Implementing and evaluating an automatic centroid moment tensor procedure for the Indonesia region and surrounding areas

The purpose of this research was to suggest an applicable procedure for computing the centroid moment tensor(CMT)automatically and in real time from earthquakes that occur in Indonesia and the surrounding areas.Gisola software was used to estimate the CMT solution by selecting the velocity model that best suited the local and regional geological conditions in Indonesia and the surrounding areas.The data used in this study were earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.4 to 8.0.High-quality,real-time broadband seismographic data were provided by the International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks Web Services(FDSNWS)and the European Integrated Data Archive(EIDA)Federation in Indonesia and the surrounding areas.Furthermore,the inversion process and filter adjustment were carried out on the seismographic data to obtain good CMT solutions.The CMT solutions from Gisola provided good-quality solutions,in which all earthquake data had A-level quality(high quality,with good variant reduction).The Gisola CMT solution was justified with the Global CMT(GCMT)solution by using the Kagan angle value,with an average of approximately 11.2°.This result suggested that the CMT solution generated from Gisola was trustworthy and reliable.The Gisola CMT solution was typically available within approximately 15 minutes after an earthquake occurred.Once it met the quality requirement,it was automatically published on the internet.The catalog of local and regional earthquake records obtained through this technology holds great promise for improving the current understanding of regional seismic activity and ongoing tectonic processes.The accurate and real-time CMT solution generated by implementing the Gisola algorithm consisted of moment tensors and moment magnitudes,which provided invaluable insights into earthquakes occurring in Indonesia and the surrounding areas.

New Indonesian Leader Expected To Maintain Friendly China Policy

Indonesian Minister of Defence Prabowo Subianto won Indonesia’s presidential election in February 2024.Prabowo hails from an elite family that has served in many high positions in Indonesia.Having served in important positions in the military for a long time,he is very well connected with military and political circles.

Seismology and Climatology: A Study of Seismological Impacts of Climate Change in Indonesia

Climate change has been a matter of discourse for the last several decades. Much research has been conducted regarding the causes and impacts of climate change around the world. The current research contributes to the knowledge of the influence of climate change on our environment, with emphasis on earthquake occurrences in the region of Indonesia. Using global temperature anomaly as a measure of climate change, and earthquake data in Indonesia for the period 1900-2022, the paper seeks to find a relationship (if any) between the two variables. Statistical methods used include normal distribution analysis, linear regression and correlation test. The results show peculiar patterns in the progression of earthquake occurrences as well as global temperature anomaly occurring in the same time periods. The findings also indicated that the magnitudes of earthquakes remained unaffected by global temperature anomalies over the years. Nonetheless, there appears to be a potential correlation between temperature anomalies and the frequency of earthquake occurrences. As per the results, an increase in temperature anomaly is associated with a higher frequency of earthquakes.

Agricultural intensity for sustainable regional development:A case study in peri-urban areas of Karawang Regency,Indonesia

Peri-urban areas are playing an increasingly crucial role in the agricultural development and intensification in Indonesia.Peri-urban agriculture is highly vulnerable to change compared with urban and rural agriculture,due to its location in transitional areas.Indicators of peri-urban agricultural intensity can help guide regional development.In this study,we assessed the sustainability of peri-urban areas based on agricultural intensity in Karawang Regency,Indonesia.We developed a village-based index to assess the region’s agricultural intensity by rescaling the village agriculture index(VAI)and combining the local sustainability index(LSI)with factor analysis.Since the unit of analysis is the village,we modified the LSI to the village sustainability index(VSI).In addition,we also developed a logical matrix analysis to determine the level of agricultural sustainability(LoAS)of each village.The combined results of the three indices(VAI,VSI,and LoAS)generated information about agricultural sustainability.The results indicated that peri-urban villages with high agricultural intensity tended to exhibit low levels of social welfare,economic development,and disaster risk.Moreover,high agricultural intensity did not necessarily ensure the prosperity of the people.Instead,there was the economic disparity among the villages in the study area.Encouraging diversity of agricultural intensity seems to be more critical than promoting agricultural intensity itself.Overall,this study highlights the distinctive characteristics and dynamic of peri-urban areas.New approaches,variables,and information regarding the combination of agricultural intensity and sustainability need to be developed as valuable tools for regional planning.

