Effects of Sulfur and Manganese Micronutrients on the Yield of Soybean Varieties

In this article, it is given about lengthening of praxis period, stem and leaf growth, leaf surface, number of stems and weight than the control variant soybean varieties, and the yield and grain quality of soybean varieties are significantly higher when the three types of sulfur and manganese on background of mineral fertilizers are applied in suspension in the condition of meadow-swamp soil. In the soybean varieties, mineral fertilizers were used in the variant with an additional yield of around 5 - 12 c/ha compared to the control. According to the norms of the manganese element, around 7 - 20 c/ha;when using sulfur, the yield in soybean varieties is around 8.0 - 18.0 c/ha. On the background of mineral fertilizers, grain quality has changed due to micronutrients. Protein content in the “Orzu” variety increased by 3.1% - 8.4% when manganese and sulfur elements were used;in the “Nafis” variety, the protein content was found to increase by 6.1% - 8.5%.

Chromatin-remodeling factor OsINO80 is involved in regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and is crucial for rice plant growth and development

The phytohormone gibberellin（GA） plays essential roles in plant growth and development. Here,we report that OsINO80, a conserved ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factor in rice（Oryza sativa）, functions in both GA biosynthesis and diverse biological processes. OsINO80-knockdown mutants, derived from either T-DNA insertion or RNA interference, display typical GA-deficient phenotypes, including dwarfism, reduced cell length, late flowering, retarded seed germination and impaired reproductive development. Consistently, transcriptome analyses reveal that OsINO80 knockdown results in downregulation by more than two-fold of over 1,000 genes, including the GA biosynthesis genes CPS_1 and GA_3ox_2, and the dwarf phenotype of OsINO80-knockdown mutants can be rescued by the application of exogenous GA3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation（Ch IP） experiments show that OsINO80 directly binds to the chromatin of CPS1 and GA_3ox_2 loci. Biochemical assays establish that OsINO80 specially interacts with histone variant H_2A.Z and the H_2A.Z enrichments at CPS_1 and GA_3ox_2 are decreased in OsINO80-knockdown mutants. Thus, our study identified a rice chromatin-remodeling factor,OsINO80, and demonstrated that OsINO80 is involved in regulation of the GA biosynthesis pathway and plays critical functions for many aspects of rice plant growth and development.

SPATULA as a Versatile Tool in Plant:The Progress and Perspectives of SPATULA(SPT)Transcriptional Factor

With the rapid development of modern molecular biology and bioinformatics,many studies have proved that transcription factors play an important role in regulating the growth and development of plants.SPATULA(SPT)belongs to the bHLH transcription family and participates in many processes of regulating plant growth and development.This review systemically summarizes the multiple roles of SPT in plant growth,development,and stress response,including seed germination,flowering,leaf size,carpel development,and root elongation,which is helpful for us to better understand the functions of SPT.

Brassinosteroids fine-tune secondary and primary sulfur metabolism through BZR1-mediated transcriptional regulation

For adaptation to ever-changing environments,plants have evolved elaborate metabolic systems coupled to a regulatory network for optimal growth and defense. Regulation of plant secondary metabolic pathways such as glucosinolates(GSLs) by defense phytohormones in response to different stresses and nutrient deficiency has been intensively investigated, while how growth-promoting hormone balances plant secondary and primary metabolism has been largely unexplored. Here, we found that growth-promoting hormone brassinosteroid(BR) inhibits GSLs accumulation while enhancing biosynthesis of primary sulfur metabolites, including cysteine(Cys) and glutathione(GSH) both in Arabidopsis and Brassica crops, fine-tuning secondary and primary sulfur metabolism to promote plant growth. Furthermore, we demonstrate that of BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1(BZR1), the central component of BR signaling, exerts distinct transcriptional inhibition regulation on indolic and aliphatic GSL via direct MYB51 dependent repression of indolic GSL biosynthesis, while exerting partial MYB29 dependent repression of aliphatic GSL biosynthesis. Additionally, BZR1 directly activates the transcription of APR1 and APR2 which encodes rate-limiting enzyme adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate reductases in the primary sulfur metabolic pathway.In summary, our findings indicate that BR inhibits the biosynthesis of GSLs to prioritize sulfur usage for primary metabolites under normal growth conditions.These findings expand our understanding of BR promoting plant growth from a metabolism perspective.

