Chromoendoscopy of gastric adenoma using an acetic acid indigocarmine mixture

AIM: To investigate the usefulness of chromoendoscopy, using an acetic acid indigocarmine mixture (AIM), for gastric adenoma diagnosed by forceps biopsy.

Simultaneous determination of 12,13-dihydroxyeuparin and glycyrrhizic acid in Yanyanfang mixture by high performance liquid chromatography

A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was established for the simultaneous determination of 12, 13-dihydroxyeuparin and glycyrrhizic acid in Yanyanfang mixture. A Grace Apollo Cl8 column （250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm） was used as the stationary phase and the mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and aqueous phosphoric acid （0.2%, v/v）. Gradient elution was carried out at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the column temperature was 30 ℃. An ultraviolet （UV） detector was used with a selected wavelength of 240 nm. Calibration curves were linear within the concentration range of 4.6-45.75 μg/mL for 12, 13-dihydroxyeuparin （r〉0.9999） and 106.9-1068.9μg/mL for glycyrrhizic acid （r〉0.9999）, respectively. Recoveries were 102.18% for 12, 13-dihydroxyeuparin and 101.17% for glycyrrhizic acid. The method developed could be applied to the simultaneous determination of 12, 13- dihydroxyeuparin and glycyrrhizic acid in Yanyanfang mixture.

Thermal Energy Storage Characteristics of Myristic and Stearic Acids Eutectic Mixture for Low Temperature Heating Applications

Stearic acid (67.83℃) and myristic acid (52.32℃) have high melting temperatures that can limit their use as phase change material (PCM) in low temperature solar heating applications such as solar space and greenhouse heating in regard to climatic requirements. However, their melting temperatures can be adjusted to a suitable value by preparing a eutectic mixture of the myristic acid (MA) and the stearic acid (SA). In the present study, the thermal analysis based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique shows that the mixture of myristic acid (MA) and stearic acid (SA) in the respective composition (by mass) of 64% and 36% forms a eutectic mixture having melting temperature of 44.13℃ and the latent heat of fusion of 182.4J·g-1. The thermal energy storage characteristics of the MA-SA eutectic mixture filled in the annulus of two concentric pipes were also experimentally established. The heat recovery rate and heat charging/discharging fractions were determined with respect to the change in the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid. Based on the results obtained by DSC analysis and by the heat charg- ing/discharging processes of the PCM, it can be concluded that the MA-SA eutectic mixture is a potential material for low temperature thermal energy storage applications in terms of its thermo-physical and thermal characteristics.

Dietary supplemental coated essential oils and organic acids mixture improves growth performance and gut health along with reduces Salmonella load of broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis

Background Reducing Salmonella infection in broiler chickens by using effective and safe alternatives to antibiotics is vital to provide safer poultry meat and minimize the emergence of drug-resistant Salmonella and the spread of salmonellosis to humans.This study was to first evaluate the protective efficacy of feeding coated essential oils and organic acids mixture(EOA)on broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis(S.Enteritidis,SE),and then its action mechanism was further explored.Methods A total of 4801-day-old Arbor Acres male chickens were randomly assigned into five treatments with six replicates,including non-challenged control fed with basal diet(A),SE-challenged control(B),and SE-infected birds fed a basal diet with 300 mg/kg of EOA(BL),500 mg/kg of EOA(BM)and 800 mg/kg of EOA(BH),respectively.All birds on challenged groups were infected with Salmonella Enteritidis on d 13.Results Feeding EOA showed a reversed ability on negative effects caused by SE infection,as evidenced by decreasing the feed conversion rate(FCR)and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(VH/CD)(P<0.05),obviously decreasing intestinal and internal organs Salmonella load along with increasing cecal butyric acid-producing bacteria abundance(P<0.05).Moreover,supplemental different levels of EOA notably up-regulated claudin-1(CLDN-1),occludin(OCLN),zonula occludens-1(ZO-1),mucin-2(MUC-2),fatty acid binding protein-2(FABP-2),nuclear factor kappa-light-chainenhancer of activated B cells(NF-κB),myeloid differential protein-88(MyD88)and interleukin-6(IL-6)mRNA levels in the ileum of the infected chickens after challenge,whereas down-regulated toll-like receptor-4(TLR-4)mRNA levels(P<0.05).Linear discriminant analysis combined effect size measurements analysis(LEfSe)showed that the relative abundance of g_Butyricicoccus,g_Anaerotruncus and g_unclassified_f_Bacillaceae significantly was enriched in infected birds given EOA.Also,phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states(PICRUSt)analysis showed that alpha-linolenic acid metabolism,fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids were significantly enriched in the EOA group.Conclusion Our data suggest that the essential oils and organic acids mixture can be used as an effective strategy to ameliorate and alleviate Salmonella Enteritidis infection in broilers.

