为1.1~10.0)可能影响灾难性卫生支出的发生。结论上海市MDR-TB患者的自付诊疗费用较高。医疗保障力度较小和家庭经济情况不佳的患者更易发生高额自付费用,导致灾难性卫生支出。上海市MDR-TB诊疗费用减免政策有效降低了患者的经济负担。

静安区肺结核患者治疗费用减免情况

目的了解上海市新版肺结核病政府减免治疗费用工作方案实施情况,为完善肺结核患者治疗费用减免政策提供依据。方法比较2018年1—12月、2019年6月—2020年5月,静安区完成疗程的肺结核患者中未签约减免情况及原因、已减免患者特征分析、总体减免情况及检查项目、抗结核药物的减免情况。结果实施新减免政策后,静安区20.5%(36/176)的登记肺结核患者未享受治疗费用减免,与2018年相比,减免患者比例降低了16.9%。未减免流动患者30例,其中因无居住证不能享受减免者25例;与2018年减免患者特征相比,除费用来源为医疗保险的患者比例有所提高外,其他特征基本一致;2019年6月—2020年5月患者减免金额的中位数为1754.5元,较2018年患者减免金额2063.0元降低了308.5元。检查项目的可减免内容增加了胸部计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)、肾功能及血尿常规,减免金额的中位数为1098.0元,较2018年患者检查项目减免金额的778.0元提高了320.0元。一线药物减免基本无变化,二线药物减免金额略有降低。保肝药物及区级扩大项目的减免取消。结论上海市新版肺结核病政府减免治疗费用工作方案的实施,在一定程度上缓解了上海市常住肺结核患者的医疗经济负担,但其总减免费用降低,且无法覆盖无居住证的患者。建议加强区级政府财政经费投入,恢复对肝损患者的保肝药物减免,同时对无居住证的肺结核患者给予一线抗结核药物费用的减免。

Development Stage and Evolution Cause of European Union Agriculture and Suggestions for Chinese Agricultural Development

Agriculture is a basic industry related to national economy and people’s livelihood,and is also the cornerstone of national economic development. European Union(EU) is the second largest exporter of agricultural products in the world,and its agricultural production change has international influence. In this paper,starting from two angles of EU agricultural development scale and target,development stage of its agricultural production is explored,and development and evolution causes of EU agriculture are analyzed: efficiency and benefit targets cause change of EU agricultural management model; change of agricultural product supply-demand pattern leads the evolution of EU agricultural development idea; the reflection of agricultural development target impels the transformation of EU agricultural development. On this basis,the below conclusions are obtained: agricultural development could evolve according to the changes of economic and social conditions; it is a necessary requirement of promoting internal market stability and international market harmony to actively use agricultural support policies adapting to agricultural development at each stage; it is an important measurement of impelling agricultural modernization process to promote innovation of agricultural management model and development of market integration; it is an inevitable road of realizing sustainable development of agriculture to develop ecological agriculture and emphasize equal development of agriculture and countryside. On this basis,it could provide the reference for agricultural development of China based on EU agricultural development experience.

NEW PRODUCT DESIGN STRATEGIES WITH SUBSIDY POLICIES

Industrial development can enrich people＇s lives, but it also causes environmental pollution, which is an area of significant concern among governments, consumers, and companies. Governments formulate some environmental policies, which motivate industry by providing greater incentives for green product development. Consumers are classified into two groups - ordinary and green market segments - according to their environmental awareness and attitudes. In this regard, companies need to reconsider their primary product design strategies. By investigating the interactions among customers＇ preferences, firms＇ product strategies, and government subsidy policies, this paper presents a theoretical model for new product design strategies. After detailed theoretical analysis of such strategies, we found that to motivate firms to choose environmentally friendly product design strategies, governments should inaugurate effective subsidy policies. After simultaneously considering environmental issues and firms＇ benefits, we designed a subsidy policy. With such a policy, firms can change their primary product design strategies and develop both green and ordinary products, thereby increasing the firms＇ profits and improving the total environmental quality.

How could Finland promote renewable-energy technology innovation and implementation?

Several major market failures are hindering renewable energy production.Probably the most significant one of these are negative externalities.Another issue hindering renewable energy production is low technological and commercial maturity.These technologies might not become commercially viable in the near future without state intervention.This study aims to analyse Finnish energy policy based on current legislation related to renewable energy production and budget policy related to renewable-energy subsidies.This study shows that the polluter-pays principle is implemented quite well in Finland due to the emissions trading scheme and taxation.Still,this principle is not entirely implemented in electricity production as electricity tax is not based on the carbon intensity of the fuel used,but rather on who uses the electricity.National subsidy policies focus on a short-term increase in renewable energy production as most subsidies are production subsidies granted through a bidding process,making these subsidy policies partly technology-neutral.These policies do not take into account long-term needs for energy policy as much as they could.