Optimization of causative factors using logistic regression and artificial neural network models for landslide susceptibility assessment in Ujung Loe Watershed, South Sulawesi Indonesia

Landslide susceptibility maps(LSMs) play a vital role in assisting land use planning and risk mitigation. This study aims to optimize causative factors using logistic regression(LR) and an artificial neural network(ANN) to produce a LSM. The LSM is produced with 11 causative factors and then optimized using forward-stepwise LR(FSLR), ANN, and their combination(FSLR-ANN) until eight causative factors were found for each method. The ANN method produced superior validation results compared with LR. The ROC values for the training data set ranges between 0.8 and 0.9. On the other hand, validation with the percentage of landslide fall into LSM class high and very high, ANN method was higher(92.59%) than LR(82.12%). FSLR-ANN with nine causative factors gave the best validation results with respect to area under curve(AUC) values, and validation with the percentage of landslide fall into LSM class high and very high. In conclusion, ANN was found to be better than LR when producing LSMs. The best Optimization was combination of FSLR-ANN with nine causative factors and AUC success rate 0.847, predictive rate 0.844 and validation with landslide fall into high and very high class with 91.30%. It is an encouraging preliminary model towards a systematic introduction of FSLR-ANN model for optimization causative factors in landslide susceptibility assessment in the mountainous area of Ujung Loe Watershed.

Ecosystem carbon stock of a tropical mangrove forest in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Recent studies have highlighted the valuable role played by mangrove forests in carbon sequestration and storage.Although Indonesia accounts for a large proportion of global mangrove area, knowledge on the carbon stock and sources in the Indonesian mangrove is still limited. In this study, we quantified the ecosystem organic carbon(OC) stock and its spatial variation at an oceanic mangrove in Wori, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The sources of soil OC were also investigated. The results showed that the mangrove soil had a substantial OC stock containing15.4 kg/m2(calculated by carbon) in the top 50 cm soil, and represented the majority of the ecosystem OC stock at the Wori mangrove. The mangrove biomass and ecosystem OC stock were 8.3 kg/m2and 23.7 kg/m2, respectively.There was no significantly difference in the soil OC stock among the stations with difference distances offshore,while the highest mangrove biomass OC stock was found at the seaward station. Isotope mixing calculations showed that the rich OC in mangrove soils was attributed to the accumulated autochthonous mangrove source while the suspended organic matter in tidal water and the mangrove-adjacent seagrass contributed less than 20%to the soil OC. The results further demonstrated the importances of the oceanic mangrove in carbon storage and the mangrove plants in contributing OC to their soils.

Diversity and abundance of mangrove fiddle crabs, genus Uca(Decapoda, Ocypodidae) at a mangrove in Kema,North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Mangrove ecosystems are sites with high biodiversity of benthic fauna, and fiddler crabs(genus Uca) are common benthic fauna in mangroves. The North Sulawesi in Indonesia has a good condition of mangrove while the information of the fiddler crabs is still limited. Manual samplings were conducted in wet, dry and transient seasons at a mangrove in Kema, North Sulawesi to investigate the species composition, density and distribution pattern of fiddler crabs. A total of 168 individuals, subjected to eight species of genus Uca crabs were collected at the mangrove, with U. triangularis having the highest abundance and U. annulipes having the lowest abundance.The densities of fiddle crabs were 27.56 ind./m2, 32.89 ind./m2and 14.22 ind./m2at the seaward, middle and landward zones, respectively, and the density was higher in dry and wet seasons than in transient season.

