Simulation Research on Coal-Water Slurry Gasification of Oil-Based Drill Cuttings Based on Fluent

In this paper,based on Fluent software,a five-nozzle gasifier reactor was established to simulate the gasification process of oil-based drill cuttings coal-water slurry.The influence of concentration and oxygen/carbon atomic ratio on the gasification process of oil-based drill cuttings coal-water slurry was investigated.The results show that when the oxygen flow is constant,the outlet temperature of gasifier decreases,the content of effective gas increases,and the carbon conversion rate decreases with the increase of concentration;When the ratio of oxygen to carbon atoms is constant,the effective gas content rises and the temperature rises with the increase of the concentration,and the carbon conversion rate reaches the maximum value when the concentration of oil-based drill cuttings coal-water slurry is 65%;When the concentration is constant,the effective gas content decreases and the outlet temperature rises with the increase of the oxygen/carbon atom ratio,and the carbon conversion rate reaches 99.80%when the oxygen/carbon atom ratio is 1.03.It shows that this method can effectively decompose the organic matter in oilbased drill cuttings and realize the efficient and cooperative treatment of oil-based drill cuttings.

Gas-hydrate formation,agglomeration and inhibition in oil-based drilling fluids for deep-water drilling

One of the main challenges in deep-water drilling is gas-hydrate plugs,which make the drilling unsafe.Some oil-based drilling fluids（OBDF） that would be used for deep-water drilling in the South China Sea were tested to investigate the characteristics of gas-hydrate formation,agglomeration and inhibition by an experimental system under the temperature of 4 ？C and pressure of 20 MPa,which would be similar to the case of 2000 m water depth.The results validate the hydrate shell formation model and show that the water cut can greatly influence hydrate formation and agglomeration behaviors in the OBDF.The oleophobic effect enhanced by hydrate shell formation which weakens or destroys the interfacial films effect and the hydrophilic effect are the dominant agglomeration mechanism of hydrate particles.The formation of gas hydrates in OBDF is easier and quicker than in water-based drilling fluids in deep-water conditions of low temperature and high pressure because the former is a W/O dispersive emulsion which means much more gas-water interfaces and nucleation sites than the later.Higher ethylene glycol concentrations can inhibit the formation of gas hydrates and to some extent also act as an anti-agglomerant to inhibit hydrates agglomeration in the OBDF.

Synthesis of melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules containing oil-based fragrances via intermediate polyacrylate bridging layers

A general and versatile strategy to prepare melamine-formaldehyde(MF)microcapsules encapsulating oil-based fragrances by combining solvent evaporation and in situ polymerization was proposed in this work.The oil-based fragrance was pre-encapsulated by an inner polyacrylate membrane via solvent evaporation,followed by in situ polymerization of MF precondensates as an outer shell.The polyacrylate membrane is used as an intermediate bridging layer to stabilize the oil-based fragrance,and to provide driving forces for in situ polymerization of MF precondensates through electrostatic attractions between carboxyl groups and ammonium ions.It was demonstrated that MF microcapsules containing clove oil were prepared successfully.The amount and the composition of the intermediate polyacrylate bridging layer were critical.Smooth and sphere-shaped MF-clove oil microcapsules were prepared when the weight ratio of polyacrylate to clove oil was over 60 wt%and the concentration of acrylic acid(AA)increased to 10 wt%in polyacrylate.In addition,MF microcapsules containing sunflower oil and hexyl salicylate were prepared by using this method.The work suggests that this new approach can be potentially used to encapsulate various core materials,tuning the shell properties of microcapsules such as thickness,mechanical strength and release properties.

Rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and high pressure

The rheological properties of two kinds of oil-based drilling fluids with typically composition were studied at pressures up to 138 MPa and temperatures up to 204 ℃ using the RheoChan 7400 Rheometer.The experimental results show that the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point decrease with the increase of temperature,and increase with the increase of pressure.The effect of pressure on the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point is considerable at ambient temperature.However,this effect gradually reduces with the increase of temperature.The major factor influencing the rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids is temperature instead of pressure in the deep sections of oil wells.On the basis of numerous experiments,the model for predict the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and pressure was established using the method of regressive analysis.It is confirmed that the calculated data are in good agreement with the measured data,and the correlation coefficients are more than 0.98.The model is convenient for use and suitable for the application in drilling operations.

Squeeze-Strengthening Effect of Silicone Oil-based Magnetorheological Fluid

In order to study the squeeze-strengthening effect of silicone oil-based magnetorheological fluid （MRF）, theoretical basis of disc squeezing brake was presented and a squeezing braking characteristics test-bed for MRF was designed. Moreover, relevant experiments were carded out and the relationship between squeezing pressure and braking torque was proposed. Experiments results showed that the yield stress of MRF improved linearly with the increasing of external squeezing pressure and the braking torque increased three times when external squeezing pressure achieved 2 MPa.

