Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages in China:By volume or sugar content? A consumer welfare approach

Using scanner data on the consumption of packaged liquid beverages by Chinese urban households,we estimated the price elasticity of various beverages and compared the effects of volume-based versus sugar-content-based taxation strategies on consumer welfare.Compared to the volume-based tax,the sugar-content-based beverage tax was predicted to cost less in compensating variation under the same amount of sugar reduced,indicating that taxation based on sugar content may be more efficient in preserving consumer welfare.Further comparison across different socioeconomic groups reveals that,given current beverage consumption status in China,the efficiency advantage of the sugar-content-based taxation strategy is more pronounced than that of the volume-based taxation.Our conclusions can provide insights for the food industry and the government to reduce the sugar content in beverages.

Policy Orientation of China Consumption Tax Reform in Ecological Civilization

The consumption tax reform is not only an important point of the construction of ecological civilization,but also a livelihood project related to the vital interests of consumers in China,which has aroused a heated discussion.Current popular ideas and plans of the consumption tax reform are directly moved by the developed countries.Therefore,it is bound to lack the support of the people.It is not adverse to the construction of ecological civilization and not conductive to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream.In the era of ecological civilization,the reform of the consumption tax needs to adopt the system thinking,taking into account multiple aspects of China’s tax system construction,tax fairness and environmental protection.Only by adjusting the taxation scope,refining the rate and perfecting tax link,etc.from overall thinking can the reform be successful.

The Sugar Tax Implementation

In Italy,Law No.160 of 27 December 2019,also known as the Budget Law 2020(paragraphs 661-676)introduced the Sugar tax.Subsequently,Law No.178 of 30 December 2020(Budget Law 2021)brought some changes such as the effective date of the Sugar tax and administrative penalties.This tax should have become effective on 1 January 2021 but was deferred until 1 January 2023.In addition to the regulatory dimension,this contribution aims first to introduce the growing trend of sugar consumption and then to analyse the issue of the sugar tax,first in Italy and later in Europe.Finally,an attempt will also be made to highlight the effects of this application.

Research on The System of Chinese Cosmetic Consumption Tax

With the continuous improvement of people＇s income level,cosmetic industry developes rapidly in China.The author carried out a research on the current consumption tax policy of cosmetics,taking the increasingly serious consumption spillover phenomenon as the breakthrough point and found that there are some problems in the tax rate and the way of collection. The author also expounded the necessity of the reform of the consumption tax from several aspects.First, consumption spillover causes crime and fake products damage consumers＇ interests.Second, the loss of financial revenue and the general trend of economic globalization require the reform of tax policy.

A Brief Discussion on Consumption Tax Planning

Consumption tax is calibrated within the price.The amount of consumption tax will directly affect the profits of enterprises.On a law-abiding premise,it is crucial to plan the consumption tax,reduce the burden of consumption tax,and increase the profits of enterprises.This article proposes several consumption tax planning strategies and methods to provide reference for taxpayers from three aspects:the scope of tax collection,the basis of tax calculation,and the tax rate.

Research on the Export Trade of Hubei Province from the Perspective of a Carbon Tax

With the global concern about the safety of the environment and the increasing demands for carbon reduction, European countries have proposed to levy a carbon tax to reduce global carbon emissions. In the process of global trade, depending on advanced technology on carbon emissions, European and American countries raise the production cost of their competitors through a carbon tax to gain competitive advantage. The West＇s carbon tax will inevitably have serious implications for the export trade of China as a trading nation. As the central region, Hubei Province＇s export trade will also be affected. This paper first reviewed the background of carbon tariffs on the international market, then analyzed the impact of a carbon tax on exports of Hubei Province, and proposed relevant policies and countermeasures against trade barriers on a carbon tax at last.

Brief analysis on value-added tax transformation and its influence on enterprises

From Jan. 1st, 2009, the value-added tax transformation will be performed in all industries around the country. Based on value-added tax types and retrospection of reform practices, this article analyzes the background of the national value-added tax transformation and points out the influence of full implementation of the value-added tax transformation on various enterprises.