Induction of Apoptosis in the Immature Mouse Testes by a Mixture of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid

The toxicity of melamine has attracted much attention since the recent outbreaks of renal injury in pets and infants. Previous studies indicated that melamine by itself had low toxicity, whereas a mixture of melamine and cyanuric acid （M＋CA） could cause serious renal damage. At present, most researches on the toxicity of M＋CA are focused on the kidney. However, little is known about the adverse effects of this mixture on the reproductive system. In the present study, the toxicity of M＋CA to testes was investigated. Immature male mice were orally dosed with 0, 0.6, 3, and 15 mg kg-1 d-1 of a 1：1 M＋CA for 28 d. Pathological changes occurred in germ cells, such as loose arrangement, reduced numbers and karyopyknosis, indicating that this mixture was toxic to spermatogenesis. Compared with the control group, the TUNEL- positive germ cells increased significantly and the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax, total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity decreased significantly in the 3 and 15 mg kg-1 d- M＋CA treated group, while the activities of caspase-3, caspase- 8 and caspase-9 remained unchanged. The results suggest that M＋CA can induce apoptosis in the mice testes. The downregulation of Bcl-2/Bax and oxidative stress may play a pivotal role in the induction of apoptosis by M＋CA in mice testes.

Improved Cellulose by Ionic Liquid Mixture with Solid Acid Catalysis and Its Application in Polyethylene Glycol Liquefaction

Ionic liquid (IL), [BMIM]Cl-water was applied in cellulose pretreatment process and the pretreated cellulose was used in subsequent polyethylene glycol liquefaction process as a new application method. Cellulose recovery rate and molecular weight value of pretreated cellulose were investigated to understand the influence of IL-water mixtures by adding the different amount of catalysis on cellulose crystalline structure. Gel permeation chromatograph, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and thermo gravimetric/differential thermal analysis were used to clarify the changes of pretreated cellulose. The results showed that the pretreated cellulose was improved in crystalline structure, molecular weight distribution and thermal stability. The liquefied residues from untreated cellulose and pretreated cellulose were considered as a significant index to determine the effect of IL-water mixture on cellulose. It suggested that the lower molecular weight of cellulose was obtained, the crystalline structure was disrupted and less order was formed. The liquefied residues result suggested that the lower residues at the latter stages of the reaction from the pretreated cellulose were observed.

SEPARATION OF FORMIC ACID-WATER AZEOTROPIC MIXTURES BY MEMBRANE DISTILLATION

The azeotrope disappeared when the formic acid-water mixtures were treated by membrane distillation. Membrane distillation were used for separation of formic acid-water azeotropic mixtures for the first time.