Plant growth and their root development after inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in coal mine subsided areas

Coal mining often cause serious land degradation, soil erosion, and desertification affecting growth of the local vegetation, especially the roots. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） inoculation is considered a potential biotechnological tool for mined soil remediation because mycorrhizal fungi could improve plant growth environment, especially under adverse conditions due to their good symbiosis. A field experiment was conducted to study the ecological effects of AMF （Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices） on the growth of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. and their root development in the regenerated mining subsidence sandy land. The reclamation experiment included four treatments： inoculation of Funneliformis mosseae （F.m）, inoculation of Rhizophagus intraradices （R.i）, combined inoculation of F.m and R.i and non-inoculated treatment. Root mycorrhizal colonization, plant height, crown width, soil moisture, root morphology and certain soil properties were assessed. The results showed that AMF improved the shoot and root growth of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall., and significantly increased root colonization after 1 year of inoculation. Available phosphorus content, activities of phosphatase as well as electrical conductivity in soil rhizosphere of all the three inoculation treatments were higher than that of the non-inoculated treatment. AMF increased the quantity of bacteria and fungi in soil rhizosphere compared with the non-inoculated treatment. Our study indicates that revegetation with AMF inoculum could influence plant growth and root development as well as soil properties, suggesting that AMF inoculation can be effective method for further ecological restoration in coal mine subsided areas.

Effects of Plant Secondary Metabolite Nicotine on Growth and Development of Frankliniella occidentalis

[Objective] The paper was to explore the chemical and molecular mechanisms of Frankliniella occidentalis, an important quarantine pest, against toxic substances. [Method] F. occidentalis were evaluated after continuous exposure to artificial diets containing nicotine from the 2^（nd） and the 3^（rd）instars for five generations, to determine the larval weight, pupal weight, and larval development duration. [Result] The larval development delayed and nicotine treatment significantly inhibited the weight gain of larvae. Compared to the control, the inhibition rates of larval weight and pupal weight were declined from 45% to 20% and from 25% to 4% respectively after feeding the 2^（nd）instars with nicotine for five generations.Nicotine delayed the larval growth and prolonged the generation duration of F. occidentalis. Nicotine showed more significant inhibitory effect on the lower instar larvae. With the increasing generations of secondary culture, the inhibitory effect of nicotine on larval weight and pupal weight was weakened. The developmental period of larvae was shortened, and the generation duration of F. occidentalis was shortened. [Conclusion] Nicotine affects the growth and development of F. occidentalis. F. occidentalis will gradually increase the adaptability to nicotine toxic substances after selfregulation for a few generations, and relieve the inhibitory effect of toxic substances.

The cytochrome P450 superfamily: Key players in plant development and defense

The cytochrome P450 （CYP） superfamily is the largest enzymatic protein family in plants, and it also widely exists in mammals, fungi, bacteria, insects and so on. Members of this superfamily are involved in multiple metabolic pathways with distinct and complex functions, playing important roles in a vast array of reactions. As a result, numerous secondary metabolites are synthesized that function as growth and developmental signals or protect plants from various biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we summarize the characterization of CYPs, as well as their phylogenetic classification. We also focus on recent advances in elucidating the roles of CYPs in mediating plant growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic stresses responses, providing insights into their potential utilization in plant breeding.