Estimating the Effect of Carbon Tax on CO₂Emissions of Coal in China

Using the co-integration model and the VAR model, this article estimates the effect of carbon taxes on CO2 emissions of coal in 2020. The estimation for the long-run price elasticity of coal in China is –0.34, which shows more elasticity than those of previous studies. The main reason lies in the fact that none of the previous studies considered the structural breaks of Chinese energy consumption in 2006. The levy of 100RMB, 150RMB and 200RMB on per ton of standard coal from 2012 in China will decrease the consumption of coal by 4.88%, 7.31% and 9.75% respectively in 2020, which will further lead to the decrease of CO2 emissions in 2020 by 8.69%, 13.02% and 17.36% respectively. This observation implies that the use of carbon tax scheme is one of the most practical policies that can mitigate the challenge of climate change. However, the implementation measures should be deliberately designed in such a way that making heavy impact on economic development of China is avoided.

European Tax Models

The research paper European Tax Models is a comparative member states, taking into account the main features in light analysis of the taxation systems in the European Union of the contribution of indirect and direct taxes and social contributions to the achievement of public revenues. Theme presents a topic of great interest, both theoretically and practically, given that how to place taxes has direct repercussions on the economic development of a country, and undoubtedly influence the rules of an economy, particularly in terms of investment, labor market, and social welfare. It was considered necessary in the first part of the paper to address the conceptual elements and present the most important features of tax systems and the principles that underlie them. It was studied from a theoretical perspective and it found the European tax models as follow： Nordic, continental, Anglo-Saxon, Mediterranean, and catching-up. Then, it analyzed each fiscal European model on each member country, starting from its economic indicators, based on Eurostat data. The objective of the research paper was to present a complete picture of the structure and trends of tax level of the member states of the European Union, sorted by European tax models and the impact of taxation on economic growth and social welfare. The research has concluded that, as long as the rules of the European Union, member states are free to choose their own tax system along with their fiscal policy for economic development and having in a view of their geographical, historical, and political situation.

The Spatial Effect of Green Tax Policy on Energy Efficiency: Evidence from China

Based on the 30 provinces(cities,autonomous regions)panel data of China from 2007 to 2016,this paper establishes a Spatial Durbin Model to explore the spatial effects of green tax policies in broad and narrow sense on energy efficiency.The results show that:(1)China's provincial energy efficiency has significant spatial correlation.(2)the relationship between the intensity of narrow sense green tax policy and the energy efficiency of the surrounding areas is an inverted U-shaped curve.(3)the relationship between the generalized green tax policy intensity and the energy efficiency of the surrounding areas is a U-shaped curve.

Three Major Functions of China's Consumption Tax: Effect Evaluation and Policy Adjustment

In most developed countries the function of consu mption tax is mainly reflected in the organization of tax revenue, the regulation of consumption structure, and more distinctly in the correction of externalities through raising the prices of taxable consumer goods. This empirical analysis shows that in recent years, although China has made some adjustments to the items and rates of consumption tax, the overall effect of the consumption tax is still limited. Therefore, further adjustment and reform of the consumption tax policy must be carried out to achieve four objectives. The first is to strengthen the three functions of consumption tax and expand the proportion of consumption tax in GDP. The second is to give full play to the externality correction function of the consumption tax by expanding,integrating and adding more items to the consumption tax. The third is to give reasonable play to the income regulation function of consumption tax with clear a target and full regulation. The fourth is to make a reasonable division between central and local taxes, so as to match optimized institutional reforms.

Is a Luxury Goods Consumption Tax Useful?

U.S. management consultancy firm Bain& Company has released a report showing in 2009 China’s luxury goods market swelled by nearly 12 percent, reaching $9.6 billion and accounting

基于黄河流域生态保护视角的绿色税制优化研究

为推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展,基于绿色税制对生态环境保护和绿色发展的作用机制,从黄河流域生态保护视角重点分析了绿色税制主体税种、税收优惠和征收管理现状及面临的挑战。结果表明:当前绿色税制面临主体税种生态调控作用有限、税收优惠政策激励不足与征收管理效率不高等挑战,必须围绕生态保护和绿色发展目标,同时紧密结合黄河流域生态保护核心内容的要求优化绿色税制;应该注重完善主体税种的征收范围、税率水平与税收优惠政策,注重税种间相互配合,注重绿色税制建设与黄河保护法和生态保护相关政策的衔接,并发挥法律合力;建立黄河流域跨部门跨区域的征收管理执法合作机制,并推进税收征收管理现代化。