Effect of antioxidant activity of caffeic acid with cyclodextrins using ground mixture method

In the current study, we prepared a ground mixture(GM) of caffeic acid(CA) with α-cyclodextrin(αCD) and with β-cyclodextrin(βCD), and then comparatively assessed the physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacities of these GMs. Phase solubility diagrams indicated that both CA/αCD and CA/βCD formed a complex at a molar ratio of 1/1. In addition, stability constants suggested that CA was more stable inside the cavity of αCD than inside the cavity of βCD. Results of powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD) indicated that the characteristic diffraction peaks of CA and CD disappeared and a halo pattern was produced by the GMs of CA/αCD and CA/βCD(molar ratios = 1/1). Dissolution testing revealed that both GMs had a higher rate of dissolution than CA alone did. Based on the1 H-1 H NOESY NMR spectra for the GM of CA/αCD, the vinylene group of the CA molecule appeared to be included from the wider to the narrower rim of the αCD ring. Based on spectra for the GM of CA/βCD, the aromatic ring of the CA molecule appeared to be included from the wider to the narrower rim of the βCD ring. This suggests that the structures of the CA inclusion complexes differed between those involving αCD rings and those involving βCD rings. Results of a DPPH radical-scavenging activity test indicated that the GM of CA/αCD had a higher antioxidant capacity than that of the GM of CA/βCD. The differences in the antioxidant capacities of the GMs of CA/αCD and CA/βCD are presumably due to differences in stability constants and structures of the inclusion complexes.

SELECTIVE SEPARATION OF WATER-ETHANOL MIXTURES THROUGH COPOLYMERIC MEMBRANES: Ⅰ. ACRYLIC ACID AND ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER AND ITS IONIZED MEMBRANES

The copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylonitrile has been synthesized and pervaporation properties of the copolymeric membranes have been investigated. In order to elucidate the influence of membrane-permeate interaction on the pervaporation of water-ethanol mixtures and to prepare much improved membranes, the membranes have been treated with alkali metal, alkali earth metal and transition metal salt aqueous solutions. The treated membranes (ionized membranes) exhibited higher separation factors than the untreated membranes. The separation factors of various alkali metal cation membranes decreased in the following order : Li^+>Na^+>K^+, and the permeation rates showed an opposite tendency. The dependence of pervaporation behavior on the copolymer composition ,feed concentration and operating temperature have been studied with both ionized and non-ionized membranes. The apparent activation energies of water and ethanol permeation were calculated.

Simplex - Centroid Mixture Design Applied to theAqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Fatty Acid - BalancedOil from Mixed Seeds

A one-step method was developed to extract oil from a mixture of soybeans,peanuts,linseeds,and tea seeds using an aqueous enzymatic method.The proportion of the four seeds was targeted in accordance with a fatty acid ratio of 0.27(SFA,saturated fatty acid(s))∶1(MUFA,monounsaturated fatty acid(s))∶1(PUFA,polyunsaturated fatty acid(s)),and the oil extraction yield was maximized by applying the simplex-centroid mixture design method.Three models were developed for describing the relationship between the proportion of the individual seeds in the mixture,the fatty acid ratio in the extracted oil,and the oil extraction yield,respectively.The developed models were then analyzed using an ANOVA and were found to fit the data quite well,with R2 values of 0.98,0.93,and 0.93,respectively.The three models were validated experimentally.The results indicated that the ratio of fatty acids in the oil ranged between 0.98 and 1.12(MUFA∶PUFA)and between 0.26 and 0.28(SFA∶MUFA),which were quite close to the target values of 1 and 0.27,respectively.The oil extraction yield of 62.13%was slightly higher than the predicted value(60.32%).