Livelihood vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate change: A comparative analysis based on irrigation access in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Bulukumba Regency is one of the major rice-producing areas in South Sulawesi,Indonesia and has experienced frequent climate disasters over the past decade.Several downstream villages within the Bettu River irrigation area have been affected by the drought,culminating in reduced lowland rice production and increasing the vulnerability of farmers’livelihoods.This study aims to evaluate the vulnerability of the livelihood system among rice farmers in the Bettu River irrigation area by classifying the area into two zones based on the distance from the main irrigation canal,namely the upstream area and downstream area.The livelihood vulnerability index(LVI)framework and livelihood vulnerability index-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(LVI-IPCC)approach were applied by selecting geographic and socio-demographic indicators that affected the farmer households,including 8 major components and 26 sup-components.The data for LVI-IPCC estimation were collected by randomly selecting 132 households from villages in the two areas.The empirical results showed that farmers in the downstream area were more vulnerable to climate change than farmers in the upstream area.The major components causing the livelihood vulnerability of the downstream farmers were livelihood strategy,food,water,land,and health,as well as natural disasters and climate variability.In particular,the sub-components of agricultural livelihood diversification,consistent water supply for farming,and drought events were important in the downstream area.Farmers in the upstream area were vulnerable to socio-demographic profile and social network components.The LVI-IPCC findings suggested that the government should prioritize farmers in the downstream area to develop resilience strategies,particularly by increasing irrigation infrastructure and the number of reservoirs and drilling holes.Furthermore,to increase their adaptive capacity in terms of diversification of agricultural livelihood systems,the government and donor agencies need to provide trainings on the development of home food industries for poor farmers and vulnerable households that were affected by disasters.

The potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to conserve Kalappia celebica,an endangered endemic legume on gold mine tailings in Sulawesi,Indonesia

Kalapi(Kalappia celebica)is an endemic legume of Sulawesi and has been included in the endangered category since the early 1980s.Conservation of the species is possible through ex situ culture techniques.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)can accelerate plant growth which in turn supports the conservation of endangered species.This study aimed to assess the efficacy of local AMF to accelerate the growth of kalapi and increase nutrient uptake in kalapi grown in gold mine tailing media.There were three AMF treatments,Glomus claroideum,Glomus coronatum,and a mixture of both,plus the control.Each treatment was replicated three times,each consisting of five plants.The results show that the highest AMF colony was obtained by kalapi seedlings inoculated with Glomus coronatum and the mixture of AMF.The range of mycorrhizae inoculation effect values was 59.7–71.3%.AMF inoculation increased growth and dry weight of 4-month-old seedlings compared to controls.Dry and total weights of kalapi inoculated with G.coronatum were significantly different from those inoculated with the AMF mixture.However,they are not significantly different from kalapi inoculated with G.claroideum.The results also show that AMF increased nitrogen and phosphorous uptake by the roots,as well as nitrogen,phosphorous,potassium,manganese and iron by the shoots.All AMF treatments decreased potassium uptake in the roots,except in kalapi inoculated with G.coronatum.The AMF mixture decreased iron contents the roots by 15%.AMF can be developed into biofertilizer to support the conservation of kalapi in tropical Indonesia.

Handedness found in a wild group of moor monkeys Macaca maurus in the Karaenta Nature Reserve, South Sulawesi,Indonesia

Hand preference of wild moor monkeys Macaca mounts was investigated in food reaching situations at the KaraentaNature Reserve, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The frequency picking up sweet-corn grains to take into the mouth by either hand ofmonkeys was counted directly at the feeding ground where sweet-corn grains were scattered for monkeys. Among the 20 monkeysexamined, 8 were right-handed, 8 were left-handed, and 4 were ambilateral. The results indicated the prevailed hand preferenceon individual level but not either trends of left- or right-hand preference on population level. The trend toward a higher proportionof left-handed monkeys found in Japanese and rhesus monkeys was not found. Some other characteristics found in moormonkeys are discussed in comparison with those previous findings in Japanese and Tibetan macaques in order to evaluate variationswithin the genus