Functions of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium in Energy Status and Their Influences on Rice Growth and Development

Nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)are important essential nutrients for plant growth and development,but their functions in energy status remains unclear.Here,we grew Nipponbare rice seedlings in a growth chamber for 20 d at 30℃/24℃day/night)under natural sunlight conditions with different nutrient regimes.The results showed that N had the strongest influence on the plant growth and development,followed by P and K.The highest nonstructural carbohydrate content,dry matter weight,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),ATP content,as well as NADH dehydrogenase,cytochrome oxidase and ATPase activities were found in the plants that received sufficient N,P and K.The lowest values of these parameters were detected in the N-deficient plants.Higher dry matter accumulation was observed in the K-deficient than in the P-deficient treatments,but there was no significant difference in the ratio of respiration rate to Pn between these two treatments,suggesting that differences in energy production efficiency may have accounted for this result.This hypothesis was confirmed by higher ATP contents and activities of NADH dehydrogenase,cytochrome oxidase and ATPase in the K-deficient plants than in the P-deficient plants.We therefore inferred different abilities in energy production efficiency among N,P and K in rice seedlings,which determined rice plant growth and development.

Influences of the Populus deltoids seedlings treated with exogenous methyl jasmonate on the growth and development of Lymantria dispar larvae

Lyantria dispar larvae were fed with the leaves of Populus deltoids seedlings exposed to methyl jasmonate （MeJA） for 24 h. The growth and development of the larvae were investigated, and phenolics contents in treated leaves including pyrocatechol, caffeic acid, coumarin, fernlic acid and benzoic acid were also surveyed by high-pressure liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Results indicated that approximate digestibility, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, efficiency of conversion of digested food, and weight of the larvae were inhibited obviously, especially from the sixth day, which may result from the increase of total phenolics contents in treated leaves. This result provides strong supports for MeJA acting as the airborne signal molecule between woody plants.

Effects of Planting Date on Development and Field of Forage Maize

[ Objective] To investigate the effects of planting date on development and yield of forage maize and to determine the appropriate plant- ing date for forage maize. [ Method] Using forage maize 50 as experimental material, the development of forage maize was observed, and the yield of forage in the later grain filling period and mature stage was measured, after the maize were planted at different dates, r Remltl With the delaying planting date, phenological period was delayed, and the duration of the same growing stage was shortened among different treatments. The shor- test duration days of anthesis maturity period appeared in the treatment of planting in June 15, and the duration days of anthesis maturity period was increased in the treatment of planting in June 30. With the delaying planting date, the height of maize plant in the five leaf stage was increased. The highest plant in the jointing stage appeared in the treatment of planting in June 15. However, the highest plant appeared in the treatment of planting in May 30 after the jointing stage. The number of green leaves per plant was reduced with the delaying planting date in the tasseling stage, and it was increased with the delaying planting date from later grain filling period to mature stage. With the delaying planting date, the fresh matter yield, forage yield and grain yield were reduced. [ Conclusion] The study provides theoretical and practical reference for high-yield cultivation of forage maize.

Seed Scarification Improves Physiological Growth and Development of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) Depending on Seed Coat Colour

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of scarification on bambara groundnut(Vigna subterranea)physiological growth and development and crop phenology.Bambara groundnut landrace seeds used in this study were characterized by seed coat colour(cream,light brown and brown).Seed scarification treatments were mechanical(sand paper)and chemical(sulphuric acid)scarification,while seeds that were not scarified served as a control.A completely randomized design with three replications was used.The parameters that were assessed were time to emergence,final emergence percentage,leaf number,chlorophyll content index(CCI),canopy diameter,plant height,chlorophyll fluorescence(Fv/Fm),photosynthetic performance index(Pi),time to flowering and time to senescence.CCI,leaf number and plant height were significantly(p<0.05)influenced by seed coat colour,seed scarification treatments and their interaction thereof.Seed scarification treatment had a significant effect on CCI,leaf number and plant height.Generally,seed scarification improved plant overall performance than the control.Chemical scarification presented superior performance of bambara groundnut growth and development.Light brown seeds produced plants with superior overall performance,having superior emergence,CCI,leaf number,and early flowering and senescence.Light brown seeds were followed by cream seeds in terms of superiority of plant performance,having produced plants with superior canopy diameter,plant height and Pi.Therefore,bambara groundnut farmers and researchers can successfully use scarification to improve its physiological growth and attain earlier phenological stages,hence maturity.At the same time,light brown seeds should be selected for cultivation to give the best plant performance.