CFD studies of scraper built in SPA clarifying tank based on mixture solid-liquid two-phase flow model

In the industrial process of producing the strong phosphoric acid(SPA),clarification of the solution is essential to the ultimate product.However,the large viscosity of sediment and the induced interface interaction result in difficulties when the SPA is clarified.CFD numerical methodology was applied to simulate internal flow field and performance of the low speed scraper based on Mixture solidliquid two-phase flow model.Sediment deposition was generated by loading solid particles at the bottom of clarifying vessel.The moving mesh and RNG k-εmodel were used to simulate the rotational turbulent flow in clarifying tank.Variables studied,amongst others,were the scraper rotation speed and the mounting height,which could affect the solid suspension height.Features of flow field and solid volume fraction distribution in computational domain were presented and analyzed.The numerical reports of the scraper torque and velocities of inlet and outlet filed were obtained.It seems the torque value of rotatio-nal axis and particle suspending height augment with an increasing rotating speed.Meanwhile,a high revolving speed is good for the deposition discharge.The particle fraction distribution in meridional surface and horizontal surface at fixed rotation speed were analyzed to determine the corresponding optimal installation height.The simulating results reflect the flow field is marginally stirred by the scraper and proper working parameters are obtained,in which case the comprehensive properties of the scraper and the clarifying tank are superior.

Effect of Miraculin on Sweet and Sour Tastes Evoked by Mixed Acid Solutions

Miraculin is a glycoprotein, and it changes the perceived quality and intensity of tastes (especially, sourness and sweetness). The oral application of miraculin in a high concentration elicits a strong sweetness for sour tastants. However, the mixing of different tastants increases or decreases the intensity of the taste elicited in comparison with the intensities elicited by the individual sour tastants. The synergy between different (e.g., sweetness and sourness) or similar taste qualities can be responsible for the changes in the perceived taste intensities. Despite the characteristics of miraculin and the sour tastant mixtures, the effects of miraculin on mixed acid solutions are still unknown. The goals of this study were to assess the following: 1) the intensities of the sourness and sweetness of mixed acid solutions before and after the oral application of miraculin and 2) the intensity of the sweetness of the mixed acid solutions after the oral application of miraculin. For twenty healthy young adults, sensory evaluation experiments examined the perceived intensities of taste (sweetness, sourness, and astringency) and the overall odor of six organic acid solutions (2.3 × 10–2 M of citric acid and three-binary and two-trinary mixtures including citric acid that ranged from 2.24 to 2.48 in average pH). The application of miraculin elicited sufficient sweetness, but it did not show statistically significant differences in the intensities of sweetness among the six acid solutions. Except for the sweetness, all of the four sensory items exhibited significant changes among the six solutions both before and after the application of miraculin, while the average scores for these items did not correlate with the average solution pH values. These results suggest that the binary and trinary mixed acid solutions affect the sourness both before and after the oral application of miraculan;however, there was no effect on the sweetness.

Concentration of mixed acid by electrodialysis for the intensification of absorption process in acrylic acid production

The absorption process in acrylic acid production was water-intensive.The concentration of acrylic acid before distillation process was low,which induced to large amount of wastewater and enormous energy consumption.In this work,a new method was proposed to concentrate the side stream of absorption column and thus increase the concentration in bottom product by electrodialysis.The influence of operating conditions on concentration rate and specific energy consumption were investigated by a laboratory-scale device.When the voltage drop was 1 V·cP^(-1)(1 cP=10^(-3) Pa·s),flow velocity was 3 cm·s^(-1) and the temperature was 35℃,the concentration rates of acrylic acid and acetic acid could be 203.3%and 156.6%in the continual-ED process.Based on the experimental data,the absorption process combined with ED was simulated,in which the diluted solution from ED process was used as spray water and the concentrated solution was feed back to the absorption column.The results shown that the flow rate of spray water was decreased by 37.1%,and the acrylic acid concentration at the bottom of the tower was increased by 4.56%.The ions exchange membranes before and after use 1200 h were tested by membrane surface morphology(scanning electron microscope),membrane chemical groups(infrared spectra),ion exchange capacity,and membrane area resistance,which indicated the membrane were stable in the acid system.This method provides new method for energy conservation and emission reduction in the traditional chemical industry.