Development of key additives for organoclay-free oil-based drilling mud and system performance evaluation

Traditional oil-based drilling muds(OBMs) have a relatively high solid content, which is detrimental to penetration rate increase and reservoir protection. Aimed at solving this problem, an organoclay-free OBM system was studied, the synthesis methods and functioning mechanism of key additives were introduced, and performance evaluation of the system was performed. The rheology modifier was prepared by reacting a dimer fatty acid with diethanolamine, the primary emulsifier was made by oxidation and addition reaction of fatty acids, the secondary emulsifier was made by amidation of a fatty acid, and finally the fluid loss additive of water-soluble acrylic resin was synthesized by introducing acrylic acid into styrene/butyl acrylate polymerization. The rheology modifier could enhance the attraction between droplets, particles in the emulsion via intermolecular hydrogen bonding and improve the shear stress by forming a three-dimensional network structure in the emulsion. Lab experimental results show that the organoclay-free OBM could tolerate temperatures up to 220 ?C and HTHP filtration is less than 5 m L. Compared with the traditional OBMs, the organoclay-free OBM has low plastic viscosity, high shear stress, high ratio of dynamic shear force to plastic viscosity and high permeability recovery, which are beneficial to penetration rate increase, hole cleaning and reservoir protection.

Comparison and application of different empirical correlations for estimating the hydrate safety margin of oil-based drilling fluids containing ethylene glycol

As the oil and gas industries continue to increase their activity in deep water, gas hydrate hazards will become more serious and challenging, both at present and in the future. Accurate predictions of the hydrate-free zone and the suitable addition of salts and/or alcohols in preparing drilling fluids are particularly important both in preventing hydrate problems and decreasing the cost of drilling operations. In this paper, we compared several empirical correlations commonly used to estimate the hydrate inhibition effect of aqueous organic and electrolyte solutions using experiments with ethylene glycol （EG） as a hydrate inhibitor. The results show that the Najibi et al. correlation （for single and mixed thermodynamic inhibitors） and the Ostergaard et al. empirical correlation （for single thermodynamic inhibitors） are suitable for estimating the hydrate safety margin of oil-based drilling fluids （OBDFs） in the presence of thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors. According to the two correlations, the OBDF, composed of 1.6 L vaporizing oil, 2% emulsifying agent, 1% organobentonite, 0.5% SP-1, 1% LP-1, 10% water and 40% EG, can be safely used at a water depth of up to 1900 m. However, for more accurate predictions for drilling fluids, the effects of the solid phase, especially bentonite, on hydrate inhibition need to be considered and included in the application of these two empirical correlations.

Calculation and application of partition coefficients of light hydrocarbons in oil-based mud system

To find out the relationship between the oil-based mud,the formation fluid and the extracted gas,we use a thermodynamic approach based on static headspace gas chromatography technique to calculate the partition coefficients of 47 kinds of light hydrocarbons compounds between nC5 and nC8 in two kinds of oil-based mud-air systems,and reconstruct the original formation fluid composition under thermodynamic equilibrium.The oil-based drilling mud has little effect on the formation fluid compositions in the range of nC5-nC8(less than 1%for low-toxicity oil-based mud and less than 10%for oil-based mud).For most light hydrocarbon compositions,the partition coefficients obtained by vapor phase calibration and the direct quantitative methods have errors of less than 10%,and the partition coefficients obtained by direct quantitative method are more accurate.The reconstructed compositions of the two kinds of crude oil have match degrees of 91%and 89%with their real compositions,proving the feasibility and accuracy of reconstructing the composition of original formation fluid by using partition coefficients of light hydrocarbon compositions between nC5 and nC8.

Development of a High Temperature and High Pressure Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Emulsion Stability Tester

When drilling deep wells and ultra-deep wells, the downhole high temperature and high pressure environment will affect the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids. Moreover, neither the demulsification voltage method nor the centrifugal method currently used to evaluate the stability of oil-based drilling fluids can reflect the emulsification stability of drilling fluids under high temperature and high pressure on site. Therefore, a high-temperature and high-pressure oil-based drilling fluid emulsion stability evaluation instrument is studied, which is mainly composed of a high-temperature autoclave body, a test electrode, a temperature control system, a pressure control system, and a test system. The stability test results of the instrument show that the instrument can achieve stable testing and the test data has high reliability. This instrument is used to analyze the factors affecting the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids. The experimental results show that under the same conditions, the higher the stirring speed, the better the emulsion stability of the drilling fluid;the longer the stirring time, the better the emulsion stability of the drilling fluid;the greater the oil-water ratio, the better the emulsion stability of the drilling fluid. And the test results of the emulsification stability of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and high pressure show that under the same pressure, as the temperature rises, the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids is significantly reduced;at the same temperature, the With the increase in pressure, the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids is in a downward trend, but the decline is not large. Relatively speaking, the influence of temperature on the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids is greater than that of pressure.