中国汽车消费税制改革:问题与思路

面对产业变革的迅猛发展,因循传统汽车工业经济调节旧制的汽车消费税亟待改革。汽车消费税的理论基础始于“寓调于征”,其税制要素的设计需反映复杂工业品的应税机理,进而追求“双重红利”的实现;汽车消费税的调节机制终于税负归宿,藉由动静结合的调节模式实现矫正正义,需遵循新能源技术中性与传统能源消费非中性的应变准则。针对导向单一、标准滞后、效果不彰、协同不足等一系列产业调节困境,中国汽车消费税制的调整可参酌域外代表性国家的经验,谋划改革的整体方略与阶段布局。改革应立足国情,尊重产业规律,坚持全局视野,强化法治保障;具体调整应渐进推行,包括但不限于短期因应策略、中期调整方案以及长期改革路径。考虑到无人驾驶等汽车产业智能化发展趋势带来的新兴调节需求,汽车消费税制改革或将长期处于“进行时”。

现行消费税、绿色投资对碳排放的影响研究

为实现“双碳”目标,基于2008—2021年中国省级面板数据,构建双向固定效应模型、调节效应模型和门槛效应模型,实证探究碳排放受现行消费税和绿色投资的影响。研究结果表明,目前中国消费税未能抑制碳排放增长;绿色投资对现行消费税和碳排放间关系具有负向调节作用,特别是在华北、华东等强绿色投资区域,绿色投资调节效应较强;绿色投资存在门槛效应,当投资额超过门槛值,绿色投资的抑制作用逐渐减弱。

经济政策不确定性对企业ESG表现的影响——基于中国A股上市企业的实证研究

企业ESG表现日益受到关注,但经济政策不确定性的加剧是否会影响企业ESG表现?本文选取2010~2022年上市企业年报数据,实证检验经济政策不确定性对企业ESG表现的影响。结果表明:经济政策不确定性的增加促进了企业ESG表现;机制研究发现,经济政策不确定性能通过企业成本的渠道影响企业ESG表现,其中经济政策不确定性会降低企业中间消耗成本和税费成本,有助于企业ESG表现,也会增加企业资本成本和其他成本,进而抑制企业ESG表现;异质性分析结果表明,经济政策不确定性对非国有、大规模、盈利企业的ESG表现有显著促进作用;进一步研究发现,经济政策不确定性与企业ESG表现存在倒U型关系,经济政策不确定性在极值前后对企业各项成本的影响有显著差异。据此,本文提出促进企业ESG表现的相关政策建议。

现行税负条件下的价值链内循环

企业消费、生产、创新等行为的集合构成了价值链循环的全过程。在构建价值链循环系统的基础上,测度价值链各环节税收影响权重,并从价值链循环和企业成长周期角度剖析企业税负构成及转嫁规律。结果显示:企业税负由前转、后转水平决定,且对企业消费、生产、创新等具有显著反向影响,但不同地区、价值链位置和资本性质企业对税负的敏感度存在差异。因此,可以通过深化减税惠企政策,采取差异化税收策略,推出土地、招标、准入等配套政策,减轻企业税收负担,增加企业资金流动性,消除梗阻,畅通价值链循环,推动高质量发展。

煤制氢、天然气制氢及绿电制氢经济性分析

氢气是人类利用的最轻元素。作为能源载体,氢气被称为未来的清洁能源。目前,通过化石能源煤炭、天然气制取的氢气为灰氢,灰氢叠合CCUS技术后可得到蓝氢,绿氢由绿电(光电、风电)转化的电能直接电解水得来,最具代表的是绿电电解水制氢。文中主要分析煤制氢、天然气制氢及绿电制氢主流制氢技术的资源消耗量与经济性,随着碳税开征,绿氢成本会远低于蓝氢、灰氢,未来绿氢在氢能市场上最具商业竞争力,会获得越来越多的重视。