Theophyllineecitric acid co-crystals easily induced by DSCeFTIR microspectroscopy or different storage conditions

A simultaneous differential scanning calorimetryeFourier transform infrared(DSCeFTIR)microspectroscopy was used to quickly investigate the co-crystal formulation between anhydrous theophylline(TP)and anhydrous citric acid(CA)in a one-step procedure.The raw materials of TP andCA,aswell as the intactTPeCA co-crystal prepared by slow solvent evaporation were also respectively examined by this approach.The result indicates that the TPeCA cocrystal formulation was easily induced using this DSCeFTIR technique.The thermaldependent changes in three-dimensional FTIR spectral contour profiles were started from 165
C to induce the co-crystal formation of TPeCA,which was prior to the endothermic peak at 173
C found in the conventional DSC curve.Beyond 165
C,several new IR absorption peaks at 3515,3124,1730,1710,1677,1648,1552 and 1265 cm1 corresponding to unique IR spectral peaks of intact TPeCA co-crystal were observed.The DSCeFTIR microspectroscopic results also evidenced the dimeremonomer transition of CA,but there were no markedly changes for TP or intact TPeCA co-crystal before its fusion.This strongly implies that the DSCeFTIR technique giving spectroscopic and thermodynamic information could simultaneously induce and identify the TPeCA co-crystal formation and phase transition of samples.Different storage conditions affecting the stability of both physical mixture and ground mixture of TPeCA were also determined.The physicalmixture of TPeCA after storing at 55
C/75%RH condition for one day was fast transformed to TPeCA co-crystal,indicating that TPeCA co-crystal was easily induced under accelerated storage condition.While the co-crystal formed from TPeCA ground mixture was stable in both 25
C/75%RH and 55
C/75%RH conditions.

Palmitic Acid-Lauric Acid/Expanded Graphite as Form-Stable Composite Phase Change Material for Low-Temperature Energy Storage Applications

Low thermal conductivity of binary fatty acid mixture of palmitic and lauric acids(PA-LA)within the value range of 0.15-0.17 W/(m·K)restricts its wide utilization as thermal energy storage material in the active regime of solar heating applications at low operating temperatures.Nevertheless,this mixture as phase change material(PCM)has a suitable phase-change temperature and heat of 36℃and 176.3 J/g,respectively.Hence,the objective of this study is to formulate a novel form-stable composite PCM with the PA-LA mixture and expanded graphite(EG)as a thermal enhancer.PA-LA eutectic mixture with varied concentrations of EG was prepared and characterized.The thermal conductivity of PA-LA/EG increased gradually with the mass of EG.Optimum thermal properties were observed in PA-LA/(5%EG)composite,where its melting(T_(m)),freezing temperature(T_(t)),latent melting heat and thermal conductivity was 35.53℃,34.84℃,174 J/g,and 1.19 W/(m·K),respectively.Also,the composite PCM is characterized by good chemical-thermal stability and thermal reliability for long-term usage.In conclusion,it can be utilized as a prospective form-stable PCM for thermal energy storage in solar heating systems,overheat treatment systems,and other thermal storage applications at low operating temperatures.

STUDIES ON THE DYNAMIC COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION OF ORGANIC VAPORS ON THE ACTIVATED CARBON FIBERS ACTIVATED WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID

The dynamic competitive adsorption behaviors of different binary organic vapor mixtures on ACF-Ps under different operation conditions were investigated by gas chromatography in this paper. The studied mixtures included benzene/toluene, toluene/xylene, benzene/isopropylbenzene, ethyl acetate/toluene and benzene/ethyl acetate. Experimental results show that various ACF-Ps, as with ACF-W, can remove both vapors in binary vapor mixtures with over 99% of removal efficiency before the breakthrough point of the more weakly adsorbed vapor. In dynamic competitive adsorption, the more weakly adsorbed vapor not only penetrates early, but also will be displaced and desorbed consequently by stronger adsorbate and therefore produces a rolling up in the breakthrough curve. The ACF-Ps prepared at different temperatures have somewhat different adsorption selectivity. The feed concentration ratio of vapors, the length/diameter ratio and the thick of bed have effect on competitive adsorption. The competitive adsorption ability of a vapor is mainly related to its boiling point. Usually, the higher the boiling point, the stronger the vapor adsorbed on ACF-P.