A Gel-Based Solidification Technology for Large Fracture Plugging

Fault fractures usually have large openings and considerable extension. Accordingly, cross-linked gel materials aregenerally considered more suitable plugging agents than water-based gels because the latter often undergo contaminationvia formation water, which prevents them from being effective over long times. Hence, in this study, aset of oil-based composite gels based on waste grease and epoxy resin has been developed. These materials havebeen observed to possess high compressive strength and resistance to the aforementioned contamination, therebyleading to notable increase in plugging success rate. The compressive strength, thickening time, and resistance toformation water pollution of these gels have been evaluated indoors. The results show that the compressivestrength of the gel can reach 11 MPa;additionally, the related gelation time can be controlled to be more than3 h, thereby providing a safe construction time;Invasion of formation water has a small effect on the gel strengthand does not shorten the thickening time. All considered performance indicators of the oil-based gel confirm itssuitability as a plugging agent for fault fractures.

Stable dispersibility of bentonite-type additive with gemini ionic liquid intercalation structure for oil-based drilling

In this study,the direct intercalation of gemini ionic liquids(ILs)with different alkyl chains into the bentonite(BT)interlayer as a high-performance lubricating additive for base oil 500SN was investigated.The purpose of modifying BT with an IL is to improve the dispersion stability and lubricity of BT in lubricating oil.The dispersibility and tribological properties of IL–BT as oil-based additives for 500SN depend on the increase in interlamellar space in BT and improve as the chain length is increased.More importantly,the IL–BT nanomaterial outperforms individual BT in improving wear resistance,owing to its sheet layers were deformed and sprawled in furrows along the metal surface,thereby resulting in low surface adhesion.Because of its excellent lubrication performance,IL-modified BT is a potential candidate for the main component of drilling fluid.It can be used as a lubricating additive in oil drilling and oil well construction to reduce equipment damage and ensure the normal operation of equipments.

Pyrolytic gas analysis and evaluation from thermal plasma pyrolysis of simulated oil-based drill cuttings

Oil-based drill cuttings(OBDCs)are hazardous wastes generated during shale gas exploration,and the rapid,efficient and safe disposal methods for OBDCs have attracted the attention of many researchers.Plasma pyrolysis technology is widely used in solid waste treatment due to its extremely high temperature and reaction activity.A laboratory-scale thermal plasma pyrolysis system was built to investigate the plasma pyrolysis mechanism of simulated OBDCs.The thermal decomposition characteristics of OBDCs were studied by thermogravimetric-derivative thermo gravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DTG-DSC)analysis in the range of 50–1300℃.The thermal decomposition process of OBDCs was divided into the following four stages:evaporation of water and light oil,evaporation and decomposition of heavy oil,carbonate decomposition,and phase change reaction from solid to liquid.The effects of the oil ratio,water content,and water/oil(W/O)ratio of OBDCs on the composition and gas selectivity of pyrolytic gas were investigated.The results show that thermal plasma can crack the mineral oil in the OBDCs into clean gases such as H_(2),CO and C_(2)H_(2),while water can promote the decomposition of the heavy oil molecules and enhance the H_(2)production.The energy consumption model calculation for the pyrolysis and melting of OBDCs shows that the highest energy utilization and the lowest molar energy consumption of H_(2)were achieved at a W/O ratio of 1:4.Based on the thermal plasma pyrolysis system used in this study,the commercial application prospects and economic benefits of the plasma pyrolysis of OBDCs were discussed.

以热反应制备羊肉香精为目的的羊脂控制氧化工艺研究

本文研究了以热反应制备羊肉香精为目的的羊脂控制氧化工艺条件。通过单因素试验和感官评价,初步筛选出参与热反应制备羊肉香精的羊脂氧化指标为过氧化值(P.V.)350～500meq氧/(kg羊脂)、茴香胺值(p-A.V.)≥200、酸值(A.V.)≤3.0mgKOH/(kg羊脂)。羊脂控制氧化较佳工艺条件为:温度130～135℃、压缩空气流量0.20～0.25m3/(h·kg羊脂)、时间3.0～3.5h。