Land use balance determination using satellite imagery and geographic information system:case study in South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia

This study was conducted to produce a GIS-based land use/land cover(LULC)balance map for a certain period as a reference for policymakers in planning their future regional development.This study also measures supervised classification accuracy based on remote sensing and geographic information system(GIS)integration with field conditions.In June 2005 satellite imagery 7 ETM+was used as asset maps to assess land-use changes(LUC).Although in March 2019,the liability maps used satellite imagery 8 OLI/TIRS.Methods analysis consists of pre-image processing,image interpretation,random point,field check,and accuracy assessment.The image processing results were overlaid with an Indonesian topographic map to draw a LULC balance map.The findings indicate that in June 2005 and March 2019,each LULC had an assessment accuracy value of 82%and 86%,with a predicted assessment accuracy value of 18.05%and20.50%,respectively.These findings are checked to determine the suitability performance of field-based imaging approaches based on the Cohen Kappa coefficient criteria of 0.45 and 0.48 for June 2005 and March 2019.Based on these results,the image processing precision and suitability were excellent since they are more than 80%and satisfy the Cohen Kappa performance criterion.Furthermore,geospatial data on the LULC balance map is essential as a guide for planners and decision-makers to plan their regional development.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among children under fifteen years of age:A population-based study in Indonesia

Objective:To assess the prevalence of Mycobacterium(M.)tuberculosis infection and its associated risks in children under fifteen years of age.Methods:Based on secondary data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey(RISKESDAS 2018),this cross-sectional study employed M.tuberculosis infection in children as a dependent variable and age level,sex,region,location,family case positive,and smoking as independent variables.Geospatial analysis was applied to show the prevalence of M.tuberculosis infection and multivariate regression was performed to analyze the risk factors of getting the infection among children under 15 years of age.Results:Prevalence ranges of M.tuberculosis infection among children aged 0-14 years,babies(age<12 months),toddlers(age 12-59 months),and children aged between 5 and 14 years were 0.03%to 0.57%,0%to 0.64%,0%to 0.78%,and 0.01%to 0.53%,respectively in Indonesia.A high prevalence of M.tuberculosis infection among children under 15 years of age was found in Papua and other provinces,such as Kalimantan and Java.Contacting with tuberculosis family members was positively associated with M.tuberculosis infection in children as shown by multivariate logistic regression(OR 8.94;95%CI 5.4-14.6,P<0.05).Conclusions:Contacting with family member who has tuberculosis is related with M.tuberculosis infection among children in Indonesia.Therefore,screening the household for contact with tuberculosis patients is a preventive treatment for children.

Revisiting HPV infection pattern among urban Indonesian women in general population and its implication on health burden:A cross-sectional analysis from Indonesian Noncommunicable Disease Research 2016

Objective:To identify circulating HPV types among urban Indonesian women and their specific co-infection patterns in bid to curb HPV infection in the general population and minimize its complications.Methods:Urban Indonesian women from general population were selected as sample framework.Sample size and distribution across regions were determined by the Indonesian Bureau of Statistics(Badan Pusat Statistik,BPS),which represented the national level.Up to 35408 cervical swab specimens were collected from August to September 2016 in 34 Indonesian provinces,categorized into six regions based on the development criteria set by the Ministry of National Development Planning(Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional,BAPPENAS).From all 1874 samples identified as HPV-positive,hybrid capture was implemented to evaluate type-specific HPV.This study analyzed descriptive data to determine the core-cluster of HPV combination.Co-occurrence HPV network was assessed using‘qgraph’package version 1.6.3 and computed in R version 3.6.3.Two-HPV association was analyzed in logistic regression using bias-reduction generalized linear model(brglm2)package version 0.5.1 adjusted by age and six main Indonesian regions.Results:The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that HPV type 52 had rare relationship despite its common co-occurrence,cementing its role in single HPV infection.HPV type 16 and 18 tended to form infection cluster and were strongly associated with other types.Conclusions:HPV type 52 was the most frequent HPV type among urban Indonesian women and accounted for most single infection cases.Concurrently,HPV 16 and HPV 18 accounted for most multiple infection cases and had strong tendency to attract other types,which may add further complications.However,due to lack of cytology and histological examination and information for other potential determinants,further in-depth studies are necessary to confirm whether these infection patterns truly connect to certain clinical outcomes.