Research Progress on the Effects of Soil Acidity and Alkalinity on Plant Growth

Soil acidity and alkalinity (pH) has a significant impact on plant growth and development. From the process, it is mainly reflected in the impact of climate and elements in soil on plant growth, while climate mainly affects carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which account for 96% in the atmosphere. The more important elements in the soil are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the secondary elements are calcium, magnesium, sulfur and so on. This paper selects the conventional economic plant planting land as the development of the experiment, obtains the main components in the soil, and carries out the intervention experiment of different concentrations of soil pH value. The pH value in the soil is divided into four levels: pH 1 (<5.5), pH 2 (5.5 - 6.5), pH 3 (6.5 - 7.5), pH 4 (7.5 - 8.4) as the independent variable, and takes the elements in the soil as the dependent variable for linear regression analysis. The results show that pH 1 (<5.5), pH 2 (5.5 - 6.5), pH 3 (6.5 - 7.5), pH 4 (7.5 - 8.4) can explain the change of elements in soil. The results show that pH 1 (<5.5), pH 2 (5.5 - 6.5), pH 3 (6.5 - 7.5), pH 4 (7.5 - 8.4) can explain the change of elements in soil. Among them, pH 1 (<5.5) and pH 4 (7.5 - 8.4) are the most unstable, while pH 2 (5.5 - 6.5) and pH 3 (6.5 - 7.5) have little impact on plant growth and are relatively stable. Therefore, the acidity and alkalinity of soil has a certain impact on the elements in soil, but it is not a decisive impact. It can be proved that the influence relationship between independent variables and dependent variables.

Variation and adaptation in leaf sulfur content across China

Sulfur is an essential functional element in leaves,and it plays important roles in regulating plant growth,development and abiotic stress resistance in natural communities.However,there has been limited information on the spatial variation in leaf sulfur content(LSC)and adaptive characters on a large community scale.Sulfur in leaves of 2207 plant species from 80 widespread ecosystems(31 forests,38 grasslands and 11 deserts)in China was measured.One-way analysis of variance with Duncan’s multiple-range tests were used to evaluate the differences in LSC among different plant growth forms and ecosystems.We fitted the relationships of LSC to spatial and climate factors using regression.Structural equation modeling analysis and phylogenetic analysis helped us further explore the main factors of LSC variation.LSC ranged from 0.15 to 48.64 g·kg^(-1),with an average of 2.13±0.04 g·kg^(-1) at the community scale in China.We observed significant spatial variation in LSC among different ecosystems and taxa.Overall,LSC was higher in arid areas and herbs.Furthermore,higher LSC was observed under environments of drought,low temperatures and intense ultraviolet radiation.Temperature,precipitation,radiation,soil sulfur content and aridity jointly regulated LSC,explaining 79%of the spatial variation.However,LSC was not significantly related to phylogeny.Our results demonstrate that LSC plays an important role in plant adaptations to extreme environments and further extend our understanding of the biological function of sulfur from the organ to the community level.These findings highlight the importance of sulfur metabolism for our understanding of the impact of global climate change on plants.

Reactive oxygen species:Multidimensional regulators of plant adaptation to abiotic stress and development

Reactive oxygen species(ROS)are produced as undesirable by-products of metabolism in various cellular compartments,especially in response to unfavorable environmental conditions,throughout the life cycle of plants.Stressinduced ROS production disrupts normal cellular function and leads to oxidative damage.To cope with excessive ROS,plants are equipped with a sophisticated antioxidative defense system consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components that scavenge ROS or inhibit their harmful effects on biomolecules.Nonetheless,when maintained at relatively low levels,ROS act as signaling molecules that regulate plant growth,development,and adaptation to adverse conditions.Here,we provide an overview of current approaches for detecting ROS.We also discuss recent advances in understanding ROS signaling,ROS metabolism,and the roles of ROS in plant growth and responses to various abiotic stresses.