不同来源猪脂挥发性成分比较研究

采用顶空-固相微萃取法提取猪板油和猪肥油的挥发性成分,用气相色谱-质谱进行分离鉴定。实验结果显示,两种猪脂中分别鉴定出46种和27种挥发性成分。猪板油中的主要挥发性成分是棕榈酸、油酸、己醛、壬醛、辛醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、2-戊基呋喃、(E)-2-庚烯醛等;而猪肥油中的主要挥发性成分是壬醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛、2-十五酮、辛醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、己醛、2,4-癸二烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、1-辛醇等。

不同淫羊藿羊脂油烘制品的HPLC指纹图谱建立、多元统计分析及烘制工艺优化

目的:建立不同淫羊藿羊脂油烘制品的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱,并筛选最优烘制工艺。方法:采用HPLC法。以淫羊藿苷为参照,绘制22批样品的HPLC指纹图谱,采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012版)》进行相似度评价,确定共有峰。采用SIMCA 14.1统计软件进行聚类分析(HCA)、主成分分析(PCA)、正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA),以变量投影重要性值大于1为标准,筛选影响淫羊藿羊脂油烘制品质量的差异标志物,并以其为指标经烘制动力学研究筛选烘制工艺。结果:22批样品共有18个共有峰,相似度为0.831~0.991;共指认朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、箭藿苷A、箭藿苷B、宝藿苷Ⅰ等7个共有峰。22批样品可聚为两类,S19~S22为Ⅰ类,S1~S18为Ⅱ类;其中Ⅱ类又可聚为Ⅱa(S15~S18)、Ⅱb(S10~S14)、Ⅱc(S1~S9)等3类;PCA结果与上述结果一致。OPLS-DA结果显示,淫羊藿苷、箭藿苷B、宝藿苷Ⅰ为影响淫羊藿羊脂油烘制质量的差异标志物。动力学研究结果显示,淫羊藿苷在180℃烘制25 min或190℃烘制20 min,宝藿苷Ⅰ在180℃烘制30 min或190℃烘制15 min,箭藿苷B在210℃烘制18 min时含量达到最高,根据上述结果最终确定最优烘制工艺为180℃烘制25~30min或190℃烘制15~20 min。结论:所建指纹图谱方法稳定、可靠,重复性好,多元统计分析可用于反映淫羊藿在不同烘制条件下化学成分的变化情况及初步筛选烘制工艺。

云南德钦藏族传统熔模铸造的考察

实地考察了云南德钦藏族的铜器铸造工艺,发现这是采用以羊油为熔模材料、用手捏制熔模造型的传统熔模铸造方法,认为这是一种独特的传统熔模铸造法,羊油为熔模材料未见报道,而用手捏制熔模造型在中国其他地区也十分罕见.所以,藏族的熔模铸造不仅有特殊的工艺价值,对研究中国传统熔模法的起源和发展也具有重要意义.

羊脂制取肥皂的工艺研究

对从羊脂中制取肥皂的工艺条件进行了研究,经过净化、皂化、盐析等工艺制取出具有广阔市场前景和经济效益的化工产品肥皂。

车中被背叛的女人:张爱玲《封锁》对莫泊桑《羊脂球》的多重反转

受法国作家莫泊桑小说《羊脂球》的启发而生出灵感,中国作家张爱玲的小说《封锁》形成了对于前者的多重反转书写。这是经由翻译传播产生的跨文化影响,对此进行文本对照解读的文学比较研究,揭示出意味深长的题旨:小说技术上的影响体现出作家对于社会现实和人间生活实况更广泛、更深刻的复杂态度。

Massworks^(TM)结合NIST11谱库在羊油香气成分准确定性分析中的应用

应用Massworks^(TM)质谱解析软件结合NIST11谱库,定性分析羊油的香气成分。在Massworks^(TM)质谱解析软件中,以全氟三丁胺质谱图为标准建立质谱校正函数,对热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用法(TD-GC/MS)采集的羊油香气原始扫描谱图进行质量轴和峰形校正,通过低分辨质谱获得各化合物的精确质量数,并利用同位素峰形校正技术(CLIPs Search)进行检索,获取未知目标化合物的分子式,同时与NIST11谱库的检索结果比对。结果表明,通过Massworks^(TM)与NIST11谱库结合实现了快速、准确定性分析羊油香气成分,最终确定42种香气成分。利用Masswork^(TM)软件的参数优化,解决了NIST11谱库中检索匹配度低、存在共流出化合物以及目标化合物无分子离子峰等问题,获取了化合物离子碎片信息并进行了解析。该定性方法可为未知天然产物香气成分的分析提供方法参考。

铲板和后支撑的油缸支撑力研究与设计

通过对掘进机整机进行受力分析计算,利用理论力学原理,从理论上得出铲板油缸和后支撑油缸安装铰点位置,并得出铲板油缸和后支撑油缸抬起掘进机整机时所需最大抬升力的计算方法。