Factors related to the functionality of community-based rural water supply and sanitation program in Indonesia

This study used multinomial logistic regression and Bayesian belief networks(BBN)to analyze factors influenc-ing the functionality of the community-based rural drinking water supply and sanitation program(PAMSIMAS)in Indonesia.28,936 PAMSIMAS projects in 33 provinces in Indonesia were analyzed.The data indicates that 85.4%of the water supply systems were fully functioning,9.1%were partially functioning,and 5.5%were not functioning.In the regression analysis,good management is positively associated with functionality and a high investment per capita is negatively associated with the functionality.The latter suggests the need for comprehen-sive economic analysis in the feasibility study in scattered housing sites and remote-undeveloped areas.We also found that high community participation at the beginning of the project was associated with the not functioning system,while women’s participation was positively associated with the functionality.Furthermore,the household connection is more likely to be functioning than communal connection.BBN analysis shows if the beneficiaries do not pay for water,the probability of not functioning systems is 20 times higher than systems with fee collec-tion.Moreover,the combination of strong management,strong financial status,and household connection rather than communal connection increases the probability of fully functioning to 98%.Improvement of data collection is also necessary to monitor the current conditions of all PAMSIMAS systems in Indonesia.This study offers a country-level perspective for better implementation of the community-based rural water supply and sanitation program in developing countries.

Knowledge flow analysis of knowledge co-production-based climate change adaptation for lowland rice farmers in Bulukumba Regency,Indonesia

To increase the resilience of farmers’livelihood systems,detailed knowledge of adaptation strategies for dealing with the impacts of climate change is required.Knowledge co-production approach is an adaptation strategy that is considered appropriate in the context of the increasing frequency of disasters caused by climate change.Previous research of knowledge co-production on climate change adaptation in Indonesia is insufficient,particularly at local level,so we examined the flow of climate change adaptation knowledge in the knowledge co-production process through climate field school(CFS)activities in this study.We interviewed 120 people living in Bulukumba Regency,South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia,involving 12 crowds including male and female farmers participated in CFS and not participated in CFS,local government officials,agriculture extension workers,agricultural traders,farmers’family members and neighbors,etc.In brief,the 12 groups of people mainly include two categories of people,i.e.,people involved in CFS activities and outside CFS.We applied descriptive method and Social network analysis(SNA)to determine how knowledge flow in the community network and which groups of actors are important for knowledge flow.The findings of this study reveal that participants in CFS activities convey the knowledge they acquired formally(i.e.,from TV,radio,government,etc.)and informally(i.e.,from market,friends,relatives,etc.)to other actors,especially to their families and neighbors.The results also show that the acquisition and sharing of knowledge facilitate the flow of climate change adaptation knowledge based on knowledge co-operation.In addition,the findings highlight the key role of actors in the knowledge transfer process,and key actors involved in disseminating information about climate change adaptation.To be specific,among all the actors,family member and neighbor of CFS actor are the most common actors in disseminating climate knowledge information and closest to other actors in the network;agricultural trader and family member of CFS actor collaborate most with other actors in the community network;and farmers participated in CFS,including those heads of farmer groups,agricultural extension workers,and local government officials are more willing to contact with other actors in the network.To facilitate the flow of knowledge on climate change adaptation,CFS activities should be conducted regularly and CFS models that fit the situation of farmers’vulnerability to climate change should be developed.