Effect of CO_2 Elevation on Root Growth and Its Relationship with Indole Acetic Acid and Ethylene in Tomato Seedlings

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the effect of elevated carbon dioxide(CO2) on root growth of tomato seedlings.Compared with the control(350 μL L-1),CO2 enrichment(800 μL L-1) significantly increased the dry matter of both shoot and root,the ratio of root to shoot,total root length,root surface area,root diameter,root volume,and root tip numbers,which are important for forming a strong root system.The elevated CO2 treatment also significantly improved root hair development and elongation,thus enhancing nutrient uptake.Increased indole acetic acid concentration in plant tissues and ethylene release in the elevated CO2 treatment might have resulted in root growth enhancement and root hair development and elongation.

Origin, evolution, and molecular function of DELLA proteins in plants

Gibberellic acid(GA), a ubiquitous phytohormone, has various effects on regulators of plant growth and development. GAs promote growth by overcoming growth restraint mediated by DELLA proteins(DELLAs). DELLAs, in the GRAS family of plant-specific nuclear proteins, are nuclear transcriptional regulators harboring a unique N-terminal GA perception region for binding the GA receptor GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1(GID1) and a C-terminal GRAS domain necessary for GA repression activity via interaction with multiple regulatory proteins. The N-terminal conserved region of DELLAs evolved to form a mode of GID1/DELLA-mediated GA signaling originating in bryophytes and ferns. Binding of GA to GID1 increases the affinity between DELLAs and a SCF E3 ubiquitin–ligase complex, thus promoting the eventual destruction of DELLAs by the 26 S proteasome. DELLAs negatively regulate GA response by releasing transcription factors to directly activate downstream genes and indirectly regulate GA biosynthesis genes increasing GA responsiveness and feedback control by promoting GID1 transcription. GA communicates extensively with other plant hormones and uses crosstalk to regulate plant growth and development. In this review, we summarize current understanding of evolutionary DELLA-mediated gibberellin signaling and functional diversification of DELLA, focusing primarily on interactions of DELLAs with diverse phytohormones.

The biochemical control of the cell cycle by growth regulators in higher plants

The cell cycle is an important research field in cell biology and it is genetically and developmentally regulated in animals and plants. The aim of this study was to review knowledge about the biochemical regulation of the cell cycle by plant growth regulators through molecular checkpoints that regulate the transition from G0-G1-S-phase and G2-M in higher plants. Recent research has shown that zeatin treatment led to the up-regulation of CycD3 in Arabidopsis. Benzyladenine treatment can also shorten the duration of S-phase through recruitment of latent origins of DNA replication. Kinetin is involved in the phosphoregulation of the G2-M checkpoint; the major cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) at this checkpoint has recently shown to be dephosphorylated as a result of cytokinin treatment, an effect that can also be mimicked by the fission yeast Cdc25 phos-phatase. Gibberellic acid (GA) treatment induces internode elongation in deepwater rice, this response is mediated by a GA-induced up-regulation of a cyclin-Cdk at the G2-M checkpoint. Recent evidence has also linked abscisic acid to a cy-clin-dependent kinase inhibitor. A new D-type cyclin, recently discovered in Arabidopsis may have a key role in this process. A brief review on plant growth regulator-cell cycle interfacing during development and a cytokinin-induced continuum of cell cycle activation through the up-regulation of a plant D-type cyclin at the G1 checkpoint and the phosphoregulation of the Cdk at the G2/M checkpoint had been concluded. This review could be valuable to research on cell and developmental biology in plants.