不同环境下酸性闪长岩沥青混合料长期水稳性能评价研究

通过浸水马歇尔试验、冻融劈裂试验以及车辙试验评价了采用酸碱复合集料、单掺水泥(2%水泥替代矿粉)、消石灰(30%消石灰水浸泡石料)以及抗剥落剂(0.3%抗剥落剂改性沥青)的酸性闪长岩沥青混合料的短期水稳性能,再通过反复冻融劈裂试验、反复冻融烘劈裂试验以及反复酸蚀冻融劈裂试验测试处置酸性闪长岩沥青混合料在不同环境下的长期水稳性能。结果表明:酸性闪长岩的物理力学性能均满足规范要求;处置后酸性闪长岩沥青混合料的短期水稳性能显著提升,满足规范使用要求;但经0.2%抗剥落剂处置的酸性闪长岩沥青混合料在高温下的长期水稳性能较差;经30%消石灰水处置的酸性闪长岩沥青混合料具有良好的长期水稳性能,可推荐应用于工程中。

复合多聚磷酸改性沥青混合料动态力学性能

为研究多聚磷酸(polyphosphoric acid,PPA)+SBS复合改性沥青混合料的动态力学性能,采用单轴压缩动态模量试验,分析温度和频率对动态模量和相位角的影响,并基于改进Havriliak-Negam(i HN)模型构建动态模量和相位角主曲线,同时与SBS改性沥青混合料相对比。结果表明:2种沥青混合料动态模量和相位角随温度和频率的变化呈现相同的趋势,HN模型可准确拟合2种沥青混合料的动态模量和相位角主曲线。相较于SBS改性沥青混合料,PPA+SBS复合改性沥青混合料的相位角在-10、20、50℃时均降低,而动态模量在-10℃时降低,20℃时变化较小,50℃时增加;较宽频域范围内,PPA+SBS复合改性沥青混合料在高温低频下动态模量变大,相位角变小,在低温高频下动态模量变小,相位角变化不大;PPA+SBS复合改性沥青混合料具有更优的动态力学性能。

痛风合剂3号方治疗慢性尿酸性肾病脾肾亏虚证的临床效果

目的:探讨慢性尿酸性肾病(CUAN)脾肾亏虚证患者采用痛风合剂3号方治疗的临床效果。方法:选取2017年1月—2022年12月泉州市中医院收治的60例CUAN脾肾亏虚证患者作为研究对象,根据随机数表法分为研究组和对照组,每组各30例。对照组给予常规西药治疗,研究组给予痛风合剂3号方治疗。比较两组临床疗效、中医症候积分、肾功能、炎症反应及不良反应情况。结果:研究组治疗总有效率较对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组中医症候积分均下降,研究组较对照组更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组尿素氮(BUN)、24 h尿蛋白定量(24 hUpro)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)均下降,肾小球滤过率(eGFR)升高,研究组BUN、24hUpro、NGAL较对照组更低,eGFR更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平下降,研究组较对照组更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:CUAN脾肾亏虚证患者采用痛风合剂3号方治疗,能够提高临床疗效,缓解中医症候,改善肾功能的同时降低炎症反应,且不会增加不良反应。

循环物料在烧结机的综合利用研究实践

钢铁行业中的烧结生产一方面是为高炉提供合格的含铁炉料,另一方面是利用烧结机处置炼铁、炼钢、轧钢等工序产生的副产品瓦斯灰、OG泥(炼钢除尘灰)、氧化铁皮等。本次实践主要是根据烧结机处置不锈钢酸泥生产过程中存在的问题,开展了烧结配矿研究、工艺设备改进、工艺参数优化等工作,最终达到了不锈钢酸泥等循环物料的经济利用和无害化处置目的。