公共卫生事件下的印度尼西亚女性经济赋权研究

“女性经济赋权”指的是对女性在经济领域贡献的价值认可度。2019—2022年的公共卫生事件导致印度尼西亚经济陷入困境,贫困率上升,通过研究疫情时期印尼女性经济赋权的状况、原因及其救助措施,发现虽然疫情为印尼女性带来了一些新的就业机会,但她们在就业方面依然存在非常多的困难。印尼国内外组织对此也提供了相应援助,为印尼女性就业提供了更多的机会。然而文化、宗教和性别规范的影响,社会保障不足和法律的缺失,数字经济存在的性别鸿沟等因素均使印尼女性无法获得平等的经济权利。只有以上因素的综合改善,印尼女性才能在经济上实现真正的赋权和独立。

“一带一路”框架下中国与印尼经贸合作及未来提升潜力

以“21世纪海上丝绸之路”与“全球海洋支点”等高层引领的一系列战略对接为基础,中国与印尼在基础设施、关键矿产、电子商务等代表性领域形成了特征鲜明的合作模式。印尼是东盟第一大经济体,自2014年佐科总统上任后,印尼政府围绕振兴制造业、改善基础设施、发展海洋经济制定了一系列产业政策,推动印尼经济稳定增长,也为中国与印尼在新能源汽车、电子通信、基础设施建设等领域深化合作创造了空间。2024年印尼新一届政府上台后,相关政策有望保持延续性。未来,中国应进一步推动与印尼的多层次沟通与合作,拓展两国共同利益,为两国企业深化合作提供更多的支持。

苏拉威西海海面高度多频率季节内变化及其机制分析

本文利用1993-2022年卫星高度计观测数据,分析苏拉威西海海面高度多频率季节内变化信号的时空特征,利用罗斯贝标准模理论给出动力解释。谱分析显示,苏拉威西海海面高度变化存在很强的30~90 d的季节内信号,其平均功率谱密度为半年内信号平均功率谱密度的13倍。这些季节内信号具有离散、不连续的谱峰周期,其中54.0 d和64.4 d的峰值最大,分别为30~90 d信号平均谱值的28倍和23倍。罗斯贝标准模态理论分析显示,近封闭的苏拉威西深海盆存在离散的罗斯贝标准模态。卫星高度计观测的季节内变化与罗斯贝标准模态结果的二维空间结构演化、周期以及西传速度一致,罗斯贝标准模态解的叠加呈现出与海面高度变化相似的方差分布,这说明苏拉威西海海盆的固有振荡是其季节内变化特征形成的重要机制之一。

从共同现代化到共建命运共同体——佐科政府以来的中印尼关系

构建中印尼命运共同体是中国和印尼的战略目标,而共同现代化则是通向这一目标的重要路径。佐科执政以来,中印尼关系迈入了历史的黄金时期,中印尼关系日益密切,高层保持战略沟通,双方在经贸往来、基础设施、人文交流等领域取得了巨大进展,为实现中印尼共同现代化奠定了坚实基础。普拉博沃新政府上台后,中印尼关系将进一步深化,双方在共同现代化进程中良性互鉴、合作共赢,将逐步实现中印尼命运共同体的宏伟目标,为地区乃至世界和平发展贡献更多的正能量。

板桩防波堤设计参数试验验证与规范对比研究

板桩防波堤是一种对深厚软土地基有较高适应性的防波堤结构,目前国内外应用较少。以某海外板桩防波堤工程为例,采用不规则波对不同水深处的防波堤断面开展设计波浪要素断面试验,判断护底块石、沙垫层稳定性,测量模型越浪量和防波堤迎浪侧所受波浪力分布,验证防波堤结构的安全性和合理性。最后将试验结果与国内外规范公式计算结果进行对比研究。结果表明,试验得到的波浪力及越浪结果偏于安全,防波堤设计高程合适;不同波浪状态下规范公式计算结果与试验值之间的差异不尽相同,进行具体工程设计时,需将规范公式计算与物理模型试验结合,力求设计参数合理,保证防波堤自身结构及掩护港区的安全性。