噻苯隆复配植物生长延缓剂对棉花生长发育和产量的影响

为探究叶面喷施噻苯隆复配不同植物生长延缓剂对棉花生长发育和产量的调控效应,于2022年7—10月在新疆沙雅县海楼镇团结村进行大田试验,新陆中84号为供试棉花品种,以0.1%噻苯隆为主,分别复配缩节胺(W1)、调环酸钙(W2)、烯效唑(W3)、氟节胺(W4),以清水为CK,采用随机区组试验设计,在棉花化学打顶前后各喷施一次,分析其对棉花农艺性状、干物质积累与分配、叶面积指数、SPAD值和产量的影响。结果表明,各处理中W3处理各项调查指标总体最优。具体表现如下:吐絮期,W3处理棉花株高、株宽、第3果枝长、第7果枝长、叶枝长较CK分别降低1.23%、3.14%、10.96%、11.72%、18.92%;施药后30 d,SPAD值和蕾铃的干物质积累量较CK分别增加2.05%和9.98%,生殖器官干物质占比较CK提升7.61%,叶面积指数较CK提高10.85%;单株铃数较CK增加11.28%,籽棉产量较CK增加11.23%。综上,在化学打顶前后各喷施一次0.1%噻苯隆450 mL/hm^(2)+5%烯效唑75 g/hm^(2)能够抑制棉花无限生长,提高棉花叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值,促进棉株生殖生长,提高单株铃数,从而显著提高棉花产量。

三种植物生长调节剂对棉花种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为研究植物生长调节剂浸种对棉花种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,观察不同植物生长调节剂对棉花种子萌发的调节作用,以新陆早57号为试验材料,清水浸种为对照,用冠菌素、缩节胺、芸苔素等3种植物生长调节剂进行浸种,采用砂培法进行种子萌发试验,测定各处理萌发特征、农艺性状和光合特征等指标,并评价植物生长调节剂生物学活性。结果表明,0.01μmol/L冠菌素处理可提高棉花发芽率、发芽势、幼苗净光合速率,与ck比较分别提高17.91%、12.79%、10.23%;10μg/L芸苔素可提高棉花发芽率、活力指数,较ck分别增加10.84%和19.58%;150 mg/L缩节胺处理提高棉花光合速率和子叶SPAD值,较ck分别提高15.06%和15.33%。主成分分析显示,0.01μmol/L冠菌素处理效果最好,10μg/L芸苔素处理次之。综上,冠菌素、缩节胺、芸苔素三种植物生长调节剂对棉花生长发育均具有不同程度的调控作用,其中0.01μmol/L冠菌素处理促进棉花种子萌发以及幼苗生长效果最好,10μg/L芸苔素处理次之。

4种氮肥用量对‘紫嫣’茶树生长发育的影响

【目的】研究氮肥用量对‘紫嫣’茶树生长和生化成分含量的影响,为‘紫嫣’茶树高产高效栽培体系的建立提供理论依据。【方法】试验设置4个尿素水平(0、375、525、675 kg/hm^(2)),比较不同氮肥用量下‘紫嫣’茶树产量、品质成分和氮磷钾含量的差异。【结果】不同施氮量处理均能不同程度地促进‘紫嫣’茶树新梢生长、芽叶品质成分含量及氮磷钾的积累,提高土壤酶活性,以560 kg/hm^(2)尿素处理效果显著。此处理下,‘紫嫣’茶树春茶产量显著增加27.44%,春梢的水浸出物、氨基酸和茶多酚含量显著提高10.41%、27.38%、10.09%,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和花青素显著提高37.35%、25.00%、19.57%。而夏梢的水浸出物、茶多酚含量和叶绿素总量较不追肥处理仍显著提高。【结论】适量氮肥利于‘紫嫣’茶树生长,使产量和品质提高,但随着氮肥用量增加,氮肥的促进效应降低。因此,对‘紫嫣’茶园(黄壤土pH=4.66,有机质27.43 g/kg,全氮1.24 g/kg,速效磷32.05 mg/kg,速效钾81 mg/kg)宜追施525 kg/hm^(2